Effect of fermentation on nutrient composition, antinutrients, and mineral bioaccessibility of finger millet based Injera: A traditional Ethiopian food.

Finger millet, like other cereals, contains high amounts of antinutrients that bind minerals, making them unavailable for absorption. This study explores the effect of traditional fermentation on nutritional, antinutritional, and subsequent mineral bioaccessibility (specifically iron, zinc, and calcium) of finger millet based Injera. Samples of fermented dough and Injera prepared from light brown and white finger millet varieties were analyzed for nutritional composition, antinutritional content, and mineral bioaccessibility following standard procedures. With some exceptions, the proximate composition of fermented dough was significantly affected by fermentation time. Compared to unfermented flour, the phytate and condensed tannin content significantly (p < 0.05) decreased for fermented dough and Injera samples. A strong decline in phytate and condensed tannin content was observed in white finger millet Injera as fermentation time increased, compared to light brown finger millet based Injera. The mineral bioaccessibility of Injera prepared from finger millet and maize composite flour increased with fermentation time, leading to a significant increase in bioaccessible iron, zinc, and calcium, ranging from 15.4-40.0 %, 26.8-50.8 %, and 60.9-88.5 %, respectively. The results suggest that traditional fermentation can be an effective method to reduce phytate and condensed tannin content, simultaneously increasing the bioaccessibility of minerals in the preparation of finger millet based Injera.

Nutritional and genetic variation in a core set of Ethiopian Tef (Eragrostis tef) varieties.

BACKGROUND: Tef (Eragrostis tef) is a tropical cereal domesticated and grown in the Ethiopian highlands, where it has been a staple food of Ethiopians for many centuries. Food insecurity and nutrient deficiencies are major problems in the country, so breeding for enhanced nutritional traits, such as Zn content, could help to alleviate problems with malnutrition. RESULTS: To understand the breeding potential of nutritional traits in tef a core set of 24 varieties were sequenced and their mineral content, levels of phytate and protein, as well as a number of nutritionally valuable phenolic compounds measured in grain. Significant variation in all these traits was found between varieties. Genome wide sequencing of the 24 tef varieties revealed 3,193,582 unique SNPs and 897,272 unique INDELs relative to the tef reference var. Dabbi. Sequence analysis of two key transporter families involved in the uptake and transport of Zn by the plant led to the identification of 32 Zinc Iron Permease (ZIP) transporters and 14 Heavy Metal Associated (HMA) transporters in tef. Further analysis identified numerous variants, of which 14.6% of EtZIP and 12.4% of EtHMA variants were non-synonymous changes. Analysis of a key enzyme in flavanol synthesis, flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H), identified a T-G variant in the tef homologue Et_s3159-0.29-1.mrna1 that was associated with the differences observed in kaempferol glycoside and quercetin glycoside levels. CONCLUSION: Wide genetic and phenotypic variation was found in 24 Ethiopian tef varieties which would allow for breeding gains in many nutritional traits of importance to human health.

