Comparison of Risk Factors for the Development of Proteinuria After Radical Nephrectomy for Renal Cell Carcinoma.

PURPOSE: We investigated compensatory structural hypertrophy and functional hyperfiltration in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after radical nephrectomy (RN) according to the presence of proteinuria. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 471 patients who underwent RN for RCC between October 2005 and December 2013. These patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of postoperative proteinuria (trace or greater (≥1+) urine dipstick). We obtained computed tomography images before and 1 year after surgery to calculate the functional renal volume (FRV). The preoperative and postoperative Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation-calculated glomerular filtration rates (CKD-EPI GFRs) per unit FRV (GFR/FRV) were used to calculate the degree of hyperfiltration. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 54.7±11.1 years, and the mean preoperative CKD-EPI GFR, FRV, and GFR/FRV were 89.3±13.3 mL/min/1.73 m2, 357.2±71.8 cm3, and 0.26±0.05 mL/min/1.73 m2/cm3, respectively. The percentage reduction rate of the GFR was not significantly different according to the presence of proteinuria (normal: -28.5±11.6% vs proteinuria: -28.7±15%; p=0.902); however, the postoperative hypertrophic FRV in the remnant kidney was significantly different (normal: 17.5±9.1% vs proteinuria: 13.8±14.1%; p=0.001). Meanwhile, the change in the percentage rate of the GFR/FRV was not significantly different (normal: 21.1±23% vs proteinuria: 23.8±28.3%; p=0.324). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age (p=0.010) and the GFR/FRV (p<0.001) were significant predictors of postoperative proteinuria. CONCLUSION: Compensatory structural hypertrophy and functional hyperfiltration are positive adaptations that reduce the occurrence of proteinuria.

Impact of urinary incontinence on falls in the older population: 2017 national survey of older Koreans.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association and influence of urinary incontinence (UI) on falls in older adults using the 2017 National Survey of Older Koreans data. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the 2017 National Survey of Older Koreans, which was conducted on 10,299 adults aged 65 and older in 2017 by the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs. RESULTS: This study included a total of 6,134 women aged 65-106, with a mean age of 74.8. In total, 1,152 women experienced at least 1 fall in the past 1 year and 382 experienced 2 or more recurrent falls; 281 women were diagnosed with UI. UI and falls (odds ratio, 1.329; 95 % confidence interval, 1.003-1.762) and recurrent falls (odds ratio=,1.703; 95% confidence interval=,1.145-2.534) were significantly associated. Older individuals with UI were more likely to fall at least once per year (odds ratio=,1.52; 95 % confidence interval=,1.15-2.20, odds ratio=,1.49; 95 % confidence interval=,1.09-2.04) than those without and were also linked to higher odds of recurrent falls (odds ratio=,2.16; 95 % confidence interval=,1.47-3.16, odds ratio=,2.13; 95 % confidence interval=,1.41-3.22) in those with at least 1 cognitive impairment, body functional impairment, or activity limitation. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed a possible increased risk of falls and recurrent falls in older individuals with UI compared to those without, especially in people with cognitive and functional impairment.

Effects of pelvic bone fracture on recurrence-free rate after bulbomembranous anastomotic urethroplasty in men with posterior urethral injuries.

