Cystoscopic application of PuraStat® in the treatment of radiation-induced haemorrhagic cystitis.

The use of radiotherapy has increased in recent years, especially for pelvic neoplasms, and this can result in long-term complications such as recurrent haemorrhagic radiation cystitis (RHC). A 73-year-old male patient presented to a hospital emergency department multiple times with visible haematuria and clots leading to urinary clot retention; he was finally diagnosed with RHC. During the last presentation, the bladder was irrigated continuously with saline using a three-way catheter. During hospitalisation, a cystourethroscopy was performed for bladder evaluation and clot evacuation. Multiple bleeding ulcers were recognised on the bladder wall, biopsies were taken for histopathology, and the ulcers cauterised. Packed red blood cell transfusions were required, and sodium hyaluronate (CystiStat®) bladder instillations were tried. There was no clinical improvement following any of these interventions. In light of the patient's deteriorating condition, cystoscopic application of PuraStat® 3ml was administered, which led to remission of the urinary bleeding in the short term. We continue to monitor the effects in the medium and long term. Based on current data, PuraStat® haemostatic agent therapy may be considered for RHC, when traditional treatments are ineffective or infeasible, potentially eliminating the need for more aggressive therapy such as cystectomy.

Delayed mortality and morphogenetic anomalies induced in Culex quinquefasciatus by the microbial control agent Bacillus sphaericus.

Two preparations of Bacillus sphaericus 2362 were studied for their biological activity, delayed mortality and the induction of morphogenetic aberrations in larvae, pupae and adults of Culex quinquefasciatus. Longevity and fecundity of adult mosquitoes were also assessed. A dosage response line for B. sphaericus was established against 4th-instar larvae and sublethal concentrations (48 h LC50 and lower) were used against these larvae. Sublethal concentrations of B. sphaericus induced delayed mortality in larvae, pupae and adults. The magnitude of mortality increased in succeeding cohorts and developmental stages resulting from the surviving larvae. Only 10 and 25% overall emergence of viable adults occurred in the sublethal treatments (LC25) of 2 B. sphaericus preparations. The range of successful adult emergence was over 94% in the controls. A wide range of external morphogenetic aberrations in dead larvae, pupae and adults were noted. These aberrations and gross morphological features were quite similar to those reported for certain insect growth regulators. Sublethal concentrations had no marked effect on longevity of adults, egg deposition and hatch.

Impact of new insect growth regulators and their formulations on mosquito larval development in impoundment and floodwater habitats.

Four insect growth regulators were evaluated in the laboratory and field. In the laboratory, AC-291898 showed excellent activity, inducing 90% mortality in Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti at 0.5-0.7 ppb. The EC formulation of XRD-473 was slightly more active than the technical material with an LC90 of 0.84 ppb and 0.92 ppb against Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively. In the field, AC-291898 at the rates of 0.005 and 0.01 lb AI/acre caused 85 and 100% inhibition of adult emergence of Cx. tarsalis 2 days after treatment. Activity, however, declined at the low rate, while the high rate remained active for more than 7 days. In the same species, XRD-473 induced complete inhibition of adult emergence 2 days after treatment at the rates of 0.01, 0.025 and 0.05 lb AI/acre. At the low rate (0.01 lb AI/acre), activity declined markedly, while the 2 higher rates remained active for one week. In Cx. peus larvae, AC-291898 at the rates of 0.005, 0.01 and 0.025 lb AI/acre produced complete inhibition of adult emergence 2 days after treatment, but activity declined at the 2 lower rates 7 days after treatment, while the high rate (0.025 lb AI/acre) remained active for more than one week. Methoprene (4%) pellets were effective against Cx. tarsalis for 7 days at the rates of 0.25 lb AI/acre whereas 0.5 lb AI/acre was required to obtain similar results against Cx. peus larvae.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Efficacy and longevity of Bacillus sphaericus 2362 formulations for control of mosquito larvae in dairy wastewater lagoons.

