The Relationship Between Perceived Parenting Practices and Anxiety in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease.

BACKGROUND: Patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) and their parents face challenges throughout their lives that can lead to anxiety lasting into adulthood. We aim to assess the association between perceived parenting practices and anxiety beyond paediatric medical-surgical histories in adults with CHD. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of adults with CHD was conducted at the Montréal Heart Institute (MHI). Perception of parental practices during childhood was retrospectively assessed with the use of validated self-report questionnaires, and anxiety in adulthood was assessed with the use of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Sociodemographic and medical information were collected from a questionnaire and medical records. Hierarchic multiple linear regression was conducted. RESULTS: Of the 223 participants, the mean age was 46 ± 14 years and 59% were female. Perceived parenting practices explained more variance (11%) in the anxiety score than paediatric medical-surgical history (2%). In our final model, anxiety was significantly associated with age, parental history of anxiety, and positive parenting practices, but not with overprotection. CONCLUSIONS: Parenting practices are associated with anxiety in adults with CHD beyond paediatric medical-surgical history and sociodemographic. Positive parenting practices may be protective against anxiety in adulthood. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine causality.

Adcy9 Gene Inactivation Improves Cardiac Function After Myocardial Infarction in Mice.

BACKGROUND: Polymorphisms in the adenylate cyclase 9 (ADCY9) gene influence the benefits of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) modulator dalcetrapib on cardiovascular events after acute coronary syndrome. We hypothesized that Adcy9 inactivation could improve cardiac function and remodelling following myocardial infarction (MI) in absence of CETP activity. METHODS: Wild-type (WT) and Adcy9-inactivated (Adcy9Gt/Gt) male mice, transgenic or not for human CETP (tgCETP+/-), were subjected to MI by permanent left anterior descending coronary artery ligation and studied for 4 weeks. Left ventricular (LV) function was assessed by echocardiography at baseline, 1, and 4 weeks after MI. At sacrifice, blood, spleen and bone marrow cells were collected for flow cytometry analysis, and hearts were harvested for histologic analyses. RESULTS: All mice developed LV hypertrophy, dilation, and systolic dysfunction, but Adcy9Gt/Gt mice exhibited reduced pathologic LV remodelling and better LV function compared with WT mice. There were no differences between tgCETP+/- and Adcy9Gt/Gt tgCETP+/- mice, which both exhibited intermediate responses. Histologic analyses showed smaller cardiomyocyte size, reduced infarct size, and preserved myocardial capillary density in the infarct border zone in Adcy9Gt/Gt vs WT mice. Count of bone marrow T cells and B cells were significantly increased in Adcy9Gt/Gt mice compared with the other genotypes. CONCLUSIONS: Adcy9 inactivation reduced infarct size, pathologic remodelling, and cardiac dysfunction. These changes were accompanied by preserved myocardial capillary density and increased adaptive immune response. Most of the benefits of Adcy9 inactivation were only observed in the absence of CETP.

Supplementation with a ß-glucan tablet has no effect on hyperlipidemia: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Clinical evidence has suggested that the oat-soluble fiber ß-glucan might have lipid-lowering effects. OBJECTIVES: The present clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of high-medium molecular weight ß-glucan on serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and other lipid subfractions in subjects with hyperlipidemia. METHODS: A randomized double-blinded trial was performed to assess the efficacy and safety of ß-glucan supplementation in reducing lipid levels. Subjects with LDL cholesterol levels of >3.37 mmol/L when treated or not with a statin were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 3 daily doses of a tableted formulation of ß-glucan (1.5, 3, or 6 g) or placebo. The primary efficacy end point was the change from baseline to 12 wk in LDL cholesterol. Secondary end points of lipid subfractions and safety were also assessed. RESULTS: A total of 263 subjects were enrolled; 66 subjects were assigned to each of the 3 ß-glucan groups, and 65 subjects were assigned to the placebo group. The mean change from baseline to 12 wk in serum LDL cholesterol level was 0.08, 0.11, and -0.04 mmol/L in the 3 ß-glucan groups (P = 0.23, 0.18, and 0.72 compared with the placebo group, respectively) and -0.10 mmol/L in the placebo group. The changes in total cholesterol, small LDL cholesterol subclass particle concentration, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were also not significant in the ß-glucan groups when compared with the placebo group. Gastrointestinal adverse events were reported in 23.4%, 34.8%, and 66.7% of patients in the ß-glucan groups and in 36.9% of patients in the placebo group (P < 0.0001 for the overall comparison across the 4 groups). CONCLUSIONS: In subjects with LDL cholesterol levels of >3.37 mmol/L, a tablet formulation of ß-glucan was not effective in reducing LDL cholesterol concentration or other lipid subfractions when compared with a placebo. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03857256.

