Kinetics of cerebral blood flow velocities during treatment for delayed cerebral ischemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: In aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), one of the main determinants of prognosis is delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is used to monitor vasospasm and DCI. We aimed to better understand cerebral hemodynamics response to hypertension induction (HI) with norepinephrine (NE) and inotropic therapy with milrinone so that TCD can be a bedside tool in helping to guide DCI therapies. Our primary objective was to determine TCD blood flow velocity (BFV) kinetics during HI and inotropic therapy for DCI treatment. Secondly, we performed an analysis by treatment subgroups and evaluated clinical response to therapies. METHODS: We performed a prospective observational cohort study in a Brazilian high-volume center for aSAH. Patients with aSAH admitted between 2016 and 2018 who received NE or milrinone for DCI treatment were included. TCDs were performed before therapy initiation (t0) and 45 (t1) and 90 min (t2) from the onset of therapy. For each DCI event, we analyzed the highest mean flow velocity (MFV) and the mean MFV and compared their kinetics over time. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was determined at t0, t1, and t2. RESULTS: Ninety-eight patients with aSAH were admitted during the study period. Twenty-one (21.4%) developed DCI, of whom six had DCI twice, leading to a total of 27 analyzed DCI events (12 treated with HI and 15 with milrinone). Patients treated with NE had their mean arterial pressure raised (85 mm Hg in t0, 112 mm Hg in t2 [p < 0.001]), whereas those treated with milrinone had a significant decrease in mean arterial pressure over treatment (94 mm Hg in t0, 88 mm Hg in t2 [p = 0.004]). Among all treated patients, there was a significant drop from t0 to t2 but not to t1 in the highest MFV and in the highest mean MFV. Among those treated with HI, there were no significant changes from t0 to t1 or t2 (highest MFV in t0 163.2 cm/s, in t1 172.9 cm/s [p = 0.27], and in t2 164 cm/s [p = 0.936]). Conversely, in those treated with milrinone, there was a significant decrease from t0 to t1 and to t2 (highest MFV in t0 197.1 cm/s, in t1 172.8 cm/s [p = 0.012], in t2 159 cm/s [p = 0.002]). Regarding clinical outcomes, we observed a significant improvement in mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores from 17 to 16 in t1 (p < 0.001) and to 15 in t2 (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: BFV analyzed by TCD in patients with aSAH who developed DCI and were treated with milrinone or NE significantly decreased in a time-dependent way. Milrinone effectively decrease cerebral BFV, whereas NE do not. Clinical improvement was achieved with both treatment strategies.

Histological changes of vascular clipping in Wistar rats.

Background: During aneurysm microsurgery, the aneurysmal sac is excluded from circulation by placing one or more clips at the base of the aneurysm. In some cases of complex aneurysms or subarachnoid hemorrhage history, transient clipping before definitive clipping is necessary. The closing force of the transient clip is less than the permanent clip; however, it is sufficient to stop circulation to the aneurysmal sac. The aim of the following work is to analyze and describe histological changes caused by transient and permanent clipping of the abdominal aorta in Wistar-type rats, to study the correlation between the closing force of the clip and the time, it remains on the vascular tissue structures. Methods: Six groups were formed, with 10 rats each, whereby temporary clipping of the abdominal aorta was performed with subsequent sampling of the site where the vascular clip was placed. The groups were: control and temporary clipping with: 2, 5, 10, and 15 and permanent clipping with 5 min. Results: Resection samples of the 3 µm thick aorta were obtained through the routine histological technique and special histochemical techniques (Masson's Trichrome and orcein) from the six groups. Transmural changes were found from Group II-VI. Conclusion: There is a vascular histological effect after both transient and permanent clipping. The sum of time and strength of the clip induce vascular changes visible at 5 min.

Orbital Schwannoma: Case Report and Review

Orbital schwannomas are rare, presenting a rate of incidence between 1 and 5% of all orbital lesions. Their most common clinical symptoms are promoted by mass effect, such as orbital pain and proptosis. The best complementary exam is the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which shows low signal in T1, high signal in T2, and heterogeneous contrast enhancement. The treatment of choice is surgical, with adjuvant radiotherapy if complete resection is not possible. We report the case of a 24-year-old male patient with orbital pain and proptosis, without previous history of disease. The MRI showed a superior orbital lesion compatible with schwannoma, which was confirmed by biopsy after complete resection using a fronto-orbital approach.

Expert Consensus on the Management of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations.

Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) are complex, heterogeneous, and uncommon intracranial lesions. They can be treated by one or a combination of the following treatment modalities, namely embolization, radiosurgery, or microsurgical resection. In Spetzler-Martin Grade 4 and 5 arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), conservative management may be the best option. A group of experts in the management of AVMs of different disciplines gathered in January 2019 in Hanoi to compile the "Expert Consensus on the Management of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations".

Transfusion-related acute lung injury em pós-operatório de neurocirurgia: relato de caso / Transfusion-related acute lung injury after following neurosurgery: case report

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI), é definido como um edema pulmonar não cardiogênico, relacionado à transfusão de sangue ou derivados, evoluindo com necessidade de ventilação mecânica na grande maioria dos casos. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar um caso de TRALI em pós-operatório imediato de neurocirurgia. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo masculino, 69 anos, sem comprometimento pulmonar prévio, foi submetido à ressecção cirúrgica de glioblastoma multiforme, apresentando complicações intra-operatórias (broncoespasmo e diminuição da saturação de oxigênio), após ter recebido plasma fresco congelado, sendo diagnosticado TRALI. O paciente foi mantido sedado, sob ventilação mecânica e monitorização hemodinâmica invasiva, com melhora progressiva do quadro, recebendo alta da unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) no 8º dia de pós-operatório. CONCLUSÕES: O TRALI deve ser investigado nos pacientes que recebem hemoderivados e apresentam alterações pulmonares.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI), is defined as noncardiogenic pulmonary edema temporally related to transfusion therapy, evolving with ventilation necessity mechanics in the great majority of the cases. This objective of this study was to present case of TRALI in the immediate postoperative of neurosurgery. CASE REPORT: We describe the case of a patient who presented broncoespasm and decreased oxygen saturation after to have received fresh-frozen plasma in the neurosurgery, who presented TRALI. The patient was submitted a invasive hemodynamic monitoring, sedation and supplemental oxygen with mechanical ventilation, with gradual improvement, leaving the intensive care unit in the eight day of postoperative. CONCLUSIONS: The TRALI must be investigated in the patients who receive transfusion therapy and present lung injury.

[Transfusion-related acute lung injury after following neurosurgery: case report]. / Transfusion-related acute lung injury em pós-operatório de neurocirurgia: relato de caso.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI), is defined as noncardiogenic pulmonary edema temporally related to transfusion therapy, evolving with ventilation necessity mechanics in the great majority of the cases. This objective of this study was to present case of TRALI in the immediate postoperative of neurosurgery. CASE REPORT: We describe the case of a patient who presented broncoespasm and decreased oxygen saturation after to have received fresh-frozen plasma in the neurosurgery, who presented TRALI. The patient was submitted a invasive hemodynamic monitoring, sedation and supplemental oxygen with mechanical ventilation, with gradual improvement, leaving the intensive care unit in the eight day of postoperative. CONCLUSIONS: The TRALI must be investigated in the patients who receive transfusion therapy and present lung injury.