Purpose: To determine the impact of pelvic bone fracture on the recurrence of urethral stenosis after bulbomembranous anastomotic urethroplasty. Materials and Methods: A total of 197 patients with complete posterior urethral injuries underwent bulbomembranous anastomotic urethroplasty. These patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of pelvic bone fracture. Recurrence of urethral stenosis was defined as the need for any postoperative surgical intervention. The surgical outcomes and postoperative recurrence rate of urethral stenosis were compared between the two groups, and significant predictors for posterior urethral restenosis, including pelvic bone fracture, were analyzed via multivariate analysis. Results: Of the patients, 92 had pelvic bone fractures and the other 105 patients did not. The patients with pelvic bone fracture had increased involvement of the prostatic urethra compared to the group without pelvic bone fracture (3.8% vs. 17.4%, p=0.002). Recurrence of urethral stenosis was more common in the pelvic bone fracture group (42/92, 45.7%) than the group without pelvic fracture (27/105, 25.7%). In a Kaplan-Meier analysis, the recurrence rate at 5 years was significantly lower in the pelvic bone fracture group (59.1% vs. 72.6%, p=0.003). A Cox proportional hazard analysis showed that the presence of pelvic bone injury was a significant predictor of posterior urethral re-stenosis. Conclusions: Patients with posterior urethral injuries associated with pelvic bone fracture had a higher recurrence rate of urethral stenosis after bulbomembranous anastomotic urethroplasty than those without pelvic bone fracture.

The Association Between Obesity and the Nocturia in the U.S. Population.

PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the association of obesity with nocturia using a nationally representative sample of adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2005 and 2012. METHODS: A total of 14,135 participants were included in this study. We performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis to find the odds ratio (OR) of obesity for nocturia. Furthermore, the OR of BMI for nocturia was analyzed using restricted cubic splines (RCS) with five knots. We conducted subgroup analysis according to age, sex, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus (DM) and further analysis with 1:1 matching data with propensity score. RESULTS: The participants who had body mass index (BMI) above 30 kg/m2 had a significantly higher OR for nocturia (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.28-1.50) than those without obesity. RCS showed a dose-dependent relationship between BMI and OR for nocturia. Subgroup analysis by age, sex, hypertension, and DM showed similar results. Further analysis with 1:1 matching data showed a significant association of obesity with the prevalence of nocturia (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.10-1.41). CONCLUSION: This study reported that obesity was significant association with the prevalence of nocturia with dose-dependent manner, regardless of age, sex, hypertension, and DM after taking major confounding factors into account.

Correlation between overactive bladder symptom score and neuropsychological parameters in Alzheimer's disease patients with lower urinary tract symptom

ABSTRACT Purpose To examine an association between the overactive bladder symptom score (OABSS) and neuropsychological parameters. Moreover, we investigate the factors that affect each item in the questionnaire. Materials and Methods A total of 376 patients (males: 184; females: 192) with probable Alzheimer’s disease (AD) were recruited. Cognitive testing was conducted using the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale, Global Deterioration Scale (GDS), and Barthel Activities of Daily Living (ADL). Lower urinary tract symptom (LUTS) was assessed using OABSS and voiding diary. Results The prevalence of overactive bladder (OAB) (defined as OABSS ≥3 with an urgency score of ≥2) in patients with AD was 72.6%. Among the OAB subjects, the most common severity of symptom was moderate (72.6%), followed by mild (21.2%), and severe (5.8%). It was found that OABSS had a very high correlation with aging (r=0.75; p<0.001). When compared with neuropsychological parameters, it was found that OABSS was highly correlated with the CDR scores (r=0.446; p<0.001). However, no significant correlation was found between the changes in OABSS scores and those in other neuropsychological parameters. Based on the individual symptom scores, urgency incontinence was highly correlated with the CDR scores (r=0.43; p<0.001). Conclusions OABSS is a useful tool in assessing AD patients with LUTS. There was a consistent positive association between OABSS severity, including urgency incontinence, and CDR scores.

Acid-base disorders after orthotopic bladder replacement: comparison of an ileal neobladder and an ileal conduit.