A bridge-to-bridge approach to heart transplantation using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and total artificial heart.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to describe the outcomes after heart transplantation using a bridge-to-bridge strategy with a sequence of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support followed by temporary total artificial heart implantation (TAH-t). METHODS: A retrospective, multicenter analysis of 54 patients who underwent TAH-t implantation following an ECMO for cardiogenic shock was performed (ECMO-TAH-t group). A control group of 163 patients who underwent TAH-t implantation as a direct bridge to transplantation (TAH-t group) was used to assess this strategy's impact on outcomes. RESULTS: Fifty-four patients, averaging 47 ± 13 year old, underwent implantation of a TAH-t after 5.3 ± 3.4 days of ECMO perfusion for cardiogenic shock. In the ECMO-TAH-t group, 20 patients (20/54%; 37%) died after TAH-t implantation and 57 patients (57/163%; 35%) died in the TAH-t group (Gray test; P = .49). The top 3 causes of death of patients on TAH-t support were multisystem organ failure (40%), sepsis (20%), and neurologic events (20%). Overall, 32 patients (32/54%; 59%) underwent heart transplantation in the ECMO-TAH-t group compared with 106 patients (106/163%, 65%) in the TAH-t group (P = .44). No significant difference in survival was observed at 6 months, 1 year, and 3 years after heart transplant (ECMO-TAH-t group: 94%, 87%, and 80% vs 87%, 83%, and 76% in the TAH-t group, respectively). Deterioration of liver function (bilirubin, aspartate transaminase, and alanine aminotransferase levels on TAH-t) was associated with increased mortality before heart transplant in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Sequential bridging from ECMO to TAH-t followed by heart transplantation is a viable option for a group of highly selected patients.

The Influence of Illness Perception and Coping on Anxiety in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease.

Background: Up to one-half of adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) experience psychological distress, including anxiety. Objectives: This paper sought to: 1) assess the contribution of illness perception in explaining anxiety symptoms beyond sociodemographic and medical variables in adults with CHD; and 2) investigate the potential mediating effect of coping style. Methods: CHD adult patients were recruited at Montreal Heart Institute between June 2019 and April 2021 for this cross-sectional study. Participants responded to self-reported questionnaires (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire, and Brief COPE). Medical characteristics (CHD complexity, NYHA functional class, and cardiac devices) were collected from medical records. We conducted hierarchical multiple linear regression and mediation analyses. Results: Of the 223 participants (mean age 46 ± 14 years, 59% women), 15% had clinically significant anxiety symptoms. Medical and sociodemographic variables explained 15% of the variation in anxiety symptoms. Adding illness perception explained an additional 18% of the variation in anxiety. This R2 change was significant (F[1,188] = 49.06, P < 0.0001). Illness perception explained more variance (18%) than medical and sociodemographic variables combined. A more threatening perception of illness was associated with greater anxiety symptoms (ß = 0.45, P < 0.0001). Furthermore, illness perception was associated with coping, which was linked to reduced anxiety symptoms. Coping response style accounted for 20% of the total effect of illness perception on anxiety. Conclusions: Illness perception and coping are associated with anxiety in adults with CHD. Future initiatives should assess whether targeting these potentially modifiable factors effectively prevents or mitigates anxious symptoms in adults with CHD.

