Incident, Individual, and Campus Factors Associated with Cisgender Men's Post Sexual Victimization Formal Help Seeking.

INTRODUCTION: This study explored factors associated with help seeking among cisgender men college and university students who experienced sexual victimization. METHODS: We used multilevel logistic regression on data from 33 campuses (n = 4,474 students, 4,674 incidents) to model the association between cisgender men's help seeking and incident, individual, and campus factors. RESULTS: Incident, individual, and campus factors were associated with help seeking odds. Some factors were associated with increased help seeking odds (e.g. perpetrator in a position of power, being gay or having a disability, campus-level racial diversity), others with decreased odds (e.g. drinking before an incident). CONCLUSIONS: Findings have implications for programs and policies. Future studies should attend to the roles of masculinity, power, and campus contexts.

High-throughput dataset of impurity adsorption on common catalysts in biomass upgrading applications.

An extensive dataset consisting of adsorption energies of pernicious impurities present in biomass upgrading processes on common catalysts and support materials has been generated. This work aims to inform catalyst and process development for the conversion of biomass-derived feedstocks to fuels and chemicals. A high-throughput workflow was developed to execute density functional theory calculations for a diverse set of atomic (Al, B, Ca, Cl, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, N, Na, P, S, Si, Zn) and molecular (COS, H2S, HCl, HCN, K2O, KCl, NH3) species on 35 unique surfaces for transition-metal (Ag, Au, Co, Cu, Fe, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Re, Rh, Ru) and metal-oxide (Al2O3, MgO, anatase-TiO2, rutile-TiO2, ZnO, ZrO2) catalysts and supports. Approximately 3,000 unique adsorption geometries and corresponding adsorption energies were obtained.

Strategic Learning Strategies of Doctor of Physical Therapy Students.

INTRODUCTION: The use of strategic learning strategies has been positively associated with academic performance in several graduate health profession programs. This finding suggests that it may be an important construct to explore in Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) education. The Learning and Study Strategies Inventory (LASSI) summarizes a student's perception and use of 10 learning and study strategies. REVIEW OF LITERATURE: Although the LASSI has limited reporting in DPT education, other health care education programs have shown correlation with academic performance. The purpose of this study was to examine DPT students' early perceptions of strategic learning with descriptive summaries of LASSI data and examine correlations between demographic and admissions-related data. SUBJECTS: Matriculated DPT students (n = 294) at a 2-year hybrid program who completed the LASSI at orientation in 2020 and 2021. METHODS: This was a descriptive study that retrospectively analyzed LASSI scores in entry-level DPT students. LASSI score differences among demographic groups and Spearman's rho correlations between the LASSI, Graduate Record Examination (GRE) scores, grade point averages, grit, and emotional intelligence (EI) were explored. RESULTS: LASSI score means were in the 50th-75th percentile (moderate category) suggesting a need for further development in strategic learning. Group differences in LASSI scores were noted for gender identity (male higher Anxiety management, P < .001; female higher Attitude, P < .001, Time Management, P = .003, and Use of Academic Resources, P = .003), racial-ethnic minoritized group (higher Self-regulation, P = .013), first-generation college students (higher Attitude, P = .047), physical therapy assistants (higher Information Processing, P = .047), students with a primary language other than English (higher Time Management, P = .046), and older students (higher Anxiety management, P = .026). Weak but significant correlations were identified between LASSI scale and component scores and several admissions variables. Highest correlations were with grit (Will, ρ = 0.319, P < .001; Concentration, ρ = 0.312, P < .001), EI (Will, ρ = 0.328, P < .001; Attitude, ρ = 0.302, P < .001; Self-regulation, ρ = 0.382, P < .001; Use of Academic Resources ρ = 0.331, P < .001), and quantitative GRE scores (Anxiety management, ρ = 0.341, P < .001). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: All LASSI scale scores and components were in the moderate category, potentially indicating a need to coach and develop strategic learning strategies. Group differences in LASSI scores may represent varied student needs. The weak relationship between LASSI scores and admissions variables could suggest that the constructs measured by LASSI are not currently captured through typical DPT admissions practices.

Differential Drug Susceptibility across Trichomonasvirus Species Allows for Generation of Varied Isogenic Clones of Trichomonas vaginalis.