OBJECTIVES: For many years, creation of an orthotopic neobladder after cystectomy has been popular. In the present study, we measured the extent of metabolic acidosis in patients with ileal neobladders compared with ileal conduits and defined risk factors for development of metabolic acidosis. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 95 patients, who underwent radical cystectomy and urinary diversion to treat invasive bladder cancer from January 2001 to December 2014 at Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, through investigation of acid-base balance, serum electrolyte levels and renal function one month and one year after operation. RESULTS: One month after the operation, metabolic acidosis was found from 18 patients (31.0%) in an ileal neobladder group and from 4 (14.8%) in an ileal conduits group. One year after the operation, the numbers became 11 (22.9%) and 2 (10.0%), respectively. However, there was not a statistical difference. The blood biochemical profiles of the two groups did not differ significantly after urinary diversion. Logistic analysis revealed that lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was associated with metabolic acidosis at one month (odds ratio, OR = 0.94 [0.91-0.97]; p < 0.001) and one year (OR = 0.94 [0.92-0.97]; P = 0.001) after urinary diversion. In multivariate analysis, lower eGFR is a significant risk factor for metabolic acidosis at one month. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ileal neobladders and conduits are at the similar risk of metabolic acidosis. A close association between renal function and development of metabolic acidosis was observed, especially stronger in an early period after operation.

Surgical treatment of renal cell carcinoma: Can morphological features of inferior vena cava tumor thrombus on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging be a prognostic factor?

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of morphological features of inferior vena cava thrombus on the overall survival and cancer-specific survival (cancer-specific survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the records of 156 renal cell carcinoma patients with inferior vena cava thrombus who underwent radical nephrectomy and thrombectomy from 1998 to 2013 at five tertiary centers. Inferior vena cava thrombi were classified as spherical (type I) and spiculated (type II) according to morphological features on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Multivariate cox regression models were used to quantify the impact of prognostic factors on overall survival and cancer-specific survival. RESULTS: Type I was found in 29 patients (18.6%), and type II in 127 patients (81.4%). Median follow up was 38.2 months (interquartile range 12-57). Demographic characteristics were not significantly different, except for the cranial thrombus height (P = 0.003). On multivariate analysis, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score, clinical tumor size, distant metastasis, histologic subtype, thrombus morphology and remnant venous thrombus significantly affected overall survival in pNany Many patients (all P < 0.05). Among the pNO /X MO patients, clinical tumor size, histologic subtype, thrombus morphology and remnant venous thrombus significantly affected overall survival (all P < 0.05). In terms of cancer-specific survival, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score, clinical tumor size, distant metastasis, histologic subtype and thrombus morphology significantly affected cancer-specific survival in pNany Many patients (all P < 0.05). In patients with pNO /X MO , body mass index, clinical tumor size, histological subtype, thrombus morphology and remnant venous thrombus significantly affected cancer-specific survival (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Clinical tumor size, histological subtype, and thrombus morphology are independent predictors of overall survival and cancer-specific survival in renal cell carcinoma patients with inferior vena cava thrombus. These factors might be helpful for the surgeon's determination to improve therapeutic efficacy.

Effects of Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise on Urinary Incontinence in Elderly Women With Cognitive Impairment.

PURPOSE: Pelvic floor muscle exercise (PFME) is a therapeutic option for urinary incontinence (UI). However, studies of the efficacy of PFME on UI in patients with cognitive impairment (CI) are lacking. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of PFME on UI in elderly women with mild CI. METHODS: A total of 150 women with mild CI or Alzheimer disease and UI were screened using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF). Cognitive function and behavioral symptoms were evaluated by the Mini-Mental State Examination and Barthel's Activities of Daily Living. The patients were randomly divided into a control group (n=46) and a PFME group (n=52, 6 sessions of PFME for 12 weeks). The primary outcome was the change in UI episodes measured with a frequency volume chart (FVC). The secondary outcomes were other FVC parameters and the ICIQ-SF scores. RESULTS: A total of 82 women (control group: 40 and PFME group: 42) completed the study. After 12 weeks of PFME, the mean number of UI episodes per 24 hours decreased by 1.6 (from 3.3 to 1.7) in the PFME group and by 0.5 (from 3.4 to 2.9) in the control group (P<0.001 between groups). The mean number of micturition episodes and total ICIQ-SF scores improved in the PFME group to a significantly greater extent than in the control group (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Supervised PFME can be a good therapeutic option for improving UI in elderly women with CI.