Intra-individual comparison of 18F-sodium fluoride PET-CT and 99mTc bone scintigraphy with SPECT in patients with prostate cancer or breast cancer at high risk for skeletal metastases (MITNEC-A1): a multicentre, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Detection of skeletal metastases in patients with prostate cancer or breast cancer remains a major clinical challenge. We aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) single-photon emission CT (SPECT) and 18F-sodium fluoride (18F-NaF) PET-CT for the detection of osseous metastases in patients with high-risk prostate or breast cancer. METHODS: MITNEC-A1 was a prospective, multicentre, single-cohort, phase 3 trial conducted in ten hospitals across Canada. Patients aged 18 years or older with breast or prostate cancer with a WHO performance status of 0-2 and with high risk or clinical suspicion for bone metastasis, but without previously documented bone involvement, were eligible. 18F-NaF PET-CT and 99mTc-MDP SPECT were done within 14 days of each other for each participant. Two independent reviewers interpreted each modality without knowledge of other imaging findings. The primary endpoint was the overall accuracy of 99mTc-MDP SPECT and 18F-NaF PET-CT scans for the detection of bone metastases in the per-protocol population. A combination of histopathological, clinical, and imaging follow-up for up to 24 months was used as the reference standard to assess the imaging results. Safety was assessed in all enrolled participants. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01930812, and is complete. FINDINGS: Between July 11, 2014, and March 3, 2017, 290 patients were screened, 288 of whom were enrolled (64 participants with breast cancer and 224 with prostate cancer). 261 participants underwent both 18F-NaF PET-CT and 99mTc-MDP SPECT and completed the required follow-up for statistical analysis. Median follow-up was 735 days (IQR 727-750). Based on the reference methods used, 109 (42%) of 261 patients had bone metastases. In the patient-based analysis, 18F-NaF PET-CT was more accurate than 99mTc-MDP SPECT (84·3% [95% CI 79·9-88·7] vs 77·4% [72·3-82·5], difference 6·9% [95% CI 1·3-12·5]; p=0·016). No adverse events were reported for the 288 patients recruited. INTERPRETATION: 18F-NaF has the potential to displace 99mTc-MDP as the bone imaging radiopharmaceutical of choice in patients with high-risk prostate or breast cancer. FUNDING: Canadian Institutes of Health Research.

Trajectory of patients consulting the emergency department for high blood pressure values.

OBJECTIVES: Emergency department (ED) visits for high blood pressure are increasing in frequency. We aimed to map those patients' trajectory, from referral sources to the type of care received at the ED to anticipated actions for future high blood pressure concerns, and to better understand their reasons for consulting the ED for high blood pressure values. METHODS: Between 2018 and 2020, patients who presented to the Montreal Heart Institute's ED for elevated blood pressure were recruited in a prospective observational study including a post hoc structured telephone interview and medical chart review. Five possible referral sources were predetermined. We provided proportions and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: A total of 100 patients were recruited (female: 59%, mean age: 69 ± 12). A majority (93%, 95% CI 88-98%) possessed a home blood pressure device, among which 46% (95% CI 36-56%) remembered receiving advice for its use. The main referral sources for high blood pressure to the ED were self-reference (53%, 95% CI 43-63%), advice of a lay person (19%, 95% CI 11-27%) or a nurse (13%, 95% CI 6-20%). Mainly, patients reported being concerned by concomitant symptoms or experiencing acute medical consequences (44%, 95% CI 34-54%), having followed the recommendation of a third party (33%, 95% CI 24-42%), or having concerns about their medication (6%, 95% CI 1-11%). Two weeks following their ED visits, consulting ED remained the main choice for future concerns about high blood pressure for 27% of participants. When specifically asked if they would return to the ED for elevated blood pressure, 73% (95% CI 64-83%) said yes. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients who consulted the ED for elevated blood pressure values were self-referred. More can be done to promote blood pressure education, effective use of personal blood pressure devices, and recommendations for patients and health professionals when confronted with high blood pressure results.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIFS: Les visites aux services d'urgence pour hypertension artérielle (TA) sont de plus en plus fréquentes. Nous avons cherché à cartographier le parcours de ces patients, depuis les sources d'orientation jusqu'au type de soins reçus aux urgences, en passant par les mesures prévues en cas de problèmes futurs de tension artérielle élevée, et à mieux comprendre les raisons pour lesquelles ils consultent les urgences pour des valeurs de tension artérielle élevées. MéTHODES: Entre 2018 et 2020, les patients qui se sont présentés aux urgences de l'Institut de cardiologie de Montréal pour une TA élevée ont été recrutés dans le cadre d'une étude observationnelle prospective comprenant une entrevue téléphonique structurée post-hoc et un examen des dossiers médicaux. Cinq sources de référence possibles ont été prédéterminées. Nous avons fourni des proportions et des intervalles de confiance à 95 %. RéSULTATS: Au total, 100 patients ont été recrutés (femmes : 59 %, âge moyen : 69 ± 12). Une majorité (93%, IC à 95% 88-98%) possédait un tensiomètre à domicile, parmi lesquels 46% (IC à 95% 36-56%) se souvenaient avoir reçu des conseils pour son utilisation. Les principales sources d'orientation vers les urgences en cas de tension artérielle élevée étaient l'auto-référence (53 %, IC 95 % 43-63 %), le conseil d'un tiers non-professionnel de la santé (19 %, IC à 95 % 11-27 %) ou d'une infirmière (13 %, IC à 95 % 6-20 %). Principalement, les patients ont déclaré être préoccupés par des symptômes concomitants ou des conséquences médicales aiguës (44 %, IC à 95 %, 34-54 %), avoir suivi la recommandation d'un tiers (33 %, IC à 95 %, 24-42 %) ou avoir des préoccupations au sujet de leurs médicaments (6 %, IC à 95 %, 1-11 %). Deux semaines après leur visite au service d'urgence, la consultation du service d'urgence est restée le principal choix en cas de préoccupations futures concernant l'hypertension artérielle pour 27 % des participants. À la question spécifique de savoir s'ils retourneraient aux urgences pour une TA élevée, 73% (IC à 95% 64-83%) ont répondu oui. CONCLUSIONS: La plupart des patients qui ont consulté les urgences pour des valeurs élevées de la tension artérielle se sont adressés d'eux-mêmes. Il y a place à l'amélioration pour promouvoir l'éducation sur la TA, l'utilisation efficace des appareils de pression artérielle personnels et les recommandations aux patients et aux professionnels de la santé lorsqu'ils sont confrontés à des résultats élevés en matière de TA.