Trichomonas vaginalis (Tvag) is a sexually transmitted human pathogen that is commonly infected with strains of one or more of five known species of Trichomonas vaginalis viruses (TVVs), members of genus Trichomonasvirus. TVVs are thought not to have an extracellular phase to their lifecycle and instead to be transmitted vertically from mother to daughter cells. As a result, generation of isogenic virus-positive and virus-negative sets of Tvag clones has been a major barrier to studying interactions between TVVs and their host. Nucleoside analog 2'-C-methylcytidine (2CMC) has been recently reported to clear trichomonads of infections with TVV1, TVV2, and TVV3. We used 2CMC to treat a panel of Tvag isolates that collectively harbor at least one representative strain of each TVV species and thereby provided evidence that infections with TVV4 and TVV5 can also be cleared by 2CMC. Furthermore, our results suggest a newly identified difference in drug susceptibility between TVV species. We took advantage of these susceptibility difference to generate isogenic sets of Tvag clones harboring different combinations of the five TVV species. These results provide both new insight into differences between these species and new avenues for generating tools to study the potential roles of TVVs in Tvag biology.

Ponsegromab for the Treatment of Cancer Cachexia.

BACKGROUND: Cachexia is a common complication of cancer and is associated with an increased risk of death. The level of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), a circulating cytokine, is elevated in cancer cachexia. In a small, open-label, phase 1b study involving patients with cancer cachexia, ponsegromab, a humanized monoclonal antibody inhibiting GDF-15, was associated with improved weight, appetite, and physical activity, along with suppressed serum GDF-15 levels. METHODS: In this phase 2, randomized, double-blind, 12-week trial, we assigned patients with cancer cachexia and an elevated serum GDF-15 level (≥1500 pg per milliliter) in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to receive ponsegromab at a dose of 100 mg, 200 mg, or 400 mg or to receive placebo, administered subcutaneously every 4 weeks for three doses. The primary end point was the change from baseline in body weight at 12 weeks. Key secondary end points were appetite and cachexia symptoms, digital measures of physical activity, and safety. RESULTS: A total of 187 patients underwent randomization. Of these patients, 40% had non-small-cell lung cancer, 32% had pancreatic cancer, and 29% had colorectal cancer. At 12 weeks, patients in the ponsegromab groups had significantly greater weight gain than those in the placebo group, with a median between-group difference of 1.22 kg (95% credible interval, 0.37 to 2.25) in the 100-mg group, 1.92 (95% credible interval, 0.92 to 2.97) in the 200-mg group, and 2.81 (95% credible interval, 1.55 to 4.08) in the 400-mg group. Improvements were observed across measures of appetite and cachexia symptoms, along with physical activity, in the 400-mg ponsegromab group relative to placebo. Adverse events of any cause were reported in 70% of the patients in the ponsegromab group and in 80% of those in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with cancer cachexia and elevated GDF-15 levels, the inhibition of GDF-15 with ponsegromab resulted in increased weight gain and overall activity level and reduced cachexia symptoms, findings that confirmed the role of GDF-15 as a driver of cachexia. (Funded by Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT05546476.).

Association between interpreter use and small for gestational age infants: Interpreter use and small for gestational age in non-English speaking patients.

BACKGROUND: Limited English proficiency is associated with worse health outcomes regardless of health literacy. Prior research suggests that using interpreter services for low English proficiency helps mitigate the language barrier, is associated with improved health outcomes, and patient satisfaction; however, obstetric and neonatal outcomes and pregnancy risks in this population are not well studied. OBJECTIVES: The primary purpose of this study was to determine if low English proficiency is an independent risk factor for small for gestational age infants by utilizing interpreter use as a proxy for low English proficiency. Due to the known challenges in communication with a language barrier and discrimination against people whose first language is not English, we hypothesized that this could result in an increase in high risk conditions in pregnancy such as SGA. Our hypothesis was that the need for an interpreter would be associated with having small for gestational age infants. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective cohort study at a single center using data between 1/1/2016 and 12/31/2021; we included singleton, live births ≥21 weeks gestation. We excluded multiple gestations, intrauterine fetal demise, and delivery <21 weeks. The primary outcome was rate of small for gestational age. Small for gestational age was defined as birthweight < 10th percentile for gestational age using the 2018 Fenton newborn growth curve. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to control for confounding variables. RESULTS: Of the 26,260 patients included in the study, 71.3% were non-Hispanic White, 9.5% were Hispanic/Latino, and 7.9% were non-Hispanic Black. Overall, 1,662 (6.3%) patients utilized an interpreter. Over half (58.0%) of patients requesting interpreter services were Hispanic. In unadjusted analyses, the rate of small for gestational age was not different between patients who used interpreter services (n = 106, 6.4%) and those who did not (n = 1612, 6.6 %), p = 0.779. After adjusting for race/ethnicity, gravidity, gestational age, private insurance, diabetes, hypertension, and pre-pregnancy body mass index, the use of interpreter services was associated with decreased odds of small for gestational age (aOR 0.67, 95% CI 0.53 - 0.84). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that use of an interpreter is associated with a lower incidence of small for gestational age when controlling for patient characteristics and social determinants of health. Additional research is required to explore this association, but our results indicate that recognizing demographic risk factors and providing patients with social resources such as access to interpreter services may positively impact obstetric and neonatal outcomes.

