Particle mobility and macroscopic magnetorheological effects for polyurethane magnetic elastomers.

The relationship between the particle mobility and magnetorheological effect was investigated for polyurethane magnetic elastomers containing carbonyl iron particles with various cross-linking densities or plasticizer concentrations. The storage modulus at 0 mT increased and the on-field modulus at 500 mT decreased with the cross-linking density. The critical magnetic field where the storage modulus starts to rise up increased with the cross-linking density, indicating that the movement of magnetic particles is depressed by the cross-linking points of the polyurethane network. Magnetic elastomers with various plasticizer concentrations revealed that the storage modulus at 0 mT decreased and the on-field modulus at 500 mT increased with the plasticizer concentration. The critical magnetic field decreased with increasing plasticizer concentration, indicating that a dense polyurethane network prevents magnetic particles from moving. It was found that the change in the modulus due to the magnetic field can be scaled by the storage modulus at 0 mT as well as the critical magnetic field. Thus, there is a certain correlation between the macroscopic modulus of elasticity (storage modulus at 0 mT) and the microscopic mobility of magnetic particles reflected in the critical magnetic field.

Crystalline Si Surface Passivation with Nafion for Bulk Defects Detection with Electron Paramagnetic Resonance.

In monocrystalline Si (c-Si) solar cells, identification and mitigation of bulk defects are crucial to achieving a high photoconversion efficiency. To spectroscopically detect defects in the c-Si bulk, it is desirable to passivate the surface defects. Passivation of the c-Si surface with dielectrics such as Al2O3 and SiNx requires deposition at elevated temperatures, which can influence defects in the bulk. Herein, we report on the passivation of different Czochralski (Cz) Si wafer surfaces by an organic copolymer, Nafion. We test the efficacy of the surface passivation at temperatures ranging from 6 to 473 K to detect bulk defects using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. By comparing with state-of-the-art passivation layers, including Al2O3 and liquid HF/HCl, we found that at room temperature, Nafion can provide comparable passivation of n-type Cz Si with an implied open-circuit voltage (iVoc) of 713 mV and a recombination current prefactor J0 of 5 fA/cm2. For p-type Cz Si, we obtained an iVoc of 682 mV with a J0 of 22.4 fA/cm2. Scanning electron microscopy and photoluminescence reveal that Nafion can also be used to passivate the surface of c-Si solar cell fragments scribed from a solar cell module by using a laser. Consistent with previous studies, analysis of the EPR spectroscopy data confirms that the H-terminated surface is necessary, and fixed negative charge in Nafion is responsible for the field-effect passivation. While the surface passivation quality was maintained for almost 24 h, which is sufficient for spectroscopic measurements, the passivation degraded over longer durations, which can be attributed to surface SiOx growth. These results show that Nafion is a promising room-temperature surface passivation technique to study bulk defects in c-Si.

Post-discharge nutritional management for patients with coronary heart disease and frailty: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Frail elderly patients experience physiological function and reserve depletion, leading to imbalances in their internal environment, which increases the risk of coronary heart disease recurrence and malnutrition. However, the majority of these patients, who primarily have a low level of education and lack self-management skills, face difficulties actively dealing with obstacles during the transition period after their discharge from hospitalization. Therefore, it is necessary to understand and discuss in depth the nutrition management experience of discharged elderly patients with coronary heart disease and frailty (ages 65-80 years old) and to analyze the promoting and hindering factors that affect scientific diet behavior during the discharge transition period. METHODS: Fifteen elderly patients with coronary heart disease and frailty who had been discharged from the hospital for 6 months were interviewed using a semistructured method. The directed content analysis approach to descriptive research was used to extract topics from the interview content. RESULTS: All participants discussed the problems in health nutrition management experience of discharged. Five topics and ten subtopics were extracted, such as ①Weak perceptions and behaviors towards healthy eating (personal habit solidification, negative attitudes towards nutrition management), ②Lack of objective factors for independently adjusting dietary conditions (reliance on subjective feelings, times of appetite change), ③Personal hindrance factors (memory impairment, deficiencies in self-nutrition management), ④Expected external support (assistance care support, ways to obtain nutritional information), ⑤Lack of continuous nutrition management (interruption of professional guidance, avoidance of medical treatment behavior). CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition management after discharge places a burden on elderly patients with coronary heart disease and frailty. According to the patients' physical conditions, we should develop a diet support system that is coordinated by individuals, families and society.