Predictive risk factors for hospitalization and response to colchicine in patients with COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: A predictive model for hospitalization due to COVID-19 or death was developed in the placebo group (N=2,084) from a large clinical trial of colchicine in COVID-19 patients (N = 4,159). RESULTS: The 7 variables retained in the predictive model were age, gender, body-mass index, history of respiratory disease, use of diabetes drugs, use of anticoagulants, and use of oral steroids at the time of randomization. An optimal threshold value identified from the predictive model was used to classify high-risk patients (those with a predicted probability above the optimal threshold) and low-risk patients (those with a predicted probability below the optimal threshold). The number needed to treat to prevent 1 hospitalization or death with colchicine treatment decreased from 71 in the whole study population (N = 4,159) to 29 in the high-risk subgroup (N=1,692). CONCLUSION: This model could serve to identify high-risk subjects who will particularly benefit from early colchicine therapy.

Colchicine for community-treated patients with COVID-19 (COLCORONA): a phase 3, randomised, double-blinded, adaptive, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial.

BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests a role for excessive inflammation in COVID-19 complications. Colchicine is an oral anti-inflammatory medication beneficial in gout, pericarditis, and coronary disease. We aimed to investigate the effect of colchicine on the composite of COVID-19-related death or hospital admission. METHODS: The present study is a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, adaptive, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. The study was done in Brazil, Canada, Greece, South Africa, Spain, and the USA, and was led by the Montreal Heart Institute. Patients with COVID-19 diagnosed by PCR testing or clinical criteria who were not being treated in hospital were eligible if they were at least 40 years old and had at least one high-risk characteristic. The randomisation list was computer-generated by an unmasked biostatistician, and masked randomisation was centralised and done electronically through an automated interactive web-response system. The allocation sequence was unstratified and used a 1:1 ratio with a blocking schema and block sizes of six. Patients were randomly assigned to receive orally administered colchicine (0·5 mg twice per day for 3 days and then once per day for 27 days thereafter) or matching placebo. The primary efficacy endpoint was the composite of death or hospital admission for COVID-19. Vital status at the end of the study was available for 97·9% of patients. The analyses were done according to the intention-to-treat principle. The COLCORONA trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04322682) and is now closed to new participants. FINDINGS: Trial enrolment began in March 23, 2020, and was completed in Dec 22, 2020. A total of 4488 patients (53·9% women; median age 54·0 years, IQR 47·0-61·0) were enrolled and 2235 patients were randomly assigned to colchicine and 2253 to placebo. The primary endpoint occurred in 104 (4·7%) of 2235 patients in the colchicine group and 131 (5·8%) of 2253 patients in the placebo group (odds ratio [OR] 0·79, 95·1% CI 0·61-1·03; p=0·081). Among the 4159 patients with PCR-confirmed COVID-19, the primary endpoint occurred in 96 (4·6%) of 2075 patients in the colchicine group and 126 (6·0%) of 2084 patients in the placebo group (OR 0·75, 0·57-0·99; p=0·042). Serious adverse events were reported in 108 (4·9%) of 2195 patients in the colchicine group and 139 (6·3%) of 2217 patients in the placebo group (p=0·051); pneumonia occurred in 63 (2·9%) of 2195 patients in the colchicine group and 92 (4·1%) of 2217 patients in the placebo group (p=0·021). Diarrhoea was reported in 300 (13·7%) of 2195 patients in the colchicine group and 161 (7·3%) of 2217 patients in the placebo group (p<0·0001). INTERPRETATION: In community-treated patients including those without a mandatory diagnostic test, the effect of colchicine on COVID-19-related clinical events was not statistically significant. Among patients with PCR-confirmed COVID-19, colchicine led to a lower rate of the composite of death or hospital admission than placebo. Given the absence of orally administered therapies to prevent COVID-19 complications in community-treated patients and the benefit of colchicine in patients with PCR-proven COVID-19, this safe and inexpensive anti-inflammatory agent could be considered for use in those at risk of complications. Notwithstanding these considerations, replication in other studies of PCR-positive community-treated patients is recommended. FUNDING: The Government of Quebec, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the US National Institutes of Health, the Montreal Heart Institute Foundation, the NYU Grossman School of Medicine, the Rudin Family Foundation, and philanthropist Sophie Desmarais.

