ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The incidence of comorbidities is higher in HIV-positive patients than in the general population due to factors, such as HIV-related chronic inflammation. There is no consensus on whether a low CD4 lymphocyte count after virological suppression at long-term follow-up increases the risk of comorbidities. This study evaluates the association between CD4 lymphocyte count and the incidence of comorbidities during the first 5 years of virological suppression after highly active antiretroviral treatment. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study of HIV-positive adults who achieved virological suppression in an HIV program between 2002 and 2016 in Colombia. A generalized equation estimation model was used to estimate the association between CD4 lymphocyte count and the incidence of comorbidities. RESULTS: A follow-up period of at least 1 year was completed in 921 HIV-positive patients with virological suppression. We found 71 comorbidities during a maximum of 5 years of follow-up; 41 (59%) were AIDS-defining comorbidities and 19 (46%) of them occurred during the first semester. Thirty cases of non-AIDS- defining comorbidities were diagnosed.We did not find any association between CD4 lymphocyte count and the incidence of comorbidities (OR 0.92, CI 95% 0.45 -1.91 for CD4 201-499 cells/µL vs CD4 ≤200 cells/µL, and OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.21-1.44 for CD4 ≥500 cells/µL vs CD4 ≤200 cells/µL). CONCLUSION: No association was found between CD4 lymphocyte count and the incidence of AIDS-defining or non-AIDS-defining comorbidities in patients with virological suppression. Further studies are needed to assess the risk of comorbidities in this population to design interventions aimed at improving their prognosis.
Subject(s)
Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Comorbidity , HIV Infections , Viral Load , Humans , Male , Female , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/virology , Adult , Incidence , Middle Aged , Colombia/epidemiology , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Cohort Studies , Sustained Virologic Response , Follow-Up StudiesABSTRACT
Introducción: El reflujo de enzimas pancreáticas hacia la vía biliar extra-hepática y la vesícula biliar es un fenómeno anormal que tiene un rol en la litogénesis y carcinogénesis. Debido a que la presión de la vía biliar depende entre otros factores, de las presiones del esfínter de Oddi. La disfunción de éste se vería reflejada en presiones elevadas de la vía biliar en pacientes con colelitiasis. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es el de medir las presiones de la vía biliar extra-hepática en pacientes con y sin colelitiasis y relacionarlas con la presencia de reflujo pancreáticobiliar. Material y Método: Se diseñó un estudio pros-pectivo de casos y controles. La muestra está constituida por todos los pacientes operados con gastrectomía total por cáncer gástrico estadios I y II durante 30 meses. La medida de resultado primaria fue establecer diferencias en las presiones de la vía biliar entre pacientes con y sin colelitiasis. Resultados: Las presiones de la vía biliar extra-hepática en pacientes con colelitiasis fueron más elevadas (16,9 mmHg) que en los pacientes sin colelitiasis (3,3 mmHg) (p < 0,0001). Estas presiones se correlacionan con la presencia de amilasa y lipasa en la bilis de la vesícula; se encontraron niveles elevados de enzimas pancreáticas en pacientes con colelitiasis (p < 0,0001). Conclusiones: Las presiones de la vía biliar en pacientes con colelitiasis fueron, significativamente, mayores comparadas con las presiones de la vía biliar en pacientes sin colelitiasis. En los pacientes con colelitiasis, la presión elevada de la vía biliar se asocia a la presencia de reflujo pancreáticobiliar.
Background: The reflux of pancreatic enzymes into the bile duct and the gallbladder is an abnormal phenomenon that plays a role in lithogenesis and carcinogenesis. Because the pressure of the common bile duct depends on the pressures of the sphincter of Oddi, its dysfunction would be reflected in an increase in the pressure of the common bile duct in patients with cholelithiasis. Aim: The objective of this study was to measure the pressures of the common bile duct in patients with and without cholelithiasis and to relate them to the presence of pancreatobiliary reflux. Material and Method: A prospective case-control study was designed. The universe was constituted by all patients undergoing total gastrectomy for gastric cancer stages I and II during 30 months. The primary outcome measure was to establish differences between common bile duct pressures in patients with and without cholelithiasis. Results: Common bile duct pressures in patients with gallstones showed a significant elevation (16.9 mmHg) compared to patients without gallstones (3.3 mm Hg) (p < 0.0001). These pressures correlated with the levels of amylase and lipase in gallbladder bile; higher levels were found in patients with gallstones compared to patients without gallstones (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Common bile duct pressure in patients with cholelithiasis was significantly higher compared to patients without cholelithiasis leading to pancreatobiliary reflux.
ABSTRACT
There is a lack of population based studies of autoimmune encephalitis (AE) in Latin American countries, especially in Colombia. The aim of this study is to characterize patients with AE managed in three centers in Bogotá-Colombia, emphasizing on antibody profile. We conducted a retrospective case-series study, including 9 patients. The most prevalent antibody found was NMDAR, followed by LGI1. Some distinguishing features included: faciobrachial dystonia and hyponatremia in LGI1, a younger age and good outcome in NMDAR, a notable response to steroids in anti TPO-Thyroglobulin, a cerebellar syndrome associated with Anti-Yo, and epilepsy with insomnia in CASPR2.
ABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción Actualmente, la mayoría de las series que hablan sobre hernia incisional, no mencionan hernias incisionales en laparotomías de McBurney. La incidencia reportada de hernia incisional en esta laparotomía varía entre 0,7% y 2%. Aún más escasas son las publicaciones sobre sus complicaciones. El objetivo del presente reporte de casos es el de discutir el diagnóstico, tratamiento y resultados de dos pacientes operados en nuestra institución por hernia de McBurney complicada. Reporte de Casos: Se describen 2 pacientes femeninos de 68 y 65 años de edad que fueron operadas de urgencia por hernia incisional en laparotomía de McBurney complicada. La evolución postoperatoria fue diferente en ambas y una de ellas falleció. Discusión Se discuten los factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de estas hernias, el diagnóstico y tratamiento. Además, se discute la importancia de la apendicectomía laparoscópica para la prevención de estas hernias. Conclusiones Las complicaciones de la hernia en laparotomía de McBurney, las cuales son severas y potencialmente letales, se diagnostican tardíamente debido al retraso en la presentación y en el diagnóstico. La amplia utilización de la cirugía laparoscópica para la apendicectomía seguramente reducirá aún más la incidencia de este tipo de hernia durante los próximos años.
Introduction Currently, most series over incisional hernia do not mention this hernia occurring in McBurney's laparotomy. The reported incidence for this type of hernia is 0.7% to 2%. Even more scarce are publications regarding its complications. The purpose of this report is to discuss the diagnostic, treatment and outcomes of two patients operated on our institution for complicated McBurney´s hernia. Report of Cases: Two female patients 68 and 65 years-old operated on emergency grounds for complicated incisional hernia over a McBurney´s incision are described. Postoperative evolution was different in both cases and one of them died. Discussion We discuss risk factor for this specific incisional hernia development, its diagnosis and treatment. Besides, the importance of laparoscopic appendectomy was stressed. Conclusions Complicated incisional hernia over McBurney's incision is an infrequent severe clinical condition habitually diagnosed late. The widespread utilization of laparoscopic appendectomy will reduce even more the incidence of this kind of hernia within the next few years.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Postoperative Complications , Laparoscopy/methods , Incisional Hernia/surgery , Incisional Hernia/diagnostic imaging , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción La lesión de la vesícula biliar secundaria a trauma abdominal cerrado constituye un evento infrecuente de perforación traumática de ella, de presentación tardía. Objetivo Revisar la literatura científica actualmente disponible y además describimos un caso. Materiales y Método Utilizando la plataforma PubMed se buscan las siguientes palabras clave: " Blunt abdominal trauma ". Se seleccionan las series con lesiones de la vesícula biliar: " Traumatic gallbladder rupture". Se seleccionan los reportes de lesiones aisladas de la vesícula biliar: " Isolated gallbladder rupture ". Se seleccionan los reportes de presentación tardía de lesiones aisladas de la vesícula biliar: " Delayed presentation of isolated gallbladder rupture ". Resultados De todas estas publicaciones se seleccionan las que a criterio de los autores son relevantes para el presente caso. Discusión La mayoría de las perforaciones de la vesícula biliar se producen en vesículas sanas de paredes delgadas distendidas por el ayuno o el consumo de alcohol. No existe una presentación clínica clásica. Los estudios imagenológicos son inespecíficos y se llega al diagnóstico definitivo durante la exploración quirúrgica. El tratamiento de esta lesión es la colecistectomía. Conclusiones El diagnóstico no es fácil, pero la resolución es relativamente simple y el pronóstico es bueno. El presente caso ilustra este tipo de lesiones en pacientes con trauma abdominal cerrado.