Correlation between overactive bladder symptom score and neuropsychological parameters in Alzheimer's disease patients with lower urinary tract symptom.

PURPOSE: To examine an association between the overactive bladder symptom score (OABSS) and neuropsychological parameters. Moreover, we investigate the factors that affect each item in the questionnaire. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 376 patients (males: 184; females: 192) with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) were recruited. Cognitive testing was conducted using the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale, Global Deterioration Scale (GDS), and Barthel Activities of Daily Living (ADL). Lower urinary tract symptom (LUTS) was assessed using OABSS and voiding diary. RESULTS: The prevalence of overactive bladder (OAB) (defined as OABSS ≥3 with na urgency score of ≥2) in patients with AD was 72.6%. Among the OAB subjects, the most common severity of symptom was moderate (72.6%), followed by mild (21.2%), and severe (5.8%). It was found that OABSS had a very high correlation with aging (r=0.75; p<0.001). When compared with neuropsychological parameters, it was found that OABSS was highly correlated with the CDR scores (r=0.446; p<0.001). However, no significant correlation was found between the changes in OABSS scores and those in other neuropsychological parameters. Based on the individual symptom scores, urgency incontinence was highly correlated with the CDR scores (r=0.43; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: OABSS is a useful tool in assessing AD patients with LUTS. There was a consistent positive association between OABSS severity, including urgency incontinence, and CDR scores.

Functional Assessment of the Hautmann Ileal Neobladder with Chimney Modification Using Uroflowmetry and a Questionnaire.

Urinary diversion reconstruction is essential after radical cystectomy and neobladder reconstruction is accepted as a fine option. This study included 51 patients, who underwent radical cystectomy with orthotopic neobladder reconstruction by a Hautmann ileal neobladder with chimney modification from 2006 to 2014. Functional outcomes were evaluated using a questionnaire and uroflowmetry. Perioperative complications were analyzed retrospectively. The mean follow-up period was 36.1 months. Eighty-six percent of patients voided without clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) assistance. CIC was used 1-2x per day or every time they voided in 8% and 6% of patients, respectively, and 71% of patients were continent. The percentages of patients who used 1, 2, 3-4, and ≥5 pads per day were 15%, 6%, 2%, and 6%, respectively. Daytime and nighttime continence were achieved in 86% and 69% of patients, respectively. Daily mucus leakage was reported in 69% of patients. The mean maximum neobladder capacity, voided volume, postvoid residual volume, and maximum flow rate were 413.2 mL, 370.6 mL, 43.7 mL, and 20.8 mL/s, respectively. Eighteen early and 5 late complications developed in 13 and 5 patients, respectively. Reoperations were needed in 7 patients. The Hautmann ileal neobladder with chimney modification provided satisfactory results regarding functional outcomes.

A sequential comparison of postoperative voiding function between two different transobturator sling procedures.

INTRODUCTION: We evaluated sequential postoperative voiding function of two types of sling procedures (Monarc® and ALIGN®) in patients with stress urinary incontinence. METHODS: Ninety-one women diagnosed with urodynamic stress incontinence were randomly assigned to the study. All enrolled patients underwent Monarc or ALIGN procedure. They were postoperatively evaluated at one day, one week, one month, three months, 12 months, and 24 months. The voiding function was evaluated with uroflowmetry and post-void residual urine. Patients were asked if voiding had changed after surgery and had to complete the incontinence quality of life scale (I-QoL) questionnaire at 12 months. RESULTS: The Monarc (n=47) and ALIGN (n=44) groups had similar demographic characteristics. The maximal flow rate (Qmax) was significantly decreased on the first day after surgery and gradually increased during the following weeks. Comparing the two groups at one week, the ALIGN group had a significantly decreased Qmax than the Monarc group (17.6 ± 5.2 vs. 20.7 ± 5.0; p=0.004). However, at one, three, 12, and 24 months, there were no significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that an absorbable tensioning suture in the Monarc mesh could increase Qmax compared to ALIGN at one week after surgery. An absorbable tensioning suture may reduce the risk of an early postoperative voiding dysfunction compared to other meshes that do not have this.