Genetics of symptom remission in outpatients with COVID-19.

We conducted a genome-wide association study of time to remission of COVID-19 symptoms in 1723 outpatients with at least one risk factor for disease severity from the COLCORONA clinical trial. We found a significant association at 5p13.3 (rs1173773; P = 4.94 × 10-8) near the natriuretic peptide receptor 3 gene (NPR3). By day 15 of the study, 44%, 54% and 59% of participants with 0, 1, or 2 copies of the effect allele respectively, had symptom remission. In 851 participants not treated with colchicine (placebo), there was a significant association at 9q33.1 (rs62575331; P = 2.95 × 10-8) in interaction with colchicine (P = 1.19 × 10-5) without impact on risk of hospitalisations, highlighting a possibly shared mechanistic pathway. By day 15 of the study, 46%, 62% and 64% of those with 0, 1, or 2 copies of the effect allele respectively, had symptom remission. The findings need to be replicated and could contribute to the biological understanding of COVID-19 symptom remission.

Pharmacogenomics of the Efficacy and Safety of Colchicine in COLCOT.

BACKGROUND: The randomized, placebo-controlled COLCOT (Colchicine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial) has shown the benefits of colchicine 0.5 mg daily to lower the rate of ischemic cardiovascular events in patients with a recent myocardial infarction. Here, we conducted a post hoc pharmacogenomic study of COLCOT with the aim to identify genetic predictors of the efficacy and safety of treatment with colchicine. METHODS: There were 1522 participants of European ancestry from the COLCOT trial available for the pharmacogenomic study of COLCOT trial. The pharmacogenomic study's primary cardiovascular end point was defined as for the main trial, as time to first occurrence of cardiovascular death, resuscitated cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, stroke, or urgent hospitalization for angina requiring coronary revascularization. The safety end point was time to the first report of gastrointestinal events. Patients' DNA was genotyped using the Illumina Global Screening array followed by imputation. We performed a genome-wide association study in colchicine-treated patients. RESULTS: None of the genetic variants passed the genome-wide association study significance threshold for the primary cardiovascular end point conducted in 702 patients in the colchicine arm who were compliant to medication. The genome-wide association study for gastrointestinal events was conducted in all 767 patients in the colchicine arm and found 2 significant association signals, one with lead variant rs6916345 (hazard ratio, 1.89 [95% CI, 1.52-2.35], P=7.41×10-9) in a locus which colocalizes with Crohn disease, and one with lead variant rs74795203 (hazard ratio, 2.51 [95% CI, 1.82-3.47]; P=2.70×10-8), an intronic variant in gene SEPHS1. The interaction terms between the genetic variants and treatment with colchicine versus placebo were significant. CONCLUSIONS: We found 2 genomic regions associated with gastrointestinal events in patients treated with colchicine. Those findings will benefit from replication to confirm that some patients may have genetic predispositions to lower tolerability of treatment with colchicine.

ApoA-I mimetic does not improve left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in rabbits without aortic valve stenosis.

BACKGROUND: We previously demonstrated that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) infusions may improve left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) in an aortic valve stenosis (AVS) model. Whether the benefit was direct or mediated by the observed reduction in AVS severity is not clear. Here, we aimed to test the direct effect of an ApoA-I mimetic on LVDD in the absence of AVS. METHODS: Rabbits were exposed to three different protocols to develop LVDD. First, rabbits were exposed to 0.5% cholesterol-rich diet for an average of 17 weeks. Second, rabbits were subjected to surgical ascending aortic constriction (AAC), to mimic the effect of fixed reduced aortic valve area, and studied after 10 weeks. The third model combined both cholesterol-enriched diet (for 12 weeks) and surgical AAC. The control group consisted of age-matched rabbits under normal diet. After development of LVDD, rabbits were randomized to receive infusions of saline or apoA-I mimetic (25 mg/kg) 3 times per week for 4 weeks. Detailed cardiac structure and function measurements were assessed at baseline and weekly during treatment period. Histological and molecular analyses were performed on LV samples. RESULTS: In the three models, echocardiographic results showed development of LVDD over time, with preserved LV systolic and aortic valve functions versus controls. ApoA-I mimetic infusions did not significantly improve echocardiographic parameters nor molecular markers of cardiac inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis. CONCLUSION: ApoA-I mimetic therapy did not directly improve LVDD. These results indicate that previously observed changes of LVDD were caused by AVS improvement induced by this treatment.