Long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 constituents is associated with dyslipidemia in Chinese adults.

BACKGROUND: Ambient particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5) consists of various toxic constituents. However, the health effect of PM2.5 may differ depending on its constituents, but the joint effect of PM2.5 constituents remains incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to evaluate the joint effect of long-term PM2.5 constituent exposures on dyslipidemia and identify the most hazardous chemical constituent. METHODS: This study included 67,015 participants from the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort study. The average yearly levels of PM2.5 constituents for all individuals at their residences were assessed through satellite remote sensing and chemical transport modeling. Dyslipidemia was defined as one or more following abnormal blood lipid concentrations: total cholesterol (TC) ≥ 6.22 mmol/L, triglycerides (TG) ≥ 2.26 mmol/L, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) < 1.04 mmol/L, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ≥ 4.14 mmol/L. The logistic regression model was utilized to examine the single effect of PM2.5 constituents on dyslipidemia, while the weighted quantile sum regression model for the joint effect. RESULTS: The odds ratio with a 95 % confidence interval for dyslipidemia positively related to per-SD increase in the three-year average was 1.29 (1.20-1.38) for PM2.5 mass, 1.25 (1.17-1.34) for black carbon, 1.24 (1.16-1.33) for ammonium, 1.33 (1.24-1.43) for nitrate, 1.34 (1.25-1.44) for organic matter, 1.15 (1.08-1.23) for sulfate, 1.30 (1.22-1.38) for soil particles, and 1.12 (1.05-1.92) for sea salt. Stronger associations were observed in individuals < 65 years of age, males, and those with low physical activity. Joint exposure to PM2.5 constituents was positively related to dyslipidemia (OR: 1.09, 95 %CI: 1.05-1.14). Nitrate was identified as the constituent with the largest weight (weighted at 0.387). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term exposure to PM2.5 constituents poses a significant risk to dyslipidemia and nitrate might be the most responsible for the risk. These findings indicate that reducing PM2.5 constituent exposures, especially nitrate, could be beneficial to alleviate the burden of disease attributed to PM2.5-related dyslipidemia.

The mediation role of blood lipids on the path from air pollution exposure to MAFLD: A longitudinal cohort study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Recent cross-sectional studies found that exposure to ambient air pollution (AP) was associated with an increased risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). The alternation of blood lipids may explain the association, but epidemiological evidence is lacking. We aimed to examine whether and to what extent the association between long-term exposure to AP and incident MAFLD is mediated by blood lipids and dyslipidemia in a prospective cohort. METHODS: We included 6350 participants from the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort (CMEC, baseline 2018-2019, follow-up 2020-2021). Three-year average (2016-2018) of AP (PM1, PM2.5, PM10, NO2), blood lipids (TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG with their combinations) and incident MAFLD for each individual were assessed chronologically. Linear and logistic regression was used to assess the associations among AP, blood lipids, and MAFLD, and the potential mediation effects of blood lipids were evaluated using causal mediation analysis. RESULTS: A total of 744 participants were newly diagnosed with MAFLD at follow-up. The odds ratios of MAFLD associated with a 10 µm increase in PM1, PM2.5, and NO2 were 1.35 (95 % CI: 1.14, 1.58), 1.34 (1.10, 1.65) and 1.28 (1.14, 1.44), respectively. Blood lipids are important mediators between AP and incident MAFLD. LDL-C (Proportion Mediated: 6.9 %), non-HDL (13.4 %), HDL-C (20.7 %), LDL/HDL (30.1 %), and dyslipidemia (6.5 %) significantly mediated the association between PM2.5 and MAFLD. For PM1, the indirect effects were similar to those for PM2.5, with a larger value for the direct effect, and the mediation proportion by blood lipids was less for NO2. CONCLUSION: Blood lipids are important mediators between AP and MAFLD, and can explain 5 %-30 % of the association between AP and incident MAFLD, particularly cholesterol-related variables, indicating that AP could lead to MAFLD through the alternation of blood lipids. These findings provided mechanical evidence of AP leading to MAFLD in epidemiological studies.