Bacillus sphaericus strain 2362 was evaluated for the control of Culex larvae in dairy wastewater lagoons. Both initial and long-term efficacy were studied. Two primary powder preparations of ABG-6184 yielded mediocre and short-term control at the rates of 0.25 and 0.5 lb/acre (0.26 and 0.56 kg/ha), while level of control and persistence greatly increased as the dosages were increased to 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 lb/acre (1.12, 2.24 and 4.48 kg/ha). The 1.0 and 2.0 lb/acre rates yielded almost 100% control for 4 weeks and the 4.0 lb/acre rate yielded control (99%) for 49 days or longer. A flowable concentrate preparation (BSP-2) yielded complete initial and persistent control of larvae for 14-21 days at 2.0, 4.0 and 5.0 lb/acre (2.24, 4.49 and 5.6 kg/ha). Granular formulations of B. sphaericus 2362 (ABG-6185) were also evaluated at 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 20.0 lb/acre (2.8, 5.6, 8.4, 11.2 and 22.4 kg/ha) of the granules. Some of the formulations were more active than the others, yielding excellent initial and persistent control (80% +) for 14-21 days with one treatment.

Efficacy of new insect growth regulators against mosquito larvae in dairy wastewater lagoons.

Four new insect growth regulators (IGRs) and a slow-release formulation of a currently-used IGR were evaluated for the control of Culex peus and Cx. quinquefasciatus in dairy wastewater lagoons. The IGR AC-291898 (CME 13406) proved highly efficacious, producing 100% control for one week and about 98% control for two weeks at the rate of 0.05 lb AI/acre (0.056 kg/ha). The IGR XRD-473 produced similar results at this rate. The effective rate of these two compounds seems to be in the range of 0.05 to 0.1 lb AI/acre (0.056-0.11 kg/ha). A granular formulation of S-31183 (0.5 G) applied at 0.05 lb AI/acre (0.056 kg/ha) yielded mediocre reduction whereas fenoxycarb EC 1 at up to 0.25 lb AI/acre (0.28 kg/ha) and methoprene 4% slow release pellets at up to 1.0 lb AI/acre (1.12 kg/ha) produced little or no control of Culex in the dairy wastewater lagoons. These compounds need to be applied at higher rates or suitable formulations will have to be developed to achieve satisfactory control.

Efficacy of Bacillus sphaericus 2362 formulations against floodwater mosquitoes.

Four new formulations of Bacillus sphaericus 2362 yielded excellent control of floodwater mosquitoes Psorophora columbiae and Aedes nigromaculis in irrigated fields in Kings and Riverside counties of California. A primary powder formulation (ABG-6184) was the most active, producing excellent control of Ps. columbiae and Ae. nigromaculis at the rates of 0.05 to 0.5 lb/acre (0.055-0.56 kg/ha). A liquid formulation (BSP-2) was slightly less active, but was effective against the same species in the range of 1.0-1.5 lb/acre (1.12-1.68 kg/ha). Activity of the two corn cob granular formulations was largely dependent on potency (spores/gram). The high spore count granules (1.5 x 10(9) spores/gram) yielded 91 and 98% reduction of Ae. nigromaculis at the rates of 2.5 and 5.0 lb/acre (2.8 and 5.6 kg/ha), respectively. Against the same population, the lower spore count formulation (7.6 x 10(8) spores/gram) produced complete control at the rate of 10 lb/acre (11.2 kg/ha), but poor results were obtained at the rate of 5 lb/acre (5.6 kg/ha).

Evaluation of new insect growth regulators against mosquitoes with notes on nontarget organisms.

Three new insect growth regulators (IGRs) were tested against Culex, Aedes and Psorophora mosquitoes. In the laboratory the 3 IGRs were active in the range of 0.3 to 1.5 ppb against Cx. quinquefasciatus. In field tests, the IGRs fenoxycarb and S-31183 formulations yielded complete control of floodwater mosquitoes at the rates of 0.005 to 0.01 lb AI/acre. In field tests against Cx. tarsalis, S-31183 formulations produced complete inhibition of emergence at the rates of 0.005 to 0.025 lb AI/acre. Fenoxycarb formulation produced similar results at the rate of 0.1 lb AI/acre. It is possible that initial and residual field activity of both IGRs can be increased by employing suitable formulations.

Laboratory and field evaluation of the IGR fenoxycarb against mosquitoes.