Outcomes after heart transplantation and total artificial heart implantation: A multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: We sought to assess the outcomes after heart transplantation (HT) of patients supported with a temporary total artificial heart (t-TAH) as a bridge to transplantation in high-volume centers. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 217 consecutive patients who underwent t-TAH (SynCardia Systems, Tucson, Arizona) implantation between January 2014 and May 2019 in 6 high-volume North American centers was performed. End points included survival and adverse events after t-TAH and HT. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 49 ± 12 years, and heart failure etiologies were non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (36%), ischemic (25%), restrictive (12%), and cardiac graft failure (9%). A total of 101 (48%) patients had Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support patient profile 1, and 65 (31%) had Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support patient profile 2. At the end of the study period, 138 of 217 (63.5%) patients had undergone HT, and 75 (34.5%) patients died before HT. The mean time between t-TAH implantation and HT averaged 181 ± 179 days (range: 0-849) and the mean follow-up after HT was 35 ± 25 months. The overall survival in the entire cohort was 75%, 64%, and 58% at 1, 2, and 5 years, respectively. Post-transplant survival was 88%, 84%, 79%, and 74% at 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 5 years, respectively. Among the 32 patients (23%) who died after HT, the main causes of death were chronic allograft vasculopathy (25%), multiorgan failure (21.8%), sepsis (15.6%), and stroke (9%). CONCLUSION: In this multicenter study, almost two thirds of patients implanted with a t-TAH could be transplanted. The overall and post-transplantation survival after t-TAH was satisfactory in these critically ill patients.

Colchicine reduces atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability in rabbits.

Background and aims: The anti-inflammatory agent colchicine is gaining interest as a treatment for coronary artery disease. However, the effects of colchicine in atherosclerotic animal models are mostly unknown. This study aimed to evaluate colchicine in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. Methods: Twenty-two rabbits were fed a 0.5% cholesterol-enriched diet for 10 weeks and then randomized to receive either oral saline (n=11) or colchicine (350 µg/kg/day; n=11) for 6 weeks, with 0.2% cholesterol-diet during the treatment period. We performed intravascular ultrasound imaging (at start and end of treatment) and histology analyses of the descending thoracic aorta. Leucocyte activation was assessed in vitro on blood samples obtained during treatment. Results: Colchicine prevented positive aortic vascular remodelling (p=0.029 vs placebo). This effect was even more marked at high plasma cholesterol level (third quartile of plasma cholesterol, p=0.020). At high cholesterol level, both atherosclerotic plaque and media areas on histomorphology were reduced by colchicine compared to placebo (p=0.031 and p=0.039, respectively). Plaque fibrosis and macrophage area were reduced by colchicine (Masson's trichrome stain: p=0.038; RAM-11: p=0.026). The plaque vulnerability index, assessed by histology, was reduced by colchicine (p=0.040). Elastin/type I collagen ratio in media was significantly higher with colchicine compared to placebo (p=0.013). At a high level of plasma cholesterol, in vitro LPS challenge revealed a decrease in monocyte activation following treatment with colchicine (p<0.001) and no change in the placebo group (p=0.353). Conclusions: Colchicine decreases plaque vulnerability with reductions in plaque inflammation, medial fibrosis, outward vascular remodelling and ex vivo monocyte activation.