Introduction Gallbladder injury secondary to blunt abdominal trauma is a rare event. Aim Review the current available scientific literature and describe a case. Materials and Method Using the PubMed platform, the following keywords were searched: "Blunt abdominal trauma". Series with gallbladder lesions were selected: "Traumatic gallbladder rupture". Reports of isolated lesions of the gallbladder were selected: "Isolated gallbladder rupture". Reports of late presentation of isolated lesions of the gallbladder were selected: "Delayed presentation of isolated gallbladder rupture". Of all these publications, those that were relevant to the present case were selected according to the criteria of the authors. Case report A 20 years-old male patient suffered an abdominal trauma two weeks before presentation at our Institution. He underwent an exploratory laparotomy showing bilious content and a gallbladder perforation over the peritoneal wall as an isolated injury. Discussion Most isolated gallbladder perforations occur in healthy gallbladders with thin walls and distended because fasting or alcohol consumption. There are no classical clinical features to diagnose this specific injury and radiologic studies are nonspecific. Definitive diagnosis is often reached during surgery as it was with our patient. Recommended treatment is cholecystectomy. Conclusions This case illustrates this unique kind of gallbladder injury in patients with blunt abdominal trauma. A clear diagnosis is not easy however, the treatment is simple and prognosis is good.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Young Adult , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/surgery , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/complications , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/diagnosis , Cholecystectomy/methods , Gallbladder/injuries , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Gallbladder/surgery , Abdominal Injuries/surgery , Abdominal Injuries/complications , Abdominal Injuries/diagnosisABSTRACT
Resumen El carcinoma del canal anal es responsable de hasta el 4% de los casos de cáncer de colon, recto y ano; el tipo histológico más común es el carcinoma escamocelular. Una proporción no despreciable de pacientes se presenta con enfermedad metastásica al momento del diagnóstico. En estos estadios, el pronóstico es pobre y su tratamiento usualmente se basa en quimioterapia paliativa con cisplatino y 5-fluorouracilo, con tasas de supervivencia que no superan el 30% a 5 años. Algunos estudios recientes han sugerido que el tratamiento multidisciplinario con quimiorradiación, que se brinda en estadios más tempranos de la enfermedad, podría mejorar la supervivencia en un grupo seleccionado de pacientes. A continuación, presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 54 años con carcinoma escamocelular del canal anal con compromiso metastásico extenso y con VIH atendido en una institución especializada en el manejo de cáncer, en el cual se logró remisión completa de la enfermedad luego del manejo con quimiorradioterapia concomitante con mitomicina C y 5-fluorouracilo y se mantiene en remisión después de cerca de 4 años de haberse suspendido el tratamiento. Se discute el caso y se revisa la literatura al respecto.
Abstract Anal canal carcinoma is responsible for up to 4% of all cases of colon, rectum and anus cancer. The most common histological type is squamous cell carcinoma. A non-negligible proportion of patients have metastasized by the time of diagnosis. In these stages the prognosis is poor, and treatment is usually based on palliative chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil. Five year survival rates do not exceed 30%. Some recent studies have suggested that multidisciplinary chemoradiotherapy (chemotherapy combined with radiation therapy) in earlier stages of the disease could improve survival for a select group of patients. We present the case of a 54-year-old male patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal with extensive metastasis who also had HIV. He was treated at an institution specializing in cancer treatment where complete remission of the disease was achieved after treatment with chemoradiotherapy with Mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil. He remains in remission four years after discontinuation of treatment. We discuss the case and review the literature.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Anal Canal , HIV , Chemoradiotherapy , Neoplasm Metastasis , Anus Neoplasms , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell , LiteratureABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Experience in the region shows that in some countries there is very good surveillance of Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in health services, but there is no national data consistently in all countries. Therefore, we set to estimate the total burden of HAIs and antimicrobial use in acute care hospitals in Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico, and Colombia using the one-day point prevalence methodology. METHODS: The survey was conducted between June and July 2016. In each ward or unit, HAIs and antimicrobial use data were collected on a single day by a trained team of researchers. Also, for each patient, we collected data on risk factors for infections. RESULTS: One out of ten individuals surveyed had at least one healthcare-associated infection (HAI). Pneumonia and surgical site infections were the most relevant among the surveyed countries. Most of the surveyed participants, regardless of their HAI status, received antibiotics except the individuals managed in Brazil. Carbapenems and third-generation Cephalosporins were among the most frequently used antibiotics. CONCLUSION: Our results add to WHO's recent efforts to understand HAIs prevalence and antibiotic consumption in low and middle-income countries, of which we studied three that were not included in their last report.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Adult , Cross Infection/etiology , Drug Utilization Review , Epidemiologic Methods , Female , Hospitals/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Latin America/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Surgical Wound Infection/drug therapy , Surgical Wound Infection/epidemiology , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a multifactorial fatal motoneuron disease without a cure. Ten percent of ALS cases can be pointed to a clear genetic cause, while the remaining 90% is classified as sporadic. Our study was aimed to uncover new connections within the ALS network through a bioinformatic approach, by which we identified C13orf18, recently named Pacer, as a new component of the autophagic machinery and potentially involved in ALS pathogenesis. METHODS: Initially, we identified Pacer using a network-based bioinformatic analysis. Expression of Pacer was then investigated in vivo using spinal cord tissue from two ALS mouse models (SOD1G93A and TDP43A315T) and sporadic ALS patients. Mechanistic studies were performed in cell culture using the mouse motoneuron cell line NSC34. Loss of function of Pacer was achieved by knockdown using short-hairpin constructs. The effect of Pacer repression was investigated in the context of autophagy, SOD1 aggregation, and neuronal death. RESULTS: Using an unbiased network-based approach, we integrated all available ALS data to identify new functional interactions involved in ALS pathogenesis. We found that Pacer associates to an ALS-specific subnetwork composed of components of the autophagy pathway, one of the main cellular processes affected in the disease. Interestingly, we found that Pacer levels are significantly reduced in spinal cord tissue from sporadic ALS patients and in tissues from two ALS mouse models. In vitro, Pacer deficiency lead to impaired autophagy and accumulation of ALS-associated protein aggregates, which correlated with the induction of cell death. CONCLUSIONS: This study, therefore, identifies Pacer as a new regulator of proteostasis associated with ALS pathology.
