ABSTRACT
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) coenzymes are carriers of high energy electrons in metabolism and also play critical roles in numerous signaling pathways. NAD metabolism is decreased in various cardiovascular diseases. Importantly, stimulation of NAD biosynthesis protects against heart disease under different pathological conditions. In this review, we describe pathways for both generation and catabolism of NAD coenzymes and the respective changes of these pathways in the heart under cardiac diseases, including pressure overload, myocardial infarction, cardiometabolic disease, cancer treatment cardiotoxicity, and heart failure. We next provide an update on the strategies and treatments to increase NAD levels, such as supplementation of NAD precursors, in the heart that prevent or reverse cardiomyopathy. We also introduce the approaches to manipulate NAD consumption enzymes to ameliorate cardiac disease. Finally, we discuss the mechanisms associated with improvements in cardiac function by NAD coenzymes, differentiating between mitochondria-dependent effects and those independent of mitochondrial metabolism.
Subject(s)
Heart Diseases , Heart Failure , Humans , NAD/metabolism , Ventricular Remodeling , Heart , CoenzymesABSTRACT
El psicoanálisis es aquí estudiado como una ciencia que fundamental, y no solo ocasionalmente, tiende a una teoría psicológica mucho más allá de la esfera del funcionamiento patológico de la mente. presenta en sintéticos artículos temas como: impulsos, aparato psíquico, sueños, psicopatología
ABSTRACT
El psicoanálisis es aquí estudiado como una ciencia que fundamental, y no solo ocasionalmente, tiende a una teoría psicológica mucho más allá de la esfera del funcionamiento patológico de la mente. presenta en sintéticos artículos temas como: impulsos, aparato psíquico, sueños, psicopatología