Submicron resolution techniques: Multiphoton microscopy in skin disease.

Non-invasive optical examination plays a crucial role in various aspects of dermatology, such as diagnosis, management and research. Multiphoton microscopy uses a unique submicron technology to stimulate autofluorescence (AF), allowing for the observation of cellular structure, assessment of redox status and quantification of collagen fibres. This advanced imaging technique offers dermatologists novel insights into the skin's structure, positioning it as a promising 'stethoscope' for future development in the field. This review provides an overview of multiphoton microscopy's principles, technology and application in studying normal skin, tumour and inflammatory diseases, as well as collagen-related and pigmentary diseases.

In vivo detection of healthy skin: Comparison of multiphoton microscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy.

BACKGROUND: Noninvasive skin examination evolved rapidly in recent years, with multiphoton microscopy (MPM) and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) being used to image in-vivo skin at high resolution. The aim of this study is to compare the imaging clarity between the two techniques and measure the thickness of the epidermis in different body sites. We also measured the degree of skin aging with noninvasive tools. METHODS: Fifty-six volunteers were evaluated and measured at three different body sites, including the cheek, volar forearm, and back. We used RCM and MPM to evaluate the clarity of each skin layer, including stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, dermo-epidermal junction, and dermis. We measured epidermal thickness (ET) at the three body sites in individuals of different ages and genders. We assessed skin aging by the second harmonic to autofluorescence aging index of dermis (SAAID), and multiple linear regression was used to analyze the factors affecting SAAID. RESULTS: MPM had advantages in observation of stratum granulosum, collagen fiber, and elastic fiber (p < 0.001), but RCM provided better observation in dermo-epidermal junction layer (p < 0.001). The epidermis was thicker in the cheek area than the volar forearm and back in both RCM and MPM detection, and the average ET measured by MPM was lower than RCM. ET varied among the three body sites with significant differences (p < 0.05). ET was significantly lower at almost all sites in individuals above 40y (p < 0.05). SAAID decreased with age, and more rapidly in women. Cheeks have lower SAAID scores than other body sites. CONCLUSION: MPM and RCM provide noninvasive methods for imaging skin and each method has its own advantages. Epidermal thickness and SAAID correlated with age, gender, and different body sites. MPM could also assess the degree of skin aging, which could guide the clinical treatment of patients with diffferent ages and genders in the above body sites.

Superficial basal cell carcinoma mimicking Bowen's disease: Diagnosis with noninvasive imaging.

BACKGROUND: Superficial basal cell carcinoma (SBCC) is the rare subtype of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). BCC occurs in exposed areas such as the head and face, SCBB prone to form in trunk. Due to the manifestation of erythema and desquamation, it is prone to misdiagnosed as Bowen's disease in clinica. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 68-year-old female presented with coin-sized erythema located on the lower abdomen for 5 years. Histopathological examination was performed, and results informed the diagnosis of SBCC. Lesions were detected by dermoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and multiphoton microscopy (MPM). RESULTS: Dermoscopy revealed yellow-red background with more dendritic and linear proliferating vessels and more blue-gray nonaggregated dots structures. RCM displayed streaming of stratum spinosum, tortuous dilated vessels, highlighted inflammatory cells, and medium refraction round and oval tumor cell masses. MPM showed epidermal cells in polar arrangement, increased cell spacing, disorganized stratum granulosum and elastic fibers are gathered in clusters. CONCLUSION: We described a case of SBCC detected by dermoscopy, RCM and MPM. Noninvasive imaging features may provide a potentially tools in recognition and differentiation of SBCC.

Oxyanion Engineering Suppressed Iron Segregation in Nickel-Iron Catalysts Toward Stable Water Oxidation.