In-Breast Tumor Progression During Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: Impact on and Factors Influencing Distant Recurrence-Free Survival.

BACKGROUND: Most patients with breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) experience clinical benefit, however, a small proportion progress. We aimed to characterize factors predicting in-breast tumor progression and impact on distant recurrence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed all patients with clinical stage I-III breast cancer treated with NAC in 2006-2021 at our institution. We compared in-breast progressive disease (PD), defined as ≥ 20% increase in tumor size, with stable disease (SD) or response. Distant recurrence-free survival (DRFS) was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: Of 1403 patients, 70 (5%) experienced in-breast PD, 243 (17%) SD, 560 (40%) partial response (PR), and 530 (38%) breast pathologic complete response (breast pCR, ypT0/Tis). The rate of PD varied by tumor subtype (8% in HR+/HER2-, 5% TNBC, 2% HER2+, p < 0.001). With median 48 months follow-up, the rates of DRFS were significantly different according to clinical breast response as follows: PD 56%, SD 68%, PR 82%, or breast pCR 93%, p < 0.001. In patients with PD on multivariable analysis, post-NAC grade (adjusted HR 2.9, p = 0.002) and ypT3-4 category (adjusted HR 2.4, p = 0.03) were the strongest predictors of DRFS. Combining these factors, 23% had neither, 44% had one, and 33% had both, which stratified outcome in PD with 3-year DRFS of 100%, 77%, and 30%, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: While in-breast PD during NAC is uncommon (5%), it predicts poor survival. Among patients with in-breast PD, post-NAC tumor grade and T category predict outcomes and may be useful to guide treatment escalation.

Parental self-efficacy and early language development in deaf and hard-of-hearing children.

This study examined the relationship between parental self-efficacy in parents of young deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children and children's spoken language skills. A retrospective within-subjects study design was used that included 24 mother-child dyads with DHH children. Parental self-efficacy was assessed using the Scale of Parental Involvement and Self-Efficacy-Revised. Children's language abilities were assessed using the Preschool Language Scale-5th edition. Our data revealed no significant associations between global measures of parental self-efficacy and children's auditory comprehension, expressive communication, and total language scores. However, positive correlations were found between child language skills and specific parents' beliefs about their ability to support their child's spoken language development, their ability to use strategies to help their child communicate, and their active involvement in intervention. Findings highlight the importance of examining discrete aspects of parental self-efficacy as it specifically relates to parents supporting their DHH child's spoken language development. Future directions and implications are provided.

Transformation in Marginal Zone Lymphoma: Results from a Prospective Cohort and a Meta-Analysis of the Literature.

Marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) includes extranodal (EMZL), splenic (SMZL), and nodal (NMZL) subtypes. Histological transformation (HT) to large B-cell lymphomas is well documented but with a large variability in published cumulative incidence rates. We report results from the Molecular Epidemiology Resource (MER) cohort for the cumulative incidence of HT (with death as competing risk) and associated risk factors and outcomes. We also conduct a meta-analysis of available studies on the cumulative incidence of HT. From 2002-2015, 529 patients with MZL were enrolled in the MER (69% EMZL, 16% SMZL, 15% NMZL). Ten-year overall survival (OS) from diagnosis was 66%. HT occurred in 21 patients, with 5-year and 10-year cumulative incidence of HT of 2.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.02-0.05) and 3.6% (95%CI 0.02-0.06), respectively. HT was associated with an increased risk of death (subdistribution hazard ratio (HR)=3.95; 95%CI 2.06-7.55). Predictors of HT were ≥2 extranodal sites and MALT-IPI score ≥2. OS was 79% at 5 and 55% at 10 years after HT. Age at HT≥70 years was the only predictor of OS after HT (HR=3.57; 95%CI 1.34-9.48). In meta-analysis of 12 studies (6,161 patients), the 5- and 10-year cumulative incidence of HT across all subtypes were 5% (95%CI 0.05-0.06) and 8% (95%CI 0.07-0.09), respectively. Rates were lower in EMZL (3% and 5%) than in SMZL (7% and 13%) and NMZL (9% and 13%). While HT is relatively uncommon in the first decade after MZL diagnosis, it is associated with an inferior outcome and needs new approaches to prevention and management.