Dietary diversity, nutritional status and associated factors among lactating mothers visiting government health facilities at Dessie town, Amhara region, Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Maternal undernutrition is one of the most common causes of maternal morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Severe undernutrition among mothers leads to reduced lactation performance which further contributes to an increased risk of infant mortality. However, data regarding nutritional status of lactating mothers at Dessie town and its surrounding areas is lacking. This study assessed dietary diversity, nutritional status and associated factors of lactating mothers visiting health facilities at Dessie town, Amhara region, Ethiopia. METHODS: Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to April, 2017 among 408 lactating mothers. Systematic random sampling technique was employed to select the study participants. Data on socio-demographic and economic characteristics, health related characteristics, dietary diversity and food security status of participants were collected using interviewer administered questionnaire. Data were entered into EPI-INFO and analyzed using SPSS Version 22. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with dietary diversity and nutritional status of lactating mothers. RESULTS: More than half (55.6%) of lactating mothers had inadequate dietary diversity (DDS<5.3) and about 21% were undernourished (BMI<18.5 kg/m2). Household monthly income [AOR = 2.0, 95% CI (1.15, 3.65)], type of house [AOR = 1.8, 95% CI (1.15, 2.94)], nutrition information [AOR = 1.6, 95% CI (1.05, 2.61)] and household food insecurity [AOR = 1.8, 95% CI (1.05, 3.06)] were factors associated with dietary diversity of lactating mothers. Being young in age 15-19 years [AOR = 10.3, 95% CI (2.89, 36.39)] & 20-29 years [AOR = 3.4, 95% CI (1.57, 7.36)], being divorced/separated [AOR = 10.1, 95% CI (1.42, 72.06)], inadequate dietary diversity [AOR = 3.8, 95% CI (2.08, 7.03)] and household food insecurity [AOR = 3.1, 95% CI (1.81, 5.32)] were factors associated with maternal undernutrition. CONCLUSION: The dietary diversity of lactating mothers in the study area was sub optimal and the prevalence of undernutrition was relatively high. Public health nutrition interventions such as improving accessibility of affordable and diversified nutrient rich foods are important to improve the nutritional status of mothers and their children in the study area.

Associations of early marriage and early childbearing with anemia among adolescent girls in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis of nationwide survey.

BACKGROUND: Early marriage and early childbearing are common practices in Ethiopia. Girls who get married and give birth at a very young age are more likely to experience several health problems including anemia among others. However, the effects of early marriage and early childbearing on anemia status of adolescent girls have not been quantified in previous studies. In this study, we assessed whether early marriage and early childbearing measured at both individual and community levels are associated with adolescent anemia. METHODS: We analyzed data from the 2016 demographic and health survey of Ethiopia. Our study focused on 3172 late female adolescents (15-19 years). We used the chi-squared test and spearman correlation coefficients for bivariate analysis. The relationship between early marriage and childbearing with anemia was evaluated using multilevel binary logistic regression models while controlling other determinants. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of anemia among female adolescents was 23.8% (95% CI; 22.3-25.2). Our multivariable multilevel analysis showed that individual-level marital status (AOR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.06-2.02) and community-level childbearing status (AOR = 2.80, 95% CI 1.25-6.29) were positively associated with anemia among female adolescents. CONCLUSION: Our findings show the presence of significant association between early marriage & early childbearing with adolescent anemia. Therefore, there is a need for effective policies and programs to end the practice of early child marriage and the consequent adolescent pregnancy in Ethiopia. This will help to improve nutritional status of adolescent girls as well as nutritional outcomes of their children.

Magnitude and determinants of appropriate complementary feeding practice among mothers of children age 6-23 months in Western Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Appropriate complementary feeding has the potential to prevent 6 percent of all under five deaths particularly in developing countries. However, infant and young child feeding practices in Ethiopia are suboptimal. Data on complementary feeding practices in Horro district are also lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to determine magnitude and determinants of appropriate complementary feeding practice among mothers of children age 6-23 months in Horro district, Western Ethiopia. METHODS: Community based cross sectional study was conducted from February to March 2016 in six kebeles of Horro district, Western Ethiopia. A total of 325 mothers of children age 6-23 months were included in the study. Data were collected using pre-tested interviewer administered structured questionnaire; entered into EPI-INFO version 3.5.4 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Odds ratio was calculated with 95% CI to identify determinants of appropriate complementary feeding practice. P-values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: The magnitude of appropriate complementary feeding practice in the study area was 9.91%. Lower age of child (6-11months) [AOR: 0.195, 95% CI: (0.045-0.846)], having no formal education [AOR = 0.115:95% CI: (0.002, 0.290)] and giving birth for the first time [AOR = 0.271:95% CI: (0.011, 0.463)] were factors negatively associated with appropriate complementary feeding practice. CONCLUSION: Only one tenth of mothers practiced appropriate complementary feeding. This strongly calls for sustained nutrition education targeting uneducated mothers, mothers who gave birth for the first time and those with very young children to improve the practice.