A new juvenile hormone mimic [fenoxycarb or RO13-5223 ethyl-(p-phenoxyphenoxy) ethylcarbamate] was evaluated in the field against Culex tarsalis in stagnant water ponds, Psorophora columbiae and Aedes melanimon in irrigated pastures. This material, showing high level of activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus in laboratory, was found to be highly effective against field populations of the 3 former species. A 5% attaclay granular formation yielded 100% inhibition of emergence in Cx. tarsalis at the rate of 0.1 lb/acre ai, 2 days after treatment. The extent of control declined markedly 7 days after treatment. An EC and 1% sand coated granular formulation yielded poor control providing 91 and 69% inhibition of emergence 2 days posttreatment at the high rate of 0.25 lb/acre ai. The 2 flood water mosquitoes were about 10 X more susceptible than Cx. tarsalis. The EC and 1% attaclay granular formulations produced 100% inhibition of emergence of the floodwater mosquitoes Ps. columbiae and Ae. melanimon in irrigated pastures at the rate of 0.01 lb/acre ai, while Cx. tarsalis required 0.1 lb/acre ai for this level of EI. Most of the mortality in treatments with this insect growth regulator was noted in the pupal stage, very few dying in the larval stage or as adults upon emergence. From extensive field studies, it can be concluded that fenoxycarb has excellent potential in operational mosquito control programs.

Efficacy and field evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis (H-14) and B. sphaericus against floodwater mosquitoes in California.

The microbial control agents Bacillus thuringiensis (H-14) and B. sphaericus were evaluated in laboratory and field against Psorophora columbiae. Bacillus sphaericus strain 2362 was also tested in the field against Aedes melanimon. Psorophora columbiae was slightly more susceptible than Culex quinquefasciatus to active strains of B. sphaericus. The LC90 for active strains ranged from 0.013 to 0.069 mg/liter. In field trials, aqueous suspensions of primary powder of B. sphaericus 2362 and 1593 yielded 98-99% reduction in larvae at the rates of 0.1 to 0.25 lb/acre of the primary powder. Granular formulations of Bt (H-14) were evaluated against Ps. columbiae, yielding 96-99% control of larvae at rates ranging from 1 to 10 lb/acre of the granules, depending on the potency and type of the formulations. Aedes melanimon was slightly less susceptible than Ps. columbiae to B. sphaericus 2362. In warmer water a rate of 0.25 lb/acre of the primary powder yielded 88% control, while this same rate in cool weather yielded only 4% reduction. A rate of 0.5 lb/acre of the primary powder was needed to obtain 94% control of larvae in cool weather.

Fate of Bacillus sphaericus 1593 and 2362 spores used as larvicides in the aquatic environment.

Dry powders produced from insecticidal Bacillus sphaericus strains 1593 and 2362 were applied against Culex tarsalis and Anopheles franciscanus mosquito larvae in small-plot field trials. Good control of C. tarsalis, but not of A. franciscanus, was produced at 0.1 and 0.2 lb/acre [ca. 0.122 and 0.244 kg/ha]. B. sphaericus spores settled rapidly from upper water layers and accumulated in bottom muds. Control of third/fourth-instar C. tarsalis larvae was maintained through day 4 after testing and was related to the presence of at least 100 spores per ml in the upper water layer 2 days earlier. B. sphaericus was shown to recycle in dead larvae both in the laboratory and in the field, producing an increase of 100- to 1,000-fold in spore numbers. There was no evidence of recycling in treated water nor of significant spore persistence upon reflooding of ponds after a very hot, dry period.

Field evaluation of the microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis serotype H-14 against floodwater mosquitoes.

Four experimental formulations of the microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (serotype H-14) were evaluated in the field against larvae of the floodwater mosquitoes Aedes nigromaculis and Psorophora columbiae with ground and aerial application methods. The formulations included ABG-6108D (Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Ill.), a wettable powder containing about 400 IU/mg, Sandoz 402-WDC (Sadoz, Inc., Homestead, Fla.), a flowable concentrate containing 600 IU/mg, and two wettable powder formulations of Bactimos (Biochem Products, Montchanin, Del.), one with 3,000 IU/mg and the other with 6,000 IU/mg. Trials against both species indicated they were similar in susceptibility to B. thuringiensis var. israelensis (serotype H-14), and that by using ground application methods, populations of second and third instars could be reduced by 83 to 100% with ABG-6108 and Sandoz 402-WDC at 0.56 to 1.12 kg/ha and with Bactimos (6,000 IU/mg) at 0.44 kg/ha. When applied aerially, approximately two to three times the ground rates had to be used to obtain similar population reductions. Fourth instars were difficult to control, requiring approximately 1.5 to 2 times the rates required for the earlier instars to obtain 80 to 100% reductions. However, these rates were not sufficient to obtain adequate control if larvae were late fourth instars.