Wolbachia pipientis modulates metabolism and immunity during Aedes fluviatilis oogenesis.

Wolbachia pipientis is a maternally transmitted bacterium that mostly colonizes arthropods, including the mosquito Aedes fluviatilis, potentially affecting different aspects of host physiology. This intracellular bacterium prefers gonadal tissue cells, interfering with the reproductive cycle of insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and nematodes. Wolbachia's ability to modulate the host's reproduction is related to its success in prevalence and frequency. Infecting oocytes is essential for vertical propagation, ensuring its presence in the germline. The mosquito Ae. fluviatilis is a natural host for this bacterium and therefore represents an excellent experimental model in the effort to understand host-symbiont interactions and the mutual metabolic regulation. The aim of this study was to comparatively describe metabolic changes in naturally Wolbachia-infected and uninfected ovaries of Ae. fluviatilis during the vitellogenic period of oogenesis, thus increasing the knowledge about Wolbachia parasitic/symbiotic mechanisms.

When eating makes you sick - Gastric stump obstruction caused by a phytobezoar. A case report and literature review.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Bezoars result from undigested material having an incidence of 0.4-1% (Gunner et al., 2012). Impaired gastrointestinal motility is one of the risk factors. The aim of this article is to highlight the importance of this commonly disregarded entity as well as the different treatment modalities available. CASE PRESENTATION: A 68-year-old female presented to our emergency department complaining of colicky lower left abdominal pain associated with vomiting and absence of bowel movements for the past 4 days. She had a previous history of a subtotal gastrectomy due to gastric cancer. The physical examination revealed a lower left quadrant palpable mass. Abdominopelvic CT scan showed distension of the gastric remnant with anastomotic obstruction caused by a bezoar. Attempted endoscopic dissolution of the bezoar was unsuccessful. The patient then underwent surgery enterotomy proximal to the obstruction with extraction of the mass. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: Bezoars are responsible for 0.4%-4% of cases of mechanical gastrointestinal obstruction (Dikicier et al., 2015). Contrast-enhanced CT scan is the best diagnostic test with a sensitivity and specificity of 90% and 57%, respectively (Kim et al., 2003). Treatment options differ according to the type, size and location of the bezoar as well as clinical presentation. Conservative measures such as chemical dissolution and endoscopic fragmentation and extraction can be used with surgery being usually required for a bezoar-induced gastrointestinal obstruction. CONCLUSION: The clinical findings of bezoar-induced ileus do not differ from the other different causes of mechanical intestinal obstruction. Hence, a high grade of suspicion and an early radiological exam are the keys for a prompt diagnosis and treatment.