ABSTRACT
Heliorhodopsins (HeRs) have been hypothesized to have widespread functions. Recently, the functions for few HeRs have been revealed; however, the hypothetical functions remain largely unknown. Herein, we investigate light-modulation of heterodimeric multidrug resistance ATP-binding cassette transporters (OmrDE) mediated by Omithinimicrobium cerasi HeR. In this study, we classifiy genes flanking the HeR-encoding genes and identify highly conservative residues for protein-protein interactions. Our results reveal that the interaction between OcHeR and OmrDE shows positive cooperatively sequential binding through thermodynamic parameters. Moreover, light-induced OcHeR upregulates OmrDE drug transportation. Hence, the binding may be crucial to drug resistance in O. cerasi as it survives in a drug-containing habitat. Overall, we unveil a function of HeR as regulatory rhodopsin for multidrug resistance. Our findings suggest potential applications in optogenetic technology.
Subject(s)
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters , Light , ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism , ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Protein Binding , Rhodopsins, Microbial/metabolism , Rhodopsins, Microbial/genetics , Rhodopsins, Microbial/chemistry , Optogenetics/methodsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In clinical trials, research nurses play a particularly important role in promoting cancer care best practices. However, no Korean questionnaire has been developed to define the clinical trial nursing roles based on Good Clinical Practice standards. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to cross-culturally evaluate the reliability and validity of a Korean version of the Clinical Trials Nursing Questionnaire (CTNQ) among Korean clinical research nurses. METHODS: Cross-cultural adaptation was performed, with forward and backward translation, a pilot test (linguistic validation), and a field test. Validation was performed by questioning 53 clinical research nurses who were working in clinical cancer centers at 5 tertiary university hospitals. The distribution of the item responses and internal consistency reliability were assessed using the ceiling and floor effects, Cronbach's α, and the item-total correlation. Construct validity was assessed using Spearman correlation analysis and principal-component factor analysis. RESULTS: The distributions of the item responses and the item-total correlation were generally appropriate. The Cronbach's α values for the frequency scale and the importance scale were 0.852 and 0.899, respectively. Eight sections of the Korean CTNQ were generally correlated with each other. The frequency subscale loaded on 1 factor, and the importance subscale loaded on 2 factors, with broadly similar factor loadings. CONCLUSION: The Korean version of the CTNQ is reliable, valid, and interchangeable with the original CTNQ. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The Korean version of the CTNQ can be used to validly and reliably assess the clinical trial nursing roles in Korea.
