Fibroblast mitochondria in idiopathic Parkinson's disease display morphological changes and enhanced resistance to depolarization.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). Here, we established screenable phenotypes of mitochondrial morphology and function in primary fibroblasts derived from patients with IPD. Upper arm punch skin biopsy was performed in 41 patients with mid-stage IPD and 21 age-matched healthy controls. At the single-cell level, the basal mitochondrial membrane potential (Ψm) was higher in patients with IPD than in controls. Similarly, under carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP) stress, the remaining Ψm was increased in patients with IPD. Analysis of mitochondrial morphometric parameters revealed significantly decreased mitochondrial connectivity in patients with IPD, with 9 of 14 morphometric mitochondrial parameters differing from those in controls. Significant morphometric mitochondrial changes included the node degree, mean volume, skeleton size, perimeter, form factor, node count, erosion body count, endpoints, and mitochondria count (all P-values < 0.05). These functional data reveal that resistance to depolarization was increased by treatment with the protonophore FCCP in patients with IPD, whereas morphometric data revealed decreased mitochondrial connectivity and increased mitochondrial fragmentation.

Enteric neurons from Parkinson's disease patients display ex vivo aberrations in mitochondrial structure.

Based on autopsy material mitochondrial dysfunction has been proposed being part of the pathophysiological cascade of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, in living patients, evidence for such dysfunction is scarce. As the disease presumably starts at the enteric level, we studied ganglionic and mitochondrial morphometrics of enteric neurons. We compared 65 ganglia from 11 PD patients without intestinal symptoms and 41 ganglia from 4 age-matched control subjects. We found that colon ganglia from PD patients had smaller volume, contained significantly more mitochondria per ganglion volume, and displayed a higher total mitochondrial mass relative to controls. This suggests involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in PD at the enteric level. Moreover, in PD patients the mean mitochondrial volume declined in parallel with motor performance. Ganglionic shrinking was evident in the right but not in the left colon. In contrast, mitochondrial changes prevailed in the left colon suggesting that a compensatory increase in mitochondrial mass might counterbalance mitochondrial dysfunction in the left colon but not in the right colon. Reduction in ganglia volume and combined mitochondrial morphometrics had both predictive power to discriminate between PD patients and control subjects, suggesting that both parameters could be used for early discrimination between PD patients and healthy individuals.

Characterization of Differentiated SH-SY5Y as Neuronal Screening Model Reveals Increased Oxidative Vulnerability.

The immortalized and proliferative cell line SH-SY5Y is one of the most commonly used cell lines in neuroscience and neuroblastoma research. However, undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells share few properties with mature neurons. In this study, we present an optimized neuronal differentiation protocol for SH-SY5Y that requires only two work steps and 6 days. After differentiation, the cells present increased levels of ATP and plasma membrane activity but reduced expression of energetic stress response genes. Differentiation results in reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and decreased robustness toward perturbations with 6-hydroxydopamine. We are convinced that the presented differentiation method will leverage genetic and chemical high-throughput screening projects targeting pathways that are involved in the selective vulnerability of neurons with high energetic stress levels.

Cold adaptation modulates Ca2+ signaling in brown preadipocytes.

One-week cold exposure of mice led to a 2-fold increase in the density of alpha1-adrenoceptors in brown adipose tissue. The density of alpha1-adrenoceptors returned to normal after adaptation to cold for 2 weeks. The reduced Ca2+ signaling in stem cells of brown fat activated via beta-adrenoceptors and cAMP was transformed into the Ca2+-system induced by alpha1-adrenoceptors and similar to that in mature brown adipocytes.

[Adenylyl cyclase pathway is involved in the regulation of intracellular calcium level regulation in brown preadipocytes]. / Adenilattsiklaznyi put' uchastvuet v reguliatsii vnutrikletochnogo urovnia Ca2+ v preadipotsitakh burovo zhira.

Mechanism of adrenergically activated calcium response in freshly isolated brown preadipocytes was studied with fluorescent probe Fura-2. Application of a direct activator of adenylylcyclase forskolin or cell permeable analog BrcAMP caused rise in the intracellular calcium level that was even higher than after the application of norepinephrine. Protein kinase A inhibitor H-89 in a dose-dependent manner reduced, while inhibitor of total phosphodiesterase activity IBMX, or protein phosphatase inhibitor ocadaic acid enhanced norepinephrine or isoproterenol initiated cellular calcium responses. It is concluded that cAMP and protein kinase A mediated phosphorylation play a crucial role in adrenergically initiated calcium signalling in brown preadipocytes.

[Both alpha1- and beta-adrenergic receptors participate in generation of a Ca2+-response to noradrenaline in murine brown preadipocytes]. / V generatsii Ca2+-otveta na noradrenalin v burykh preadipotsitakh myshi uchastvuiut kak alpha1-, tak i beta-adrenoretseptory.

It has been shown that in Ca(2+)-signal generation, at the addition of norepinephrine (NE) to a suspension of freshly isolated brown preadipocytes, beta-receptors participate alongside with alpha 1-adrenoreceptors. The amplitude of cell response to 10(-5)-10(-8) M NE is approximately equal to the sum of effects of alpha 1-specific agonists (oxymetazoline or cirazoline) and beta-selective agonist isoproterenol. beta-Selective antagonist nadolol practically completely prevented the effect of NE on the intracellular Ca2+ level, while phentolamine, an antagonist of alpha-receptors, caused only a approximately 25% inhibition of the cellular response.