Subject(s)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/metabolism , Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/pathology , Autophagy/drug effects , DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Motor Neurons/metabolism , Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/genetics , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Humans , Mice, Transgenic , Spinal Cord/metabolism , Spinal Cord/pathology , Superoxide Dismutase/genetics , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Infantile haemangiomas (IH) are soft swellings of the skin that occur in 3-10% of infants. When haemangiomas occur in high-risk areas or when complications develop, active intervention is necessary. OBJECTIVE: To update a Cochrane Review assessing the interventions for the management of IH in children. METHODS: We searched for randomized controlled trials in CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, AMED, PsycINFO, CINAHL and six trials registers up to February 2017. We included 28 trials (1728 participants) assessing 12 interventions. RESULTS: We downgraded evidence from high to moderate/low for issues related to risk of bias and imprecision. Oral propranolol (3 mg kg-1 daily) probably improves clinician-assessed clearance vs placebo [risk ratio (RR) 16·61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4·22-65·34; moderate quality of evidence (QoE)]; we found no evidence of a difference in terms of serious adverse events (RR 1·05, 95% CI 0·33-3·39; low QoE). We found the chance of reduction of redness may be improved with topical timolol maleate (0·5% gel applied twice daily) when compared with placebo (RR 8·11, 95% CI 1·09-60·09; low QoE). We found no instances of bradycardia or hypotension for this comparison. CONCLUSIONS: Our key results indicate that oral propranolol and topical timolol maleate are more beneficial than placebo in terms of clearance or other measures of resolution, or both, without an increase in harm.
Subject(s)
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/administration & dosage , Hemangioma/drug therapy , Propranolol/administration & dosage , Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy , Timolol/administration & dosage , Administration, Cutaneous , Administration, Oral , Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/adverse effects , Bradycardia/chemically induced , Bradycardia/epidemiology , GRADE Approach , Humans , Hypotension/chemically induced , Hypotension/epidemiology , Placebos/administration & dosage , Placebos/adverse effects , Propranolol/adverse effects , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Timolol/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: La hernia diafragmática complicada de presentación tardía constituye una urgencia quirúrgica. Los objetivos del presente estudio son la descripción de las características del diagnóstico de las hernias diafragmáticas de presentación tardía, tratamiento, resultados y la identificación del punto de corte entre el inicio de los síntomas y el desarrollo de necrosis. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de una serie de casos constituida por todos los pacientes operados por hernia diafragmática complicada de presentación tardía entre los años 2006 y 2016. Se midieron variables categóricas y continuas que se presentan con estadística descriptiva. Se utilizaron curvas Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) a las 6 y 12 h desde el inicio de los síntomas, para determinar el punto de corte del tiempo de presentación clínica en pacientes sometidos a resección de algún órgano. Una vez establecido el punto de corte se calcularon la sensibilidad; especificidad; las razones de verosimilitud positiva y negativa; los valores predictivos positivo y negativo; y la prevalencia. Resultados: La presentación clínica, estudio, diagnóstico y tratamiento fue similar a lo descrito en la literatura quirúrgica. Se estableció el punto de corte a las 12 h con sensibilidad de 80% y especificidad de 83%. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico y tratamiento de estos pacientes debería ser llevado a cabo antes de las 6 h desde el inicio de los síntomas. Aun cuando el universo descrito es reducido, se sugiere que después de las 12 h desde el momento de la estrangulación, los órganos comprometidos se encontrarán necróticos requiriendo resección quirúrgica.
Introduction: Late presentation of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia constitutes a true surgical emergency. The purposes of this study were to describe the diagnostic characteristics, treatment and outcomes of late presentation diaphragmatic hernias and to identify a cutoff point from the onset of symptoms to necrosis development. Patients and Methods: A retrospective series of cases constituted by all patients subjected to emergency diaphragmatic hernia repair form 2006 to 2016 was studied. Categorical and continuous variables were measured and analyzed with descriptive statistics. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves at 6 and 12 hours from the onset of symptoms were used to determine the cutoff point for organ resection. Once stablished the cutoff point, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and prevalence were calculated. Results: Clinical presentation, diagnostic study and surgical treatment were similar to what has been already described. The cutoff point was defined at 12 hours from the onset of symptoms with 80% sensitivity and 83% sensibility. Conclusions: The diagnosis and treatment of these cases should be carried on before the first 6 hours after the onset of symptoms. Even though the universe of this study was small, we may suggest that after 12 hours form the onset of symptoms, the implicated organs would be found necrotic requiring surgical resection.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Hernia, Diaphragmatic, Traumatic/complications , Hernia, Diaphragmatic, Traumatic/diagnostic imaging , Stomach Volvulus/etiology , Thoracic Injuries/complications , Time Factors , Radiography, Thoracic , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Predictive Value of Tests , Retrospective Studies , ROC Curve , Sensitivity and Specificity , Abdominal Injuries/complications , Necrosis/etiologyABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: La técnica de elección para la reconstrucción del tránsito intestinal después de una gastrectomía total es la esófago-yeyuno anastomosis en Y de Roux, la cual evita el reflujo de jugo digestivo alcalino. El objetivo del presente estudio es el de analizar la motilidad del esófago y del asa de yeyuno en pacientes operados con gastrectomía total por cáncer gástrico. Pacientes y método: Se estudió prospectivamente una muestra de 17 pacientes intervenidos mediante gastrectomía total 5 años atrás. En todos ellos se realizaron manometrías esofágicas de alta resolución incluyendo los primeros 7 cm del asa de yeyuno. Resultados: Los resultados de la manometría demostraron motilidad esofágica normal a excepción de la presión máxima intrabolo, la cual se encontraba aumentada en todos los pacientes. La motilidad del asa de yeyuno fue desordenada e inefectiva. Conclusiones: La motilidad del cuerpo esofágico es normal 5 años después de la gastrectomía total. Sin embargo, la presión intrabolo máxima se encuentra aumentada; la causa más probable de este hecho estaría constituida por el asa de yeyuno, que ejerce resistencia al paso del bolo debido a que presenta una actividad motora desordenada y poco propulsiva. El impacto clínico de este hecho es, sin embargo, poco importante.