Preoperative Prognostic Nutritional Index is a Significant Predictor of Survival in Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients Undergoing Nephrectomy.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative assessment of patients' immunologic and nutritional conditions is required to predict the outcome of patients with malignant tumors. The aim of the current study was to clarify the significance of the prognostic nutritional index (PNI), which simply accounts for immunological and nutritional conditions, in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). METHODS: We included 1437 patients who underwent nephrectomy for RCC between 1994 and 2008. PNI was calculated using the following formula: 10 × serum albumin concentration (g/dL) + 0.005 × lymphocyte counts (number/mm(2)) in peripheral blood. We examined the correlation of the preoperative PNI value with clinicopathological features. A Cox regression model and the Harrell concordance index with variables only or combined PNI data were used to evaluate the prognostic significance in the T1-4NallMall and T1-4N0M0 groups. RESULTS: The mean preoperative PNI value was 52.7 ± 6.3 (range 27.7-85.3). The mean PNI values were significantly lower in patients with more advanced tumor T stage, regional lymph node metastasis, distant metastases, higher Fuhrman grade, and sarcomatoid differentiation than in patients without such factors (p < 0.001). Patients with low PNI (<51) had poor survival rates compared to those with high PNI in univariate analysis (>51, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that low PNI was significantly associated with cancer-specific survival (p = 0.026 and p = 0.009) and overall survival (p = 0.013 and p = 0.011) in the T1-4NallMall and T1-4N0M0 groups, respectively, after correcting for other clinicopathological factors. CONCLUSIONS: PNI is an independent prognostic factor for predicting survival after nephrectomy in patients with RCC.

Predictive factors of prolonged warm ischemic time (≥30 minutes) during partial nephrectomy under pneumoperitoneum.

PURPOSE: Current clinical data support a safe warm ischemia time (WIT) limit of 30 minutes during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) or robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RPN). We evaluated independent factors predicting prolonged WIT (more than 30 minutes) after LPN or RPN. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective data review was performed for 317 consecutive patients who underwent LPN or RPN performed by the same surgeon from October 2007 to May 2013. Patients were divided into two groups: group A was defined as prolonged WIT (≥30 minutes) and group B as short WIT (<30 minutes). We compared clinical factors between the two groups to evaluate predictors of prolonged WIT. RESULTS: Among 317 consecutive patients, 80 were in the prolonged WIT group. Baseline characteristics were not significantly different between the groups. In the univariable analysis, PADUA (preoperative aspects and dimensions used for an anatomical) score (p=0.001), approach method (transperitoneal or retroperitoneal approach; p<0.001), and surgeon experience (p<0.001) were significantly associated with prolonged WIT. In the multivariable analysis, PADUA score (p=0.032), tumor size (≥25 mm; odds ratio, 2.98; 95% confidence interval, 1.48-5.96; p=0.002), and surgeon experience (p<0.001) were independent predictors of prolonged WIT. CONCLUSIONS: Surgeon experience, tumor size, and PADUA score predicted prolonged WIT after RPN or LPN. Among these factors, increasing surgical experience with LPN or RPN is the most important factor for preventing prolonged WIT.

Does Methylphenidate Affect Cystometric Parameters in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats?