Reassessment of kidney function equations in predicting long-term survival in cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a risk factor for long-term survival in cardiac surgery. The Cockcroft-Gault, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study, CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI), revised Lund-Malmö (LM), and full age spectrum equations are used to estimate glomerular filtration rates (eGFR), but each have advantages and disadvantages. Our objective was to determine which equation better predicts long-term survival. METHODS: Data on 1492 consecutive patients who underwent isolated off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery between September 1996 and December 2008 were prospectively collected. Preoperative and postoperative eGFR were calculated using the five equations and compared using Cox regression analyses and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves at 10 years. RESULTS: In a Cox regression model after correction for significant predictors of long-term mortality, adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for one standard deviation increase in preoperative eGFR were 0.661 (P < .0001), 0.844 (P = .0166), 0.787 (P = .0002), 0.746 (P < .0001), and 0.717 (P < .0001) for the CG, MDRD, CKD-EPI, LM, and FAS equations, respectively. The areas under the time-dependent ROC curve at 10 years also showed that the CG formula has a better predictive value. Postoperative eGFR at discharge were also significant predictors of long-term mortality (HR = 0.603, P < .0001; HR = 0.725, P < .0001; HR = 0.688, P < .0001; HR = 0.673, P < .0001; HR = 0.632, P < .0001 for the CG, MDRD, CKD-EPI, LM, and FAS equations, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The CG formula was shown to better predict survival in cardiac surgery, though the FAS equation has a comparable prognostic value. Additionally, postoperative eGFR at discharge also predicted long-term survival.

The impact of high-intensity interval training on ventricular remodeling in patients with a recent acute myocardial infarction-A randomized training intervention pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Aerobic exercise training is associated with beneficial ventricular remodeling and an improvement in cardiac biomarkers in chronic stable heart failure. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient method to improve V ˙ O 2 peak in stable coronary heart disease patients. This pilot study aimed to compare the effect of HIIT on ventricular remodeling in patients with a recent acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: Nineteen post-AMI patients were randomized to either HIIT (n = 9) or usual care (n = 10). A cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), transthoracic echocardiography, and cardiac biomarker assessment (ie, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide levels and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 expression) were performed before and after a 12-week training intervention. CPET parameters including oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) and V ˙ O 2 at the first ventilatory threshold ( V ˙ O 2 VT1) were calculated. left ventricular (LV) structural and functional echocardiographic parameters including myocardial strain imaging were assessed. RESULTS: V ˙ O 2 peak and OUES improved solely in the HIIT group (P < .05 for group/time, respectively). There was a significant training effect for the improvement of peak work load in both groups (P < .05). O2 pulse and V ˙ O 2 at VT1 both improved only in the HIIT group (P < .05 for time, no interaction). HIIT improved radial strain and pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging derived e' (P < .05 for time, no interaction). Cardiac biomarkers did not change in either group. CONCLUSIONS: In post-AMI patients, HIIT lead to significant improvements in prognostic CPET parameters compared to usual care. HIIT was associated with favorable ventricular remodeling regarding certain echocardiographic parameters of LV function.

Elevated level of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is associated with reduced coronary atheroma burden.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), a key enzyme in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), has been associated with atheroprotection. However, its relation to plaque characteristics has not been confirmed to date. We aimed to determine the relationship between plasma LCAT mass concentration and plaque burden in a multi-center imaging study. METHODS: Two hundred sixty-seven patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease (CAD) underwent intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS) imaging. Ninety-six patients without CAD served as controls for biochemistry assessments. RESULTS: Plasma LCAT mass concentration was higher in CAD patients as compared to controls (8.94 ±â€¯2.51 µg/mL vs. 7.89 ±â€¯2.99 µg/mL, p = 0.003), while cholesterol esterification rate (CER) was downregulated (253.6 ±â€¯83.9 µM/2 h vs. 315.3 ±â€¯115.0 µM/2 h, p<0.0001). Both parameters correlated inversely with total atheroma volume (r = -0.14, p = 0.027 and r = -0.14, p = 0.024, respectively), while only LCAT mass was found to be a significant predictor of atheroma volume (ß-coefficient -0.18, p = 0.0047) when tested in a stepwise linear regression model against known CAD risk factors as predictor variables. Accordingly, patients with LCAT mass in the highest quartile had significantly less atheroma burden than those in the lower quartiles (39.7 ±â€¯10.7% vs. 45.4 ±â€¯10.4%, p = 0.0014 for highest vs. lowest quartile of LCAT mass). CONCLUSIONS: Plasma LCAT mass concentration is upregulated in CAD patients and inversely related to plaque volume, suggesting atheroprotective effects. LCAT mass concentration outperformed LCAT activity in risk prediction models for atheroma burden, suggesting that LCAT mass is a key variable in atheroprotection. Further studies assessing LCAT as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease are warranted.

Molecular imaging of the human pulmonary vascular endothelium using an adrenomedullin receptor ligand.

