ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Chitinase (Chi) is a pathogenesis-related protein, also reported to play an important role in plant responses to abiotic stress. However, its role in response to abiotic stress in barley is still unclear. RESULTS: In this study, a total of 61 Chi gene family members were identified from the whole genome of wild barley EC_S1. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that these family genes were divided into five groups. Among these genes, four pairs of collinearity genes were discovered. Besides, abundant cis-regulatory elements, including drought response element and abscisic acid response element were identified in the promoter regions of HvChi gene family members. The expression profiles revealed that most HvChi family members were significantly up-regulated under drought stress, which was also validated by RT-qPCR measurements. To further explore the role of Chi under drought stress, HvChi22 was overexpressed in Arabidopsis. Compared to wild-type plants, overexpression of HvChi22 enhanced drought tolerance by increasing the activity of oxidative protective enzymes, which caused less MDA accumulation. CONCLUSION: Our study improved the understanding of the Chi gene family under drought stress in barley, and provided a theoretical basis for crop improvement strategies to address the challenges posed by changing environmental conditions.
Subject(s)
Chitinases , Droughts , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Hordeum , Multigene Family , Phylogeny , Plant Proteins , Stress, Physiological , Hordeum/genetics , Chitinases/genetics , Chitinases/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/genetics , Stress, Physiological/genetics , Plant Proteins/genetics , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Arabidopsis/genetics , Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics , Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics , Gene Expression Profiling/methods , Drought ResistanceABSTRACT
Se aplica un programa de economía de fichas para modificar algunos comportamientos disruptivos de un niño. Se pretende decrementar el contestar de manera inadecuada, así como hacer pataletas y propiciar la ocurrencia del seguimiento de instrucciones relacionadas con conductas como arreglar la cama, recoger y organizar los juguetes, recoger y organizar la ropa, hacer sus deberes escolares. Se hace una profunda revisión de la aplicación del programa de Economía de Fichas en diversos campos y problemas de conducta. Siguiendo un diseño ABA, los resultados confirman el cambio de comportamiento y logran un mejor ajuste de la conducta del niño en la escuela y el ambiente familiar. Se hace un análisis desde algunos principios de la economía conductual.
It applies a token economy program to modify some disruptive behaviors of a child. It is intended to decrease the answer in an inappropriate manner and make tantrums and encourage the occurrence of follow-up instructions for behaviors such as to fix the bed, collecting and organizing toys, collect and organize your clothes, do their homework. It is a thorough review of the implementation of the token economy in various fields and behavioral problems. Following an ABA design, the results confirm the behavior change made a better adjustment of the child's behavior at school and home environment. An analysis is made from some of the principles of behavioral economics.