Abstract Introduction: The most preferred technique to reconstruct the intestinal transit after total gastrectomy for gastric cancer is the Roux-en-Y esophagus-gastrostomy which prevents the reflux of alkaline intestinal juice. The purpose of this study was to analyze the esophageal motility and the motility of the jejunal loop in patients subjected to total gastrectomy. Patients and method: A prospective sample of 17 total gastrectomy patients operated on 5 years before was studied using high resolution esophageal manometry including the first 7 cm of the jejunal loop. Results: Manometry results showed normal esophageal body motility with the exception of the maximum intrabolus pressure that was elevated in all patients. The jejunal loop motility was disordered and ineffective. Conclusions: Esophageal body motility was normal 5 years after the surgical procedure. However, maximum intrabolus pressure was elevated and the most plausible reason would be the jejunal loop that exerts resistance to the bolus passage due to its ineffective motility. However, this fact does not have a significant clinical impact.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y/methods , Esophagus/physiology , Gastrectomy/methods , Jejunum/physiology , Manometry/methods , Postoperative Period , Stomach Neoplasms/surgery , Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y/adverse effects , Gastroesophageal Reflux/prevention & control , Prospective Studies , Treatment Outcome , Gastrectomy/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Introducción: La apendicitis aguda como causa de obstrucción intestinal es una situación clínica infrecuente. Los objetivos de este estudio son los de definir la incidencia de obstrucción intestinal de acuerdo con la clasificación de obstrucción intestinal en apendicitis y la caracterización de su severidad. Métodos: Se diseñó un estudio de cohorte retrospectiva analizando todos los pacientes operados por obstrucción intestinal secundaria a apendicitis durante un periodo de 15 años. Se incluyeron variables continuas y categóricas tales como edad, sexo, periodo de tiempo entre el inicio de los síntomas y el diagnóstico, valores de proteína C reactiva, recuento de leucocitos, tipo de obstrucción intestinal y la puntuación del WSES Sepsis Severity Score. Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio, un total de 3.626 pacientes fueron operados por apendicitis; en 44 casos se encontró una obstrucción intestinal asociada (1,2%). De acuerdo con la clasificación de obstrucción intestinal en apendicitis, la mayoría de estos pacientes presentaron un íleo mecánico con estrangulación del intestino (48%). La mayor parte de los pacientes (77%) presentaron una puntuación de 3 puntos o menos en el WSES Sepsis Severity Score. Conclusiones: La incidencia de obstrucción intestinal en apendicitis fue mayor de lo esperado. Estos pacientes presentaron una respuesta inflamatoria severa, con una puntuación en el WSES Sepsis Severity Score de 3 puntos. De acuerdo con la clasificación de obstrucción intestinal, la mayoría de los casos presentaron obstrucción mecánica con estrangulación.