Nickel-iron catalysts represent an appealing platform for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media because of their high adjustability in components and activity. However, their long-term stabilities under high current density still remain unsatisfactory due to undesirable Fe segregation. Herein, a nitrate ion (NO3 - ) tailored strategy is developed to mitigate Fe segregation, and thereby improve the OER stability of nickel-iron catalyst. X-ray absorption spectroscopy combined with theoretical calculations indicate that introducing Ni3 (NO3 )2 (OH)4 with stable NO3 - in the lattice is conducive to constructing the stable interface of FeOOH/Ni3 (NO3 )2 (OH)4 via the strong interaction between Fe and incorporated NO3 - . Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and wavelet transformation analysis demonstrate that the NO3 - tailored nickel-iron catalyst greatly alleviates Fe segregation, exhibiting a considerably enhanced long-term stability with a six-fold improvement over FeOOH/Ni(OH)2 without NO3 - modification. This work represents a momentous step toward regulating Fe segregation for stabilizing the catalytic performances of nickel-iron catalysts.

PI3K pathway mutation predicts an activated immune microenvironment and better immunotherapeutic efficacy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: PI3K pathway is the most frequently mutated pathway in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), which plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis and progression. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of PI3K pathway mutation in clinical prognosis prediction and the relationship with immune microenvironment and response rate to immunotherapy. METHODS: We collected 129 samples with immunotherapy information from MSKCC-2019 cohort as well as 501 and 40 samples from TCGA-HNSC and MD-Anderson non-immunotherapy cohorts, respectively. Somatic mutation data was utilized to characterize the mutational status of the PI3K pathway. Subsequently, we further analyzed the differences in prognosis, immunotherapy response, genomic alterations, functional characteristics, and immune microenvironment between the mutation and wild groups. RESULTS: The Kaplan-Meier survival curves displayed that PI3K pathway mutation predicted observably prolonged overall survival (OS) in the immunotherapy cohort MSKCC-2019 (p = 0.012) but did not reach statistical significance in the non-immunotherapy cohorts TCGA-HNSC (p = 0.68) and MD-Anderson (p = 0.68). After incorporating several clinicopathologic features such as age, gender, and tumor mutation burden (TMB), the results of multivariate Cox regression analysis also demonstrated that the PI3K pathway mutation could indicate better immunotherapy outcomes in HNSC patients with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.533 (95% CI: 0.313-0.910; p = 0.021) in the immunotherapy cohort MSKCC-2019, compared with 0.888 (95% CI: 0.636-1.241; p = 0.487) and 1.939 (95% CI: 0.483-7.781; p = 0.351) in the non-immunotherapy cohorts TCGA-HNSC and MD-Anderson. In addition, the results of the subclass mapping (SubMap) and the tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) also consistently suggested that patients in the mutation group are more likely to benefit from immunotherapy. And further studies showed that the mutation group owned significantly higher TMB, activated immune-related pathways, richer abundance of immune cells, and higher expression levels of immunomodulators. To improve the prognosis of the wild group, we identified five relatively sensitive potential drugs for the wild group, including "BMS-536924," "linsitinib," "NVP-TAE684," "PLX-4720," and "clonazepam." CONCLUSIONS: The PI3K pathway mutation status could be considered as a potential biomarker to predict better immunotherapeutic efficacy and clinical outcomes after immunotherapy in HNSC patients.

Extremely Long Chains of Magnetic Particles via Large Plastic Beads Observed in Bimodal Magnetic Elastomers.

The relationship between the magnetorheology of bimodal magnetic elastomers with high concentrations (60 vol %) of plastic beads with diameters of 8 or 200 µm and the meso-structure of the particles was investigated. Dynamic viscoelasticity measurements revealed that the change in storage modulus of the bimodal elastomer with 200 µm beads was 2.8 × 105 Pa at a magnetic field of 370 mT. The change in the storage modulus for monomodal elastomer without beads was 4.9 × 104 Pa. The bimodal elastomer with 8 µm beads hardly responded to the magnetic field. In-situ observation for the particle morphology was performed using synchrotron X-ray CT. For the bimodal elastomer with 200 µm beads, a highly aligned structure of magnetic particles was observed in the gaps between the beads when the magnetic field was applied. On the other hand, for the bimodal elastomer with 8 µm beads, no chain structure of magnetic particles was observed. The orientation angle between the long axis of the aggregation of magnetic particles and the magnetic field direction was determined by an image analysis in three dimensions. The orientation angle varied from 56° to 11° for the bimodal elastomer with 200 µm beads and from 64° to 49° for that with 8 µm beads by applying the magnetic field. The orientation angle of the monomodal elastomer without beads changed from 63° to 21°. It was found that the addition of beads with a diameter of 200 µm linked the chains of magnetic particles, while beads with a diameter of 8 µm prevented the chain formation of the magnetic particles.