This phase I study (NCT01539889) evaluated the safety, efficacy, and dosing of PulmoBind for molecular imaging of pulmonary circulation. PulmoBind is a ligand of the adrenomedullin receptor abundantly distributed in lung capillaries. Labeled with 99mTc, it allows single-photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) imaging of lung perfusion. In preclinical studies, PulmoBind scans enabled detection of lung perfusion defects and quantification of microcirculatory occlusion caused by pulmonary hypertension. Healthy humans (N  =  20) were included into escalating groups of 5 mCi (n  =  5), 10 mCi (n  =  5), or 15 mCi (n  =  10) 99mTc-PulmoBind. SPECT imaging was serially performed, and 99mTc-PulmoBind dosimetric analysis was accomplished. The radiochemical purity of 99mTc-PulmoBind was greater than 95%. There were no safety concerns at the three dosages studied. Imaging revealed predominant and prolonged lung uptake with a mean peak extraction of 58% ± 7%. PulmoBind was well tolerated, with no clinically significant adverse event related to the study drug. The highest dose of 15 mCi provided a favorable dosimetric profile and excellent imaging. The postural lung perfusion gradient was detectable. 99mTc-PulmoBind is safe and provides good quality lung perfusion imaging. The safety/efficacy of this agent can be tested in disorders of pulmonary circulation such as pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Molecular Imaging of the Human Pulmonary Vascular Endothelium Using an Adrenomedullin Receptor Ligand.

This phase I study (NCT01539889) evaluated the safety, efficacy, and dosing of PulmoBind for molecular imaging of pulmonary circulation. PulmoBind is a ligand of the adrenomedullin receptor abundantly distributed in lung capillaries. Labeled with 99mTc, it allows single-photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) imaging of lung perfusion. In preclinical studies, PulmoBind scans enabled detection of lung perfusion defects and quantification of microcirculatory occlusion caused by pulmonary hypertension. Healthy humans ( N = 20) were included into escalating groups of 5 mCi ( n = 5), 10 mCi ( n = 5), or 15 mCi ( n = 10) 99mTc-PulmoBind. SPECT imaging was serially performed, and 99mTc-PulmoBind dosimetric analysis was accomplished. The radiochemical purity of 99mTc-PulmoBind was greater than 95%. There were no safety concerns at the three dosages studied. Imaging revealed predominant and prolonged lung uptake with a mean peak extraction of 58% ± 7%. PulmoBind was well tolerated, with no clinically significant adverse event related to the study drug. The highest dose of 15 mCi provided a favorable dosimetric profile and excellent imaging. The postural lung perfusion gradient was detectable. 99mTc-PulmoBind is safe and provides good quality lung perfusion imaging. The safety/efficacy of this agent can be tested in disorders of pulmonary circulation such as pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Factors predisposing to coma and delirium: fentanyl and midazolam exposure; CYP3A5, ABCB1, and ABCG2 genetic polymorphisms; and inflammatory factors.

BACKGROUND: Delirium and sedative-induced coma are described as incremental manifestations of cerebral dysfunction. Both may be associated with sedative or opiate doses and pharmacokinetic or pharmacogenetic variables, such as drug plasma levels (exposure), drug metabolism, and/or their transport across the blood-brain barrier. OBJECTIVES: To compare biological and drug treatment characteristics in patients with coma and/or delirium while in the ICU. PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS: In 99 patients receiving IV fentanyl, midazolam, or both, we evaluated drug doses, covariates likely to influence drug effects (age, body mass index, and renal and hepatic dysfunction); delirium risk factors; concomitant administration of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein substrates/inhibitors; ABCB1, ABCG2, and CYP3A5 genetic polymorphisms; and fentanyl and midazolam plasma levels. Delirium and coma were evaluated daily. In patients with only coma (n=15), only delirium (n=7), and neither ever (n=14), we measured plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17,macrophage inflammatory protein-1ß, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1. RESULTS: Time to first coma was associated with fentanyl and midazolam doses (p=0.03 and p=0.01, respectively). The number of days in coma was associated with the number of days of coadministration of CYP3A inhibitors (r=0.30; p=0.006). Plasma levels of fentanyl were higher in patients with clinical coma (3.7±4.7 vs. 2.0±1.8 ng/mL, p=0.0001) as were midazolam plasma levels (1050±2232 vs. 168±249 ng/mL, p=0.0001). Delirium occurrence was unrelated to midazolam administration, cumulative doses, or serum levels. Days with delirium were associated with days of coadministration of P-glycoprotein inhibitor (r=0.35; p=0.0004). Delirious patients had higher levels of the inflammatory mediator IL-6 than comatose patients (129.3 vs. 35.0 pg/mL, p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Coma is associated with fentanyl and midazolam exposure; delirium is unrelated to midazolam and may be linked to inflammatory status. These data suggest that iatrogenic coma and delirium are not mechanistically linked.