Introduction: Appendicitis as a cause of intestinal obstruction is an infrequent condition. The purpose of this study was to define the incidence of intestinal obstruction according to the classification of intestinal obstruction secondary to appendicitis, and to characterize their severity. Methods: A retrospective cohort study analyzing all patients operated on for intestinal obstruction secondary to appendicitis within a 15 year period was designed. Continuous and categorical variables including: age, gender, time interval between onset of symptoms and diagnosis, C-reactive protein and white blood cells values, type of intestinal obstruction and WSES Sepsis Severity Score, were included. Results: During the period of study, 3,626 patients were operated on for appendicitis and 44 cases had associated intestinal obstruction (1.2%). According to the classification of intestinal obstruction in appendicitis, most patients had a mechanical ileus with strangulation (48%). Most patients had a WSES Sepsis Severity Score of 3 or less points (77%). Conclusions: The incidence of intestinal obstruction in appendicitis was higher than expected. These patients had a severe inflammatory response with a WSES Sepsis Severity Score of 3 points. According to the classification of intestinal obstruction in appendicitis, most patients had a mechanical obstruction with strangulation.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Appendicitis/surgery , Appendicitis/complications , Intestinal Obstruction/etiology , Appendicitis/blood , Postoperative Complications/epidemiology , Severity of Illness Index , C-Reactive Protein/metabolism , Acute Disease , Retrospective Studies , Abdomen, Acute/etiology , Intestinal Obstruction/surgery , Intestinal Obstruction/bloodABSTRACT
Introduction: The solid-pseudopapillary tumor of pancreas (STP) is a low-grade malignant neoplasm. In Chile, 21 cases have been reported since 2008, most of them treated in Santiago. The present series contributes to the national case-load and has the purpose to describe the experience with this uncommon neoplasm in the IV Region. Patients and Methods: From January 2004 to March 2014, a total of 38 benign and malignant pancreatic neoplasms have been informed in the data-base of our Regional Pathology Service. We selected the biopsies informed as STP and 5 cases (13 percent) were found. The clinical records of these patients were retrospectively reviewed. The results were reported using descriptive statistics with central tendency measures and dispersion. Results: Most patients were women with a mean age of 44.8 years. All patients were studied with either abdominal ultrasound; computed tomography or magnetic resonance. In 2 patients the STP was located in the pancreatic tail, and they were submitted to distal pancreatectomy. The other 3 patients had the STP in the pancreatic head and were resolved by pancreatoduodenectomy. All tumors were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Late follow-up showed malignant behavior in 1 patient while the other 4 patients are currently free of disease. Conclusions: The general characteristics of STP in the IV Region are similar to what is currently known. They present a high incidence compared with the habitually published incidence.
Introducción: El tumor sólido pseudopapilar del páncreas (TSP) es una neoplasia con bajo potencial maligno. En Chile se han reportado 21 casos desde el año 2008, 18 de ellos tratados en instituciones de Santiago. La presente serie además de contribuir a la casuística nacional, tiene como objetivo la descripción de la experiencia de la IV Región con el manejo de estos tumores. Pacientes y Métodos: Entre enero de 2004 y marzo de 2014 se informaron 38 biopsias de tumores pancreáticos benignos y malignos en la base de datos del Servicio de Patología Regional. Se seleccionaron las biopsias informadas como TSP, las que constituyen 5 casos (13 por ciento) y se revisaron las fichas clínicas en forma retrospectiva. Para el informe de los resultados se utilizó estadística descriptiva con medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue 44,8 años, siendo la mayoría mujeres. Los pacientes fueron estudiados con ecografía, tomografía computarizada y resonancia magnética. En 2 pacientes el TSP se localizaba en la cola del páncreas, estos pacientes fueron sometidos a pancreatectomía distal. En los otros 3 casos el TSP se encontraba en la cabeza del páncreas y fueron resueltos mediante pancreatoduodenectomía. Los TSP fueron confirmados por inmunohistoquímica. El comportamiento posterior fue benigno en 4 casos y maligno en 1 caso. Conclusiones: Las características de los TSP en la IV Región son similares a las conocidas y presentan una alta incidencia comparada con la habitualmente reportada.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Carcinoma, Papillary/surgery , Pancreatic Neoplasms/surgery , Pancreatectomy/statistics & numerical data , Chile , Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology , Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology , Pancreaticoduodenectomy , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Introduction: Surgical scores such as Boey and physiologic Portsmouth-POSSUM have been independently applied to patients with perforated ulcer to stratify their surgical risk. However, there are no studies comparing both scores. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of Boey score and Portsmouth-POSSUM in patients with perforated peptic ulcer. Methods: A retrospective comparative study was performed including 108 consecutive patients older than 15-years submitted to emergency surgery from January 2002 to June 2012. Patients operated on for perforated gastric cancer were excluded. The primary outcome measure was to compare the performance of Portsmouth-POSSUM and Boey score. Secondary outcome measures were to determine cutoff points for Portsmouth-POSSUM, Boey score, C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cells (WBC) count, to predict patients at risk for complications. Results: The best cutoff point for CRP was 37.5 mg/l, and for WBC was 11.600 mm³ (OR 2.9 and 4.4). The best cutoff point for physiologic Portsmouth-POSSUM was 14, for surgical Portsmouth-POSSUM were 12, and for predictive Portsmouth-POSSUM was 0.8 percent. A time of perforation higher than 24 h had an OR of 35, and Boey score of 3 had an OR of 38.3. When Boey score was 2, with preoperative shock and time of perforation higher than 24 h being the positive variables, the OR was 194.3. Conclusions: Boey score performed better than Portsmouth-POSSUM, remaining a more specific score to stratify patients submitted to emergency surgery for perforated peptic ulcer.