PURPOSE: Methylphenidate (MPH) is one of the most commonly prescribed psychostimulants for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, there is limited research on its effects on lower urinary tract function. This study investigated changes in cystometric parameters after intragastric administration of MPH in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), an animal model of ADHD. METHODS: Fourteen- to 16-week-old male SHRs (n=10), weighing between 280 and 315 g, were used. Three micturition cycles were recorded before administering MPH. One hour after each intragastric MPH injection, three cycles of cystometrogram were obtained in the awake condition. Various cystometric parameters were evaluated, including basal pressure (BP), maximal pressure (MP), threshold pressure (TP), bladder capacity (BC), micturition volume (MV), micturition interval (MI), and residual volume (RV). The data were analyzed using paired Student t-tests. RESULTS: Five SHRs were each administered a dose of 3-mg/kg MPH, and the other five received a dose of 6-mg/kg MPH. BP and MP increased significantly in the rats that received the 3-mg/kg MPH injection, but not in those that received the 6-mg/kg injection. BC, MV, and MI significantly increased in the rats that received the 6-mg/kg MPH injection, but not in those that received the 3-mg/kg injection. There were no significant changes in TP after either injection. CONCLUSIONS: Significant increases in BC, MV, and MI after the 6-mg/kg MPH injection suggest that the peripheral and the central nervous systems may play important roles in bladder function in those receiving MPH for ADHD.

Measurement of renal function in a kidney donor: a comparison of creatinine-based and volume-based GFRs.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the performance of various GFR estimates compared with direct measurement of GFR (dGFR). We also sought to create a new formula for volume-based GFR (new-vGFR) using kidney volume determined by CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: GFR was measured using creatinine-based methods (MDRD, the Cockcroft-Gault equation, CKD-EPI formula, and the Mayo clinic formula) and the Herts method, which is volume-based (vGFR). We compared performance between GFR estimates and created a new vGFR model by multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Among the creatinine-based GFR estimates, the MDRD and C-G equations were similarly associated with dGFR (correlation and concordance coefficients of 0.359 and 0.369 and 0.354 and 0.318, respectively). We developed the following new kidney volume-based GFR formula: 217.48-0.39XA + 0.25XW-0.46XH-54.01XsCr + 0.02XV-19.89 (if female) (A = age, W = weight, H = height, sCr = serum creatinine level, V = total kidney volume). The MDRD and CKD-EPI had relatively better accuracy than the other creatinine-based methods (30.7% vs. 32.3% within 10% and 78.0% vs. 73.0% within 30%, respectively). However, the new-vGFR formula had the most accurate results among all of the analyzed methods (37.4% within 10% and 84.6% within 30%). CONCLUSIONS: The new-vGFR can replace dGFR or creatinine-based GFR for assessing kidney function in donors and healthy individuals. KEY POINTS: • Accurate prediction of GFR is crucial in kidney donors. • DTPA is accurate but costly, invasive, and clinically difficult to apply. • Volume-based GFR estimation performs as well as the Cr-based method. • New volume-based GFR estimation performs better among GFR estimation formulas.

Compensatory Structural and Functional Adaptation after Radical Nephrectomy for Renal Cell Carcinoma According to Preoperative Stage of Chronic Kidney Disease.

PURPOSE: We investigated structural hypertrophy and functional hyperfiltration as compensatory adaptations after radical nephrectomy in patients with renal cell carcinoma according to the preoperative chronic kidney disease stage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively identified 543 patients who underwent radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma between 1997 and 2012. Patients were classified according to preoperative glomerular filtration rate as no chronic kidney disease--glomerular filtration rate 90 ml/minute/1.73 m(2) or greater (230, 42.4%), chronic kidney disease stage II--glomerular filtration rate 60 to less than 90 ml/minute/1.73 m(2) (227, 41.8%) and chronic kidney disease stage III--glomerular filtration rate 30 to less than 60 ml/minute/1.73 m(2) (86, 15.8%). Computerized tomography performed within 2 months before surgery and 1 year after surgery was used to assess functional renal volume for measuring the degree of hypertrophy of the remnant kidney, and the preoperative and postoperative glomerular filtration rate per unit volume of functional renal volume was used to calculate the degree of hyperfiltration. RESULTS: Among all patients (mean age 56.0 years) mean preoperative glomerular filtration rate, functional renal volume and glomerular filtration rate/functional renal volume were 83.2 ml/minute/1.73 m(2), 340.6 cm(3) and 0.25 ml/minute/1.73 m(2)/cm(3), respectively. The percent reduction in glomerular filtration rate was statistically significant according to chronic kidney disease stage (no chronic kidney disease 31.2% vs stage II 26.5% vs stage III 12.8%, p <0.001). However, the degree of hypertrophic functional renal volume in the remnant kidney was not statistically significant (no chronic kidney disease 18.5% vs stage II 17.3% vs stage III 16.5%, p=0.250). The change in glomerular filtration rate/functional renal volume was statistically significant (no chronic kidney disease 18.5% vs stage II 20.1% vs stage III 45.9%, p <0.001). Factors that increased glomerular filtration rate/functional renal volume above the mean value were body mass index (p=0.012), diabetes mellitus (p=0.023), hypertension (p=0.015) and chronic kidney disease stage (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a lower preoperative glomerular filtration rate had a smaller reduction in postoperative renal function than those with a higher preoperative glomerular filtration rate due to greater degrees of functional hyperfiltration.

