Substance use and mental health of Brazilian truck drivers / Consumo de sustancias y salud mental de los camioneros brasileños

Objetivo: evaluar el uso de sustancias y la salud mental de los camioneros brasileños, y cómo estos impactan en sus comportamientos re-lacionados con la conducción. Métodos: estudiotransversal realizado con 235 camioneros en Brasil. Resultados: Los conductores que condujeron des-pués de beber eran fumadores, sufrieron agresiones y experimentaron an-siedad. Las fallas en la conducción se asociaron con la conducción después de beber y han sufrido agresiones. Los errores se asociaron con la altera-ción del sueño y la participación en accidentes que tuvieron víctimas. Las infracciones fueron mayores entre quienes condujeron después de beber, consumieron drogas, tenían ansiedad y problemas de sueño. Conclusión: El uso de sustancias, la salud mental, la somnolencia y la violencia están inter-relacionados para los camioneros brasileños.(AU)

Objective: to evaluate the substance use and mental health of Bra-zilian truck drivers, how these impact on their driving-related behaviors.Methods: cross-sectional study conducted with 235 truck drivers in Brazil. Results: The drivers who drove after drinking were smokers, suffered as-saults and experienced anxiety. Lapses in driving were associated with driv-ing after drinking and have suffered assaults. Errors were associated with impaired sleep and being involved in accidents that had victims. Violations were greater amongst those who drove after drinking, used drugs, had anx-iety and impaired sleep. Conclusion: Substance use, mental health, drowsi-ness and violence are interrelated for Brazilian truck drivers.(AU)

The Perceptions of Domestic Violence by a Family Member Who Uses Crack or Cocaine: A Secondary Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between crack/cocaine use and domestic violence perpetration from the perspective of substance users' families. A secondary retrospective cross-sectional study, with 3162 family members of crack/cocaine users seeking treatment in the Recomeço Família Programme in São Paulo/Brazil was undertaken. Family members of crack/cocaine users reported that their relatives were more involved in domestic violence such as stealing (money and objects) at home [Odds Ratio Adjusted ORA = 2.17 (CI 95% 1.87; 2.53)], the family gave money to the user to buy drugs [ORA = 1.27 (1.08; 1.48)], and having problems with the judiciary [ORA = 1.48 (CI 95% 1.28; 1.71)]. Relatives of snorted cocaine users reported that there was physical and interpersonal violence, such as fathers being assaulted [ORA = 2.50 (CI 95% 1.08; 5.82)], assaulted someone else [ORA = 1.86 (CI 95% 1.32; 2.60)], threats of violence fights, arguments when the family talk about problematic drug use [ORA = 1.50 (CI 95% 1.13; 1.96)] and threatened some family members [ORA = 1.52 (CI 95% 1.14; 2.04)]. In this sample, there was a connection between crack/cocaine use and the perpetuation of domestic violence, corroborating with important implications for public policies, substance use treatment and prevention of domestic violence interventions.

Is social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic a risk factor for depression?

OBJECTIVE: To assess factors associated with depression among higher education students and professionals during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. 550 students and professionals participated. The data were collected by means of a digital questionnaire that included Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to assess depressive symptoms. RESULTS: The factors related to depression and social isolation outcomes were significantly associated with the female gender (n= 149; 37,8%; Odds Ratio OR=2,0), white (n=127; 37,2%; OR=1,60), young people (n=130; 39,4%; OR=2,0), without religion (n=70; 40,2%; OR=1,64), with financial problems (n=80; 53,0%; OR=2,40) and family problems (n=98; 47,3%; OR=1,77); who suffered violence during the quarantine (n=28; 58,3%; OR=2,33), increased the use of illicit drugs (n=16; 59,3%; OR=2,69), used sedatives without a medical prescription (n=75; 54,0%; OR=2,94), lived in conflicting relationships (n=33; 54,1%;OR=2,14), lost their job during the pandemic (n=32; 59,3%; OR=1,99) and presented symptoms of anxiety related to COVID-19 (n=155; 45,2%; OR=3,91). CONCLUSION: there is a meaningful relationship between vulnerability and adopting risk behaviors during the pandemic-imposed social isolation with depressive symptoms. We suggest that health professionals be attentive to the need to adjust their psychosocial interventions when promoting strategies when promoting strategies to mitigate the effects and risks to mental health.