Introducción: Puntuaciones pronósticas como la de Boey y el Portsmouth-POSSUM han sido utilizadas en pacientes con úlcera perforada para estratificar el riesgo quirúrgico. No existen estudios que comparen ambas puntuaciones. El objetivo del presente estudio es el de comparar el rendimiento de estas puntuaciones en pacientes con úlcera péptica perforada. Métodos: Se diseñó un estudio comparativo retrospectivo que incluyó 108 pacientes consecutivos mayores de 15 años sometidos a cirugía de urgencia entre enero de 2002 y junio de 2012. Se excluyeron pacientes operados por cáncer gástrico perforado. El objetivo principal fue comparar el rendimiento de la puntuación de Boey con Portsmouth-POSSUM. Los objetivos secundarios fueron determinar los puntos de corte para Portsmouth-POSSUM, puntuación de Boey, proteína C-reactiva (PCR) y recuento de leucocitos (RL) como factores predictivos de riesgo. Resultados: El mejor punto de corte para PCR fue 37,5 mg/l y para RL 11.600 mm³ (OR 2,9 y 4,4). El mejor punto de corte para Portsmouth-POSSUM fisiológico fue 14, para Portsmouth-POSSUM quirúrgico fue 12 y para Portsmouth-POSSUM predictivo fue 0,8 por ciento. Un tiempo de perforación mayor a 24 h tenía un OR de 35 y un puntaje de Boey de 3 tenía un OR de 38,3. Cuando el puntaje de Boey fue 2 con las variables choque preoperatorio y perforación mayor a 24 h, el OR fue 194,3. Conclusiones: La puntuación de Boey presentó mejor rendimiento que Portsmouth-POSSUM, representando una puntuación más específica para estratificar pacientes sometidos a cirugía de urgencia por úlcera perforada.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Young Adult , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Severity of Illness Index , Peptic Ulcer Perforation/surgery , Peptic Ulcer Perforation/diagnosis , C-Reactive Protein , Length of Stay , Postoperative Complications , Retrospective Studies , Risk Assessment , ROC Curve , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Introduction: The occurrence of gastric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) associated to pancreatic adenocarcinoma has been reported in 0.2 percent pancreatic cancers. There are no published reports on distal pancreatic adenocarcinoma associated to gastric antral GIST and the surgical management of this clinical condition. Case report: Herein, we discuss a 75 years-old female patient who was admitted to our institution with upper digestive hemorrhage. The endoscopy showed large, superficial erosions over the cardia and on the posterior wall of the antrum a rounded sub-mucosal non-eroded lesion suspected of gastric GIST. An abdominal computed tomography scan found a hepatic hemangioma on the left hepatic lobe. In the pancreatic distal body and tail a solid exophytic lesion was identified. In the gastric antrum a rounded submucosal tumor in close contact with the pancreatic lesion was found. The patient was subjected to distal pancreatectomy, splenectomy, and distal gastrectomy. The biopsy identified a well-differentiated ductal adenocarcinoma localized in the pancreatic tail and the proximal part of the body, resected with negative margins. The gastric tumor was positive for CD117, CD34, and DOG-1; it had a positive Ki67 in less than 2 percent, and 2 or less mitoses per 50 high-power fields. Conclusion. This uncommon case illustrates the occurrence of synchronous tumors of different cellular origins incidentally diagnosed and their simultaneous surgical treatment. The individual incidence of these tumors is low and if associated they probably will continue to be found incidentally.
Introducción: La ocurrencia simultánea de tumores del estroma gastrointestinal (GIST) del estómago con cáncer de páncreas, ha sido reportada en 0,2 por ciento. No existen reportes publicados sobre cáncer de páncreas distal asociado a GIST gástrico y el manejo de esta situación clínica. Caso clínico: Paciente de 75 años de edad, hospitalizada en nuestra institución por hemorragia digestiva alta. La endoscopía mostró erosiones superficiales sobre el cardias y en la pared posterior del antro una lesión submucosa redondeada no-ulcerada, sospechosa de un GIST. La tomografía abdominal demostró un hemangioma hepático en el lóbulo izquierdo, en la cola del páncreas se identificó una lesión sólida y en el antro gástrico se encontró un tumor redondeado en contacto con la lesión pancreática pero sin relación íntima con la misma. La paciente fue sometida a pancreatectomía distal, esplenectomía, gastrectomía distal y resección del hemangioma. La biopsia identificó en la cola y cuerpo distal del páncreas un adenocarcinoma ductal bien diferenciado con márgenes negativos. El GIST gástrico fue positivo para CD117, CD34 y DOG-1, el Ki67 fue positivo en menos de 2 por ciento y se identificaron 2 o menos mitosis por 50 campos de aumento mayor. Conclusión: Este caso ilustra la ocurrencia sincrónica de tres tumores de estirpes celulares diferentes diagnosticados incidentalmente y su tratamiento quirúrgico simultáneo. La incidencia individual de estos tumores en estas localizaciones es baja y su diagnóstico, seguramente, seguirá siendo incidental.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/surgery , Hemangioma/surgery , Stomach Neoplasms/surgery , Liver Neoplasms/surgery , Pancreatic Neoplasms/surgery , Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors/surgery , Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/complications , Hemangioma/complications , Neoplasms, Multiple Primary , Stomach Neoplasms/complications , Liver Neoplasms/complications , Pancreatic Neoplasms/complications , Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors/complicationsABSTRACT
Introduction: The systemic inflammatory response has been described in patients with appendicitis. However, its progression from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis has not been characterized. The purpose of this study was to describe and characterize the systemic inflammatory response to appendicitis. Patients and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted. One-hundred eighty-three patients were studied divided into four groups from onset of symptoms to diagnosis. Primary outcome measure was to determine the systemic inflammatory response to appendicitis according to the established groups of time intervals. Secondary outcome measure was the analysis of C-reactive protein for the same purpose. Results: The systemic inflammatory response variables according to diagnostic intervals showed non-significant differences on white blood cells count. Temperature and heart rate rises constantly after 48 h reaching their peak after 72 h (p = 0.001); the respiratory rate rises after 73 h (p < 0.0001). After 73 h most patients had 3 or 4 systemic inflammatory response criteria (p < 0.0001). C-reactive protein levels rise progressively showing higher levels after 48 hours (p = 0.005). Conclusions: The inflammatory response to appendicitis is progressive, being more marked along the timeline from onset of symptoms to diagnosis.
Introducción: La progresión de la respuesta inflamatoria sistémica en pacientes con apendicitis desde el inicio de los síntomas hasta el diagnóstico no ha sido caracterizada. Los objetivos del presente estudio son describir y caracterizar la respuesta inflamatoria sistémica a la apendicitis. Pacientes y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo. Ciento ochenta y tres pacientes fueron estudiados y divididos en cuatro grupos de acuerdo al tiempo transcurrido entre el inicio de los síntomas y el diagnóstico. El objetivo principal fue determinar la respuesta inflamatoria sistémica a la apendicitis de acuerdo a los grupos de tiempo establecidos. El objetivo secundario fue el análisis de la proteína C reactiva para el mismo propósito. Resultados: La variable leucocitosis de la respuesta inflamatoria sistémica de acuerdo con los períodos de evolución no mostró diferencias significativas. La temperatura y la frecuencia cardíaca se elevan constantemente después de 48 h llegando a su nivel máximo después de las 72 h (p = 0,001). La frecuencia respiratoria aumenta después de 73 h de evolución (p < 0,0001). Después de las 73 h desde el inicio de los síntomas, la mayoría de los pacientes presentan 3 ó 4 variables del síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica. La proteína C reactiva se eleva progresivamente mostrando sus valores máximos después de 48 h (p = 0,005). Conclusiones: La respuesta inflamatoria sistémica a la apendicitis es progresiva y más marcada a lo largo del tiempo desde el inicio de los síntomas hasta el diagnóstico.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Young Adult , Middle Aged , Appendicitis/surgery , Appendicitis/diagnosis , Body Temperature , C-Reactive Protein , Heart Rate , Incidence , Inflammation , Leukocytosis , Postoperative Complications , Respiratory Rate , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) constitute the most challenging location for the treatment of this neoplasm. Duodenal GIST are relatively uncommon tumors, their prevalence is very low accounting for 5 percent to 7 percent or less of all surgically resected GIST. Most published reports on duodenal GIST are case reports or case series. Consequently, the clinical manifestations, radiologic diagnosis, appropriate surgical treatment, and prognostic factors constitute a subject of current controversy. Most articles concerning duodenal GISTs state that unlike tumors involving other sites of the gastrointestinal tract, the optimal procedure for duodenal GISTs has not been well characterized. However, when carefully reviewing the published literature on the subject, it was found that surgical approaches to duodenal GISTs are fairly standard among different authors. All take into account the location of GIST in the duodenum and its anatomic relationships to decide whether local resection or Whipple operation should be performed. Using this common sense knowledge, defined surgical options for duodenal GISTs according to their localization within the duodenal frame are proposed.
Los tumores del estroma gastrointestinal (GIST) localizados en el duodeno, constituyen la localización más compleja para el tratamiento de esta neoplasia. Los GIST duodenales son relativamente infrecuentes con una prevalencia de 5 por ciento a 7 por ciento de todos los GIST tratados quirúrgicamente. La mayoría de los reportes publicados sobre GIST duodenal son reportes de caso o series de casos. Consecuentemente, las manifestaciones clínicas, el diagnóstico radiológico, el tratamiento quirúrgico y los factores pronósticos constituyen materia de controversia. La mayoría de los artículos sobre GIST duodenales mencionan que a diferencia de otros tumores localizados en el tracto gastrointestinal, el procedimiento óptimo para el tratamiento del GIST duodenal no se encuentra bien caracterizado en la literatura. Sin embargo, la revisión de las publicaciones sobre el tema demuestra que el abordaje quirúrgico descrito por diferentes autores es bastante estándar. Todos toman en cuenta la localización del GIST en el duodeno y sus relaciones anatómicas para decidir entre la resección local o la pancreatoduodenectomía. Utilizando este conocimiento de sentido común, se proponen opciones quirúrgicas definidas para GIST duodenales basadas en su localización en el duodeno.