Assessing Abdominal Examination Skills in a Surgery Clerkship Standardized Patient Encounter for Curriculum Improvement.

INTRODUCTION: Standardized patient (SP) encounters allow medical students to practice physical examination skills and clinical reasoning. SP cases are used for learning and assessment, but recorded encounters can also be valuable curriculum evaluation tools. We aimed to review SP encounters to improve abdominal examination skills and the broader physical examination curriculum. METHODS: We reviewed recorded SP encounters of third-year medical students on surgery clerkship rotation. Students examined a cisgender woman presenting with acute right lower abdominal pain. We observed abdominal examinations to determine which maneuvers were attempted and completed correctly. We then used these outcomes to develop targeted clerkship training for the subsequent student cohort. Our intervention targeted abdominal examination gaps by explaining how to integrate abdominal examination findings with a focused history for surgical patients. We evaluated the intervention's impact on abdominal examination skills with third-year medical students in comparison (2021-2022, n = 119) and intervention (2022-2023, n = 132) groups. RESULTS: In both the comparison and intervention groups, nearly all students attempted at least 1 general examination maneuver like auscultation, palpation, percussion, or rebound tenderness. Only 40% of students in the comparison group attempted an advanced maneuver like the Rovsing, Psoas, or Obturator sign. After the intervention, 75% of students in the intervention group attempted an advanced maneuver (χ2(1, 251) = 31.0, p < .001). Cohorts did not gain skills over time through the clerkship. Rebound tenderness was frequently assessed incorrectly by students in both groups, with many avoiding the right lower quadrant entirely. CONCLUSIONS: This project highlights how medical students struggle to utilize abdominal examination maneuvers and integrate findings. The results also showed that students did not consistently learn advanced examination skills either before or during clerkship rotation, which may be commonly assumed by clinical faculty. Finally, this work demonstrates how SP encounters can be used to evaluate and improve surgical education curriculum.

The Together for Health - Virginia Research Program: A Multi-Modal Approach for Population Health Assessment.

Background: The Together for Health-Virginia (T4H-VA) Research Program aimed to advance cancer prevention, education, and outreach in Virginia. Creating a representative and inclusive cohort is critical to the program's mission and quality of outcomes. The T4H-VA Research Program utilized a multi-modal sampling approach to improve population health assessment. The current study describes the technology-based, non-probability platform developed for this purpose and compares differences between the probability-based (mail-based) and non-probability-based (e-cohort) methods with respect to participant demographics, health characteristics, and health information and technology use. Methods: T4H-VA is a research registry focusing on 54 counties within the Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center (MCCC) catchment area in Richmond, VA. Adult residents proficient in English were eligible. For the probability-based sampling, surveys were mailed to residents within the catchment area. For the non-probability sampling, an online study platform was developed and surveys were completed through the web/mobile app. Results: Both cohorts fell short of recruitment goals. The study yielded 1158 participants (M=57, SD=16 years; 55.0% female; 72.1% White); 899 (77.6%) were sampled through the probability, mail-based approach. Participants who identified as "other" race were significantly less likely to be sampled by the non-probability method. Significant differences emerged, including health protective (greater moderate and high physical activity) and risk factors (greater alcohol consumption and personal history of cancer) in the non-probability, e-cohort relative to the probability sample. E-Cohort participants were significantly more likely to report using electronic health records. Discussion: Overall difficulties in recruiting were caused, at least in part, by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and related factors. The e-cohort, which used exclusively digital recruitment strategies, fell significantly short of recruitment goals. This suggests in-person and mail-based strategies remain important for recruitment. Moreover, instead of favoring a singular approach, a combined approach to survey sampling may capitalize on the strengths of each sampling mode to increase diversity in sociodemographic and health risk characteristics.

Clipped Axillary Node as a Potential Surrogate for Overall Axillary Nodal Status in Inflammatory Breast Cancer Patients after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Axillary lymph node dissection is the current standard for management of the axilla in inflammatory breast cancer (IBC). The present study aims to determine whether the initially positive node identified by clip placement accurately represents the overall nodal status of axilla after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in IBC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on patients with IBC who underwent operation (2014-2023). For patients with IBC who had clip placement in a positive axillary node at diagnosis, operative notes, specimen radiographs, and pathology reports were reviewed to confirm final pathologic status of clipped nodes. RESULTS: In total, 92 patients with IBC (90 cN+) were identified (median age 54 years, 78% invasive ductal, 10% invasive lobular, and 12% mixed); 81 (90%) were biopsy-proven cN+, with a clip placed in the positive node for 62/81 (77%). All patients were treated with NAC and axillary surgery with median 19 (range 4-49) nodes removed. Among 28 (out of 56) patients with retrieved clipped nodes that were pathologically negative (ypN0), only 1 had an additional positive node with micrometastasis for a false negative rate of 4% (95% CI 1-19%). Conversely, 3/3 patients with isolated tumor cells (ITCs) only in the clipped node had additional axillary disease (ITCs in 1, macrometastasis in 2), and 20/23 (87%) of patients with pathologically positive clipped node (micrometastasis or greater) had additional positive nodes [19/20 (95%) with macrometastasis]. CONCLUSIONS: The clipped biopsy-positive axillary node in IBC accurately represented the post-NAC overall axillary nodal status. ITCs post-NAC should be considered positive as an indicator of additional nodes with metastasis.

Genomic insights into pediatric intestinal inflammatory and eosinophilic disorders using single-cell RNA-sequencing.

Introduction: Chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tissues underlies gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders, leading to tissue damage and a constellation of painful and debilitating symptoms. These disorders include inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), and eosinophilic disorders (eosinophilic esophagitis and eosinophilic duodenitis). Gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders can often present with overlapping symptoms necessitating the use of invasive procedures to give an accurate diagnosis. Methods: This study used peripheral blood mononuclear cells from individuals with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, eosinophilic esophagitis, and eosinophilic duodenitis to better understand the alterations to the transcriptome of individuals with these diseases and identify potential markers of active inflammation within the peripheral blood of patients that may be useful in diagnosis. Single-cell RNA-sequencing was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from the blood samples of pediatric patients diagnosed with gastrointestinal disorders, including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, eosinophilic esophagitis, eosinophilic duodenitis, and controls with histologically healthy gastrointestinal tracts. Results: We identified 730 (FDR < 0.05) differentially expressed genes between individuals with gastrointestinal disorders and controls across eight immune cell types. Discussion: There were common patterns among GI disorders, such as the widespread upregulation of MTRNR2L8 across cell types, and many differentially expressed genes showed distinct patterns of dysregulation among the different gastrointestinal diseases compared to controls, including upregulation of XIST across cell types among individuals with ulcerative colitis and upregulation of Th2-associated genes in eosinophilic disorders. These findings indicate both overlapping and distinct alterations to the transcriptome of individuals with gastrointestinal disorders compared to controls, which provide insight as to which genes may be useful as markers for disease in the peripheral blood of patients.

Differential Drug Susceptibility Across Trichomonasvirus Species Allows for Generation of Varied Isogenic Clones of Trichomonas vaginalis.

Trichomonas vaginalis (Tvag) is a sexually transmitted human pathogen that is commonly infected with strains of one or more of five known species of Trichomonas vaginalis viruses (TVVs), members of genus Trichomonasvirus . TVVs are thought not to have an extracellular phase to their lifecycle and instead to be transmitted vertically from mother to daughter cells. As a result, generation of isogenic virus-positive and virus-negative sets of Tvag clones has been a major barrier to study interactions between TVVs and their host. Nucleoside analog 2'-C-methylcytidine (2CMC) has been recently reported to clear trichomonads of infections with TVV1, TVV2, and TVV3. We used 2CMC to treat a panel of Tvag isolates that collectively harbor at least one representative strain of each TVV species and thereby provided evidence that infections with TVV4 and TVV5 can also be cleared by 2CMC. Furthermore, our results suggest a newly identified difference in drug susceptibility between TVV species. We took advantage of these susceptibility difference to generate isogenic sets of Tvag clones harboring different combinations of the five TVV species. These results provide both new insight into differences between these species and new avenues for generating tools to study the potential roles of TVVs in Tvag biology.

Prospective Cohort Study Examining the Ability of Performance-Based and Self-Reported Frailty Measures to Predict 30-Day Rehospitalizations After Kidney Transplantation.