Proton Transfer Dynamics-Mediated CO2 Electroreduction.

Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) is crucial to addressing environmental crises and producing chemicals. Proton activation and transfer are essential in CO2 RR. To date, few research reviews have focused on this process and its effect on catalytic performance. Recent studies have demonstrated ways to improve CO2 RR by regulating proton transfer dynamics. This Concept highlights the use of regulating proton transfer dynamics to enhance CO2 RR for the target product and discusses modulation strategies for proton transfer dynamics and operative mechanisms in typical systems, including single-atom catalysts, molecular catalysts, metal heterointerfaces, and organic-ligand modified metal catalysts. Characterization methods for proton transfer dynamics during CO2 RR are also discussed, providing powerful tools for the hydrogen-involving electrochemical study. This Concept offers new insights into the CO2 RR mechanism and guides the design of efficient CO2 RR systems.

Influencing Factors on Li-ion Conductivity and Interfacial Stability of Solid Polymer Electrolytes, Exampled by Polycarbonates, Polyoxalates and Polymalonates.

The application of solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) in all-solid-state(ASS) batteries is hindered by lower Li+ -conductivity and narrower electrochemical window. Here, three families of ester-based F-modified SPEs of poly-carbonate (PCE), poly-oxalate (POE) and poly-malonate (PME) were investigated. The Li+ -conductivity of these SPEs prepared from pentanediol are all higher than the counterparts made of butanediol, owing to the enhanced asymmetry and flexibility. Because of stronger chelating coordination with Li+ , the Li+ -conductivity of PME and POE is around 10 and 5 times of PCE. The trifluoroacetyl-units are observed more effective than -O-CH2 -CF2 -CF2 -CH2 -O- during the in situ passivation of Li-metal. Using trifluoroacetyl terminated POE and PCE as SPE, the interfaces with Li-metal and high-voltage-cathode are stabilized simultaneously, endowing stable cycling of ASS Li/LiNi0.6 Co0.2 Mn0.2 O2 (NCM622) cells. Owing to an enol isomerization of malonate, the cycling stability of Li/PME/NCM622 is deteriorated, which is recovered with the introduce of dimethyl-group in malonate and the suppression of enol isomerization. The coordinating capability with Li+ , molecular asymmetry and existing modes of elemental F, are all critical for the molecular design of SPEs.

In Situ Observation of the Movement of Magnetic Particles in Polyurethane Elastomer Densely Packed Magnetic Particles Using Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Computed Tomography.

In situ observation of the migration and structure formation of magnetic particles in polyurethane elastomers was carried out by X-ray computed tomography using synchrotron radiation. The mean diameter of the magnetic particles was 7.0 µm, and the volume fraction was ϕ= 0.24 at its maximum. The exposure time was 100 ms/frame, and the pixel size was 0.458 µm/pixel. The orientation angle and the volume fraction of the maximum aggregate were analyzed using commercial software for image analysis. The orientation angle for magnetic elastomers with ϕ = 0.24 was approximately 55° at 0 mT and decreased remarkably with the magnetic field. At magnetic fields above 150 mT, the orientation angle gradually decreased with the field and showed a constant value of 38° at 300 mT, suggesting that magnetic particles move and form a chain-like structure although the chains do not align perfectly in the direction of the magnetic field. On the other hand, the volume fraction of the maximum aggregate was constant at magnetic fields below 100 mT, and it significantly increased with the field, indicating that magnetic particles were connected to each other and developed into a macroscopic structure with anisotropy. Dynamic viscoelastic measurements revealed that the storage modulus of the magnetic elastomers cannot be simply scaled by the orientation angle. It was also found that the volume fraction of the maximum aggregate is a good parameter for explaining the huge increase in the storage modulus. The dynamic movement of magnetic particles when a magnetic field of 300 mT was switched on and off was also successfully observed. When the field was switched on, magnetic particles connected instantly and their aggregates were rapidly elongated in the direction of the magnetic field. When the field was switched off, some of the connections between aggregates were broken; however, most of the aggregates did not return to the original position even 5 min after being switched off.