A comparison of radiologic tumor volume and pathologic tumor volume in renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the difference between preoperative radiologic tumor volume (RTV) and postoperative pathologic tumor volume (PTV) in patients who received nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed 482 patients who underwent preoperative computed tomography (CT) within 4 weeks before radical or partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. RTV measured by a three dimensional rendering program was compared with PTV (π/6 x height x length x width) measured in surgical specimen according to pathologic tumor size and histologic subtype. Correlation of the inter-quartile range (IQR) of the RTV and Fuhrman nuclear grade was also investigated. RESULTS: There was a significant positive linear correlation between RTV and PTV (p < 0.001, r = 0.911), and the mean RTV and mean PTV were not significantly different (79.0 vs 76.9 cm3, p = 0.393). For pathologic tumor size (PTS) < 4 cm, the mean RTV was larger than the mean PTV (10.9 vs 7.1 cm3, p < 0.001). For a PTS of 4-7 cm, the mean RTV was larger than the mean PTV (56.0 vs 44.7 cm3, p < 0.001). However, for a PTS ≥ 7 cm, there was no statistical difference between RTV and PTV (p > 0.05). Among patients with clear cell RCC, the mean RTV was significantly larger than the mean PTV (p = 0.042), not for non-clear cell group (p = 0.055). As the quartile of the RTV increased, the Fuhrman grade also increased (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: RTV was correlated with PTV and pathologic grade. RTV was larger than the PTV for a tumor size 7 cm or less or in clear cell RCC. RTV may be useful to measure tumor burden preoperatively.

A six-week course of bacillus Calmette-Guérin prophylaxis is insufficient to prevent tumor recurrence in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer with strong-positive expression of p53.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of p53 overexpression on tumor recurrence after bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) intravesical therapy in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). METHODS: Between January 1999 and December 2008, 275 patients who received six BCG intravesical instillations for NMIBC (transitional cell carcinoma) after transurethral resection were assessed for differences in outcomes according to the level of p53 overexpression. A multivariate logistic regression model was applied to assess the predictive capacity of variables for recurrence. Overexpression of p53 was determined using monoclonal p53-DO7 antibody. RESULTS: In 275 subjects, the recurrence rate was higher based on the level of p53 expression (p = 0.019). Based on multivariate analysis, a strong-positive p53 >60% (p = 0.031) and tumor grade (p = 0.015) were significant predictors for recurrence. Patients with a strong-positive p53 >60% had a much lower 5-year biochemical recurrence-free survival rate than patients with p53 ≤60% (72.1 vs. 31.5%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Strong overexpression of p53 was predictive of recurrence in patients with NMIBC undergoing intravesical BCG treatment. A 6-week induction course of BCG alone is not sufficient to prevent recurrence in patients with NMIBC with high p53 expression; additional prophylactic strategies are needed for these patients.