Performance-based measures of frailty are associated with healthcare utilization after kidney transplantation (KT) but require in-person assessment. A promising alternative is self-reported frailty. The goal of this study was to examine the ability of performance-based and self-reported frailty measures to predict 30-day rehospitalizations after KT. We conducted a prospective, observational cohort study involving 272 adults undergoing KT at Mayo Clinic in Minnesota, Florida, or Arizona. We simultaneously measured frailty before KT using the physical frailty phenotype (PFP), the short physical performance battery (SPPB), and self-report (the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System [PROMIS] 4-item physical function short form v2.0). Both the PFP and self-reported frailty were independently associated with more than a 2-fold greater odds of 30-day rehospitalizations, while the SPPB was not. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the prognostic value of all three of the above frailty measures in patients undergoing KT. The PFP is more prognostic than the SPPB when assessing the risk of 30-day rehospitalizations; self-reported frailty can complement the PFP but not replace it. However, the 4-item survey assessing self-reported frailty represents a simple way to identify patients undergoing KT surgery who would benefit from interventions to lower the risk of rehospitalizations.

Pregnancy after Tubal Sterilization in the United States, 2002 to 2015.

BACKGROUND: Tubal sterilization is the most commonly used method of contraception in the United States. Because contraceptive effectiveness influences contraceptive selection, we examined typical use failure rates after tubal sterilization in the United States. METHODS: We estimated rates of pregnancy after tubal sterilization using data from four waves of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), representative samples of U.S. women aged 15 to 44 years, collected in 2002, 2006 to 2010, 2011 to 2013, and 2013 to 2015. Survey weighting was used in survival analysis to examine time to first pregnancy after tubal sterilization. Data from these participants were censored after a tubal reversal procedure, infertility treatment, hysterectomy, or bilateral oophorectomy. Reported pregnancy rates after tubal sterilization procedures were examined by using Kaplan-Meier curves and then multivariable Cox proportional-hazards models to examine the effects of age at tubal sterilization, race/ethnicity, education, Medicaid funding, and postpartum versus interval procedures. RESULTS: Pregnancy after tubal sterilization was reported by 2.9 to 5.2% of participants across NSFG waves. In the most recent survey wave (2013 to 2015), the estimated percentage of participants with pregnancies within the first 12 months after a tubal sterilization procedure was 2.9%; at 120 months after tubal sterilization, the estimated percentage with a pregnancy was 8.4%. At all the time points examined, pregnancy after tubal sterilization was less common after postpartum procedures than after interval procedures; however, this difference was not evident in multivariable models. In multivariable models, chance of pregnancy decreased with age at time of tubal sterilization. Race/ethnicity, education, and Medicaid funding were not consistently associated with pregnancy after tubal sterilization. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that there may be nontrivial rates of pregnancy after tubal sterilization.

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibition With Erlotinib in Liver: Dose De-Escalation Pilot Trial as an Initial Step in a Chemoprevention Strategy.

Background and Aims: Effective approaches for prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) will have a significant impact on HCC-related mortality. There are strong preclinical data and rationale to support targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) for HCC chemoprevention. Small molecule inhibitors of EGFR have been Food and Drug Administration-approved for cancer therapy, which provides an opportunity to repurpose one of these drugs for chemoprevention of HCC. Unfortunately, the frequency of side effects associated with administration of these drugs at oncology doses renders them ineffective for chemoprevention. This clinical trial assesses whether lower doses of one of these inhibitors, erlotinib, still engages EGFR in the liver to block signaling (eg, EGFR phosphorylation). The objective of this clinical trial was determination of a safe and minimum effective dose of erlorinib for which ≥ 50% reduction phospho-EGFR immunohistochemical staining in the liver was observed. Methods: Forty six participants were preregistered and 25 participants were registered in this multicenter trial. By dose de-escalation trial design, cohorts of participants received a 7-day course of erlotinib 75 mg/day, 50 mg/day or 25 mg/day with liver tissue acquisition prior to and after erlotinib. Results: A ≥50% reduction phospho-EGFR immunohistochemical staining in the liver was observed in a minimum of 40% of participants (predetermined threshhold) at each of the dose levels. Erlotinib was very well tolerated with few side effects observed, particularly at the dose of 25 mg/day. Favorable modulation of the Prognostic Liver Signature was observed in participants who received erlotinib. Conclusion: These data support the selection of erlotinib doses as low as 25 mg/day of for a longer intervention to assess for evidence of efficacy as an HCC chemoprevention drug (ClinicalTrials.govNCT02273362).