Ceramide synthase 6 antisense RNA 1 contributes to the progression of breast cancer by sponging miR-16-5p to upregulate ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most dangerous female mortality all over the world, described by unavoidable spread and metastaticity of BC cells. Increasing evidences verified that lncRNA play a major role in the tumorgenesis and development of BC cell. The purpose of this study is to investigate the roles of lncRNA ceramide synthase 6 antisense RNA 1 (CERS6-AS1) and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C (UBE2C) in BC and explore the regulatory association among miR-16-5p, CERS6-AS1, and UBE2C in BC. The CERS6-AS1 and UBE2C expression levels were determined by real time quantitative PCR in cell lines and tissues of BC. The function of CERS6-AS1 and UBE2C in the apoptosis, proliferation, and migration was confirmed by cell counting kit-8, Transwell, and flowcytometry tests. We performed tumor xenograft assay to validate the roles of CERS6-AS1 in vivo. The expression of UBE2C proteins was evaluated by Western Blot analysis. Moreover, the relationship among UBE2C, CERS6-AS1, and miR-16-5p was verified by luciferase report assay. It was found that CERS6-AS1 and UBE2C were meaningfully upregulated in BC, and knockdown of both CERS6-AS1 and UBE2C inhibited the BC cell proliferation and migration, whereas induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, CERS6-AS1 could facilitate BC progression by sponging miR-16-5p for upregulation of the UBE2C expression. The CERS6-AS1/miR-16-5p/UBE2C axis might be a prospective therapeutic target in the BC treatment by sponging miR-16-5p to upregulate UBE2C, which might contribute to the development of BC.

Identification of the Highly Active Co-N4 Coordination Motif for Selective Oxygen Reduction to Hydrogen Peroxide.

Electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) through oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is an environment-friendly and sustainable route for obtaining a fundamental product in the chemical industry. Co-N4 single-atom catalysts (SAC) have sparkled attention for being highly active in both 2e- ORR, leading to H2O2 and 4e- ORR, in which H2O is the main product. However, there is still a lack of fundamental insights into the structure-function relationship between CoN4 and the ORR mechanism over this family of catalysts. Here, by combining theoretical simulation and experiments, we unveil that pyrrole-type CoN4 (Co-N SACDp) is mainly responsible for the 2e- ORR, while pyridine-type CoN4 catalyzes the 4e- ORR. Indeed, Co-N SACDp exhibits a remarkable H2O2 selectivity of 94% and a superb H2O2 yield of 2032 mg for 90 h in a flow cell, outperforming most reported catalysts in acid media. Theoretical analysis and experimental investigations confirm that Co-N SACDp─with weakening O2/HOO* interaction─boosts the H2O2 production.

Unveiling the Proton-Feeding Effect in Sulfur-Doped Fe-N-C Single-Atom Catalyst for Enhanced CO2 Electroreduction.

Heteroatom-doping in metal-nitrogen-carbon single-atom catalysts (SACs) is considered a powerful strategy to promote the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR), but the origin of enhanced catalytic activity is still elusive. Here, we disclose that sulfur doping induces an obvious proton-feeding effect for CO2 RR. The model SAC catalyst with sulfur doping in the second-shell of FeN4 (Fe1 -NSC) was verified by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. Fe1 -NSC exhibits superior CO2 RR performance compared to sulfur-free FeN4 and most reported Fe-based SACs, with a maximum CO Faradaic efficiency of 98.6 % and turnover frequency of 1197 h-1 . Kinetic analysis and in situ characterizations confirm that sulfur doping accelerates H2 O activation and feeds sufficient protons for promoting CO2 conversion to *COOH, which is also corroborated by the theoretical results. This work deepens the understanding of the CO2 RR mechanism based on SAC catalysts.