Rape, Child Sexual Abuse, and Mental Health in a Brazilian National Sample.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of self-reported rape and its associations with other forms of violence and mental health outcomes. The Brazilian National Alcohol and Drugs Survey is a probabilistic household survey that collected data from 4,283 Brazilians aged 14 years and older in 2012. The prevalence of rape was 2.3% (n = 107) and the majority (n = 81) of rapes were reported by women. Female gender increased the chances of rape (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.7, 4.3]). Adults aged 35 to 46 years (AOR = 2.0, 95% CI = [1.2, 4.4]) and being without religion (AOR = 2.2, 95% CI = [1.3, 3.8]) were also associated with increased chances of rape. Participants with a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) were 16.5 times (95% CI = [10.1, 26.7]) more likely to report having been raped. Other outcomes related to been raped were history of child prostitution (AOR = 5.1, 95% CI = [2.1, 13.4]) and witnesses of violence during childhood (AOR = 2.4, 95% CI = [1.5, 3.8]). People without social support (AOR≅3, 95% CI = [1.8, 4.3]), victims of multiple recent negative events (AOR = 3.7, 95% CI = [2.4, 5.8]), people with depression (AOR = 2.6, 95% CI = [1.7, 3.9]), history of suicidal ideation (AOR = 3.8, 95% CI = [2.0, 7.1]), and history of suicide attempts (AOR = 2.2, 95% CI = [1.1, 4.3]) are other outcomes related to having been raped. In this sample, rape was related to gender and to other forms of violence and victimization. Self-reports of rape appear to underestimate the true prevalence as the figures obtained from the survey were low. Other methods should be used to investigate this issue.

Is social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic a risk factor for depression? / ¿Sería el aislamiento social durante la pandemia de COVID-19 un factor de riesgo para depresión? / Seria o isolamento social durante a pandemia de COVID-19 um fator de risco para depressão?

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess factors associated with depression among higher education students and professionals during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. 550 students and professionals participated. The data were collected by means of a digital questionnaire that included Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to assess depressive symptoms. Results: The factors related to depression and social isolation outcomes were significantly associated with the female gender (n= 149; 37,8%; Odds Ratio OR=2,0), white (n=127; 37,2%; OR=1,60), young people (n=130; 39,4%; OR=2,0), without religion (n=70; 40,2%; OR=1,64), with financial problems (n=80; 53,0%; OR=2,40) and family problems (n=98; 47,3%; OR=1,77); who suffered violence during the quarantine (n=28; 58,3%; OR=2,33), increased the use of illicit drugs (n=16; 59,3%; OR=2,69), used sedatives without a medical prescription (n=75; 54,0%; OR=2,94), lived in conflicting relationships (n=33; 54,1%;OR=2,14), lost their job during the pandemic (n=32; 59,3%; OR=1,99) and presented symptoms of anxiety related to COVID-19 (n=155; 45,2%; OR=3,91). Conclusion: there is a meaningful relationship between vulnerability and adopting risk behaviors during the pandemic-imposed social isolation with depressive symptoms. We suggest that health professionals be attentive to the need to adjust their psychosocial interventions when promoting strategies when promoting strategies to mitigate the effects and risks to mental health.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar los factores asociados a la depresión entre estudiantes y profesionales de nivel superior durante el pico de la pandemia de COVID-19. Método: estudio cuantitativo con delineamiento transversal. Participaron 550 estudiantes y profesionales. Los datos fueron obtenidos por medio de un cuestionario digital, que incluía el Patient Health Questionnaire-9 para evaluación de síntomas depresivos. Resultados: Los factores relacionados a la depresión y los resultados del aislamiento social fueron significativamente asociados al sexo femenino (n= 149; 37,8%; Odds Ratio OR=2,0), raza blanca (n=127; 37,2%; OR=1,60), jóvenes (n=130; 39,4%; OR=2,0), sin religión (n=70; 40,2%; OR=1,64), con problemas financieros (n=80; 53,0%; OR=2,40) y familiares (n=98; 47,3%; OR=1,77); que sufrieron violencia durante la cuarentena (n=28; 58,3%; OR=2,33), aumentaron el uso de drogas ilícitas (n=16; 59,3%; OR=2,69), consumieron sedativos sin prescripción médica (n=75; 54,0%; OR=2,94), vivieron relaciones conflictivas (n=33; 54,1%;OR=2,14), perdieron el empleo en la pandemia (n=32; 59,3%; OR=1,99) y presentaron síntomas de ansiedad relacionado al COVID-19(n=155; 45,2%; OR=3,91). Conclusión: Hay una relación significativa entre vulnerabilidad y adopción de comportamientos de riesgo durante el aislamiento social impuesto por la pandemia con síntomas depresivos. Sugerimos que los profesionales de la salud estén atentos ante la necesidad de ajustar sus intervenciones psicosociales al promover estrategias para mitigar los efectos y riesgos para la salud mental.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os fatores associados à depressão entre estudantes e profissionais de nível superior durante o pico da pandemia de COVID-19. Método: estudo quantitativo com delineamento transversal. Participaram 550 estudantes e profissionais. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário digital, que incluía o Patient Health Questionnaire-9 para avaliação de sintomas depressivos. Resultados: Os fatores relacionados à depressão e os desfechos do isolamento social foram significantemente associados ao sexo feminino (n=149; 37,8%; Odds Ratio OR=2,0), raça branca (n=127; 37,2%; OR=1,60), jovens (n=130; 39,4%; OR=2,0), sem religião (n=70; 40,2%; OR=1,64), com problemas financeiros (n=80; 53,0%; OR=2,40) e familiares (n=98; 47,3%; OR=1,77), que sofreram violência durante a quarentena (n=28; 58,3%; OR=2,33), aumentaram o uso de drogas ilícitas (n=16; 59,3%; OR=2,69), consumiram sedativos sem prescrição médica (n=75; 54,0%; OR=2,94), vivenciaram relacionamentos conflituosos (n=33; 54,1%;OR=2,14), perderam o emprego na pandemia (n=32; 59,3%; OR=1,99) e apresentaram sintomas de ansiedade relacionada à COVID-19 (n=155; 45,2%; OR=3,91). Conclusão: há uma relação significativa entre vulnerabilidade e adoção de comportamentos de risco durante o isolamento social imposto pela pandemia com sintomas depressivos. Sugerimos que os profissionais de saúde estejam atentos para a necessidade de ajustar suas intervenções psicossociais ao promoverem estratégias para mitigar os efeitos e riscos à saúde mental.

Factors associated with violence against women by an intimate partner in Northeast Brazil.

This study examined the prevalence, and associated factors, of violence against women by an intimate partner amongst 369 women who attended nursing consultations at primary care centres in Northeast Brazil. Socio-demographic variables, substance use, mental health and the forms of violence were analysed. IPV was a reality for 65.4% of the women of reproductive age seen in the centres. IPV, including psychological violence, is associated with age, education and religion, particularly amongst female cannabis users whose partners were also substance users. Primary care providers are in a position to detect, screen, counsel and treat women who experience IPV.

Problematic consumption of online pornography during the COVID-19 pandemic: clinical recommendations

Abstract The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is one of the greatest contemporary challenges. Feelings of fear and uncertainty triggered by this pandemic have had noxious effects on people's mental health. This seems to have increased during quarantine and there is evidence of an intensification of reward-directed behavior. Nevertheless, there are few studies dealing with pornography consumption during this period. The aim of this manuscript is to contextualize this phenomenon during the pandemic and suggest some clinical recommendations on the matter.

Problematic consumption of online pornography during the COVID-19 pandemic: clinical recommendations.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is one of the greatest contemporary challenges. Feelings of fear and uncertainty triggered by this pandemic have had noxious effects on people's mental health. This seems to have increased during quarantine and there is evidence of an intensification of rewarddirected behavior. Nevertheless, there are few studies dealing with pornography consumption during this period. The aim of this manuscript is to contextualize this phenomenon during the pandemic and suggest some clinical recommendations on the matter.

Consumo de álcool, outras substâncias e a pandemia da COVID-19: implicações para a pesquisa e para a prática clínica / Alcohol consumption, other substances and the COVID19 pandemic: implications for research and clinical practice

Evidências emergentes, mas ainda limitadas, sugerem que o consumo de álcool e outras substâncias aumentou durante a pandemia da COVID-19, e que pacientes com diagnóstico de transtorno por uso de substâncias (TUS) estão em risco significativamente aumentado de exposição à infecção. Este estudo tem por objetivo apresentar uma visão geral sobre o consumo de tabaco, álcool e outras drogas e suas possíveis interfaces com a COVID-19 mