OBJECTIVES: To report and analyze the pattern of maxillofacial injuries in trauma victims and to define the role of a maxillofacial surgeon in an emergency trauma care team. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Trauma patients reported and reporting to the casualty of a tertiaryhospital with facial injuries and other suspected concomitant injuries in the body were included in this study. The complete medical and radiographic records of each patient were reviewed and data was collected in a standard proforma in this 5-year clinical study (3 year of retrospective and 2 year of prospective study). The complete data related to the facial injuries and associated systemic trauma was recorded and statistical analysis conducted. RESULTS: A total of 18,369 patients with trauma were admitted to the hospital from May 2018 to April 2023. Out of these, 11,277 (61.4%) were males and 7,092 (38.6%) were females. Seventy percent of the reported cases with trauma were in the age group of 14-40 years. The incidence of trauma during the monsoon season was highest (n = 7,927, 43%). The commonest etiological factor leading to trauma was road traffic accident (n = 4,510, 40%). Among facial injuries, the mandibular fractures (n = 1,821, 41%) were predominant. CONCLUSIONS: The management of polytrauma patients should be undertaken by a team of specialists which should include a maxillofacial surgeon as facial injuries were common. This data is essential in developing and assessing the preventative strategies aimed at decreasing the frequency of facial and other injuries.
Maxillofacial Injuries , Multiple Trauma , Tertiary Care Centers , Humans , Maxillofacial Injuries/epidemiology , Male , Female , Tertiary Care Centers/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Adolescent , Multiple Trauma/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Child , Young Adult , Retrospective Studies , Child, Preschool , Aged , Infant , Incidence
Purpose One of the commonest treatment options for replacing missing teeth is a root-form implant. Clinically, the key mechanical factor in achieving success is primary stability. This ex vivo study aims to evaluate whether osseodensification method will achieve good primary stability or the conventional drilling protocol. Methods Fresh iliac bone of the sheep was selected similar to D3 and D4 bone densities. A total of 22 osteotomy sites were prepared in the bone sample, of which 11 were prepared by osseodensification method (test group) and other 11 by conventional undersized drilling (control group). Primary stability was measured using insertion torque (IT), resonance frequency analysis (RFA), and reverse torque values (RTVs) by measuring implant stability quotient (ISQ). The recorded data were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22.0. The differences between groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test and independent t-test. The Pearson correlation coefficient test was performed to measure the linear relationship between two variables. The statistical significance level was established at p<0.05. Results When the correlation among IT, RTV, and ISQ was measured, a statistically significant correlation between IT and RTV (p=0.001) and between IT and ISQ (p=0.0001) was observed. A statistically significant (p=0.014) correlation between RTV and ISQ was also found. Conclusion Osteotomy prepared by osseodensification method showed higher IT, RTV, and ISQ values than the conventional undersized group.
Aim The aim of the study was to assess the effect of implant placement depth on stress distribution in bone around a platform-switched and Morse taper dental implants placed at the equi-crestal and 1 mm and 2 mm sub-crestal levels in a D3 bone using the 3D finite element analysis. Methodology A mechanical model of a partially edentulous maxilla was generated from a computerized tomography (CT) scan of an edentulous patient, as it can give exact bony contours of cortical bone. Also, from accurate geometric measurements obtained from the manufacturer, 3D models of Morse taper and platform-switched implants were manually drawn. The implant and bone models were then superimposed to simulate implant insertion in bone. Three implant positioning levels such as the equi-crestal, 1 mm sub-crestal, and 2 mm sub-crestal models were created, and meshing was done to create the number of elements for distribution of applying loads. The elastic properties of cortical bone and implant, such as Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio (µ), were determined. A load (axial and oblique) of 200N that simulated masticatory force was applied. Results On comparing stresses within the bone around the equi-crestal and 1 mm and 2 mm sub-crestal implants, it was observed that the maximum stresses were seen within cortical bone around the equi-crestally placed implant (21.694), the least in the 2 mm sub-crestally placed implant (18.85), and intermediate stresses were seen within the 1 mm sub-crestally placed implant (18.876). Conclusion Sub-crestal (1-2mm) placement of a Morse taper and a platform-switched implant is recommended for long-term success, as maximum von Mises stresses were found within cortical bone around the equi-crestal implant followed by the 1 mm sub-crestal implant and then the 2 mm sub-crestal implant.
Background Pre-prosthetic implant radiographic imaging helps in the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the bone structure and also enables the evaluation of the relationship between critical structures and potential implant sites. Purpose The aim of the study was to define the reliability of utilizing the analysis of textures from the periapical radiographic images obtained through Radiovisiography (RVG) in order to better plan for dental implantations. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using 50 intraoral periapical radiographs which were obtained through RVG performed prior to the placement of implants. The radiographs were segregated based on anatomical locations i.e. 12 for the anterior maxilla, nine for the posterior maxilla, seven for the anterior mandible, and 22 for the posterior mandible. Each of the radiographs was visually assessed by four experienced examiners, namely a Prosthodontist E1, Periodontist E2, Oral surgeon E3, and Oral radiologist E4, which was then compared to an experienced operator's tactile perception during a pilot drill for implant placement. As a reference, the Lekholm and Zarb classification was provided to all the examiners for them to qualitatively assess the bone structure in the radiographs. Results The examiners' results were correlated with the assessment provided by the experienced operator. E1 and E4 successfully assessed 42% of the radiographs while E2 had the least success with only 26%. Of the 12 anterior maxillary radiographs, only eight were accurately assessed by E1. With respect to the posterior maxilla, all examiners correctly assessed four radiographs each. Of the seven anterior mandibular radiographs, except for E2, the rest correctly assessed three radiographs each. Of the 22 posterior mandibular radiographs, only nine were accurately assessed by E4. Conclusion Intraoral periapical radiographs obtained through RVG did not meet the desired parameters for assessing the bone quality during the planning stage for implants.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study is to assess the method of implant insertion in D3 and D4 bones and influence of insertion torque for achieving better primary implant stability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 32 specimens (wood blocks) simulating D4 and D3 bone were grouped into 1, 2, 3, and 4. In groups 1 and 3, the implant and abutment were placed by manual method while in groups 2 and 4 by motor-driven method. The osteotomy site was prepared as per the protocol for soft bone, and implants were placed till the implant platform was in flush with the surface of the block. After achieving a standard insertion torque of 40 N.cm, pullout test was carried out with a universal testing machine and results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: An intergroup comparison of peak loads revealed an overall statistically significant difference (P < 0.0001) with a mean of 442.638 N, maximum in group 4 and least (202.963 N) in group 1. The mean elongation break was found to be maximum in group 3 samples (81.67600%) and less in group 4 (37.15113%). Intergroup comparison of Young's modulus was statistically significant (P < 0.0001) with a mean value found to be minimum among group 1 samples (597.54750 MPa) and maximum in group 2 (1056.76463 MPa). An intergroup comparison of yield points was found to be maximum among group 4 samples (16.17238MPa) and least in group 1 (5.77438MPa). CONCLUSION: The D3 bone sample provided greater primary stability of implant than D4 bone samples, and the motor-driven implant seemed to have improved stability than that placed manually.