Clinical and Histopathological Characteristics of Tumors Arising in Seborrheic Keratosis: A Study of 1365 Cases.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and histopathological characteristics of seborrheic keratosis (SK) with secondary tumor and identify associated factors. METHODS: This study was a monocentric retrospective case-control study describing the factors associated with the development of tumors in SK. A total of 1365 patients with SK were admitted to our department between 2018 and 2021. All of the histopathological specimens and medical records of these patients were reviewed. We compared the data of 36 patients with tumors arising in SK with those of the remaining 1329 patients with only SK, which were designated the control group. RESULTS: The incidence of tumors arising in SK that were biopsied was 2.6%. The tumor types included squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and keratoacanthoma (KA). Compared with other patients with SK, elderly patients with immunosuppression, patients presenting surrounding erythema or ulceration, and those with SK in exposed areas had an increased possibility of developing a secondary tumor. Tumors arising within SK have the histopathological features of ulceration, cytologic atypia, mitosis, "malignant horn", trabecular cell cords, solar elastosis and severe inflammatory infiltration in the dermis. CONCLUSION: SK can show malignant progression in a small fraction of SK cases that are biopsied. This study is the first report on the clinical and histopathological characteristics of tumors arising in SK and identifies relevant factors in an Asian population.

HSP105 expression in cutaneous malignant melanoma: Correlation with clinicopathological characteristics.

BACKGROUND: Heat shock proteins can protect against stress-associated cellular challenges, but they can also protect some tumors from human immune system monitoring. Heat shock protein 105 (HSP105/110) is a high molecular weight protein whose expression has been reported in many cancers, but few studies on its role in cutaneous malignant melanoma have been published. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between HSP105 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of CMM. METHODS: This retrospective study included 91 patients with CMM. The clinicopathological characteristics of CMM patients, including age, lesion duration, location, pathological classification, Clark's level, Breslow thickness, metastasis and recurrence, were collected. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analysis for HSP105 were performed. Pigmented nevi (n = 20) served as a control. The staining intensity and percentage of stained cells were expressed as a histochemical score (HSCORE). RESULTS: HSP105 was overexpressed in melanoma compared with nevi. Differences in the HSCORE between nevi (HSCORE = 1.05(0.15,1.50)) and CMM (HSCORE = 2.68(1.80,3.60)) were remarkable (P<0.001). Exposed site lesions, recurrent and metastatic lesions, nodular melanoma and lentigo maligna melanoma were closely associated with higher HSP105 expression (P = 0.011, P = 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively). Moreover, no significant difference was observed in Clark's level, Breslow thickness, or lesion duration (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: HSP105 is overexpressed in CMM. Higher HSP105 expression in lesions is associated with different clinicopathological variables. HSP105 may be a potential target for the diagnosis, treatment and prognostic prediction of CMM.

Bullous Scabies: Clinical, Dermoscopic, and Pathologic Characteristics of Ten Patients.

Bullous scabies (BS) is a rare atypical clinical variant of scabies and is easily confused with bullous disorders. The diagnosis of BS is always a challenge, and physicians often misdiagnose BS patients. Patients with BS admitted from 2012 to 2020 were enrolled in this study. The clinical, dermoscopic, and pathological characteristics of the patients were analyzed retrospectively. Ten patients with BS were enrolled in this study. Seven of the 10 patients were male. The bullae were most commonly found on the thighs and arms (80% of patients). Only 30% of patients (3/10) tested positive for mites and/or eggs by the initial skin scraping, but 100% (5/5) of the patients who received dermoscopy tested positive. Among these 10 patients, only five received a skin biopsy. Subepidermal (4/5) and intraepidermal (1/5) bullae with eosinophil and neutrophil infiltration were observed in five patients. Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) indicated linear deposition of IgG in the basement membrane zone in three patients. Physicians should consider the possibility of BS in patients with blisters, pruritus, and poor response to corticosteroids. Dermoscopy should be prioritized for the differential diagnosis of BS to exclude other bullous disorders. Finally, a biopsy should be performed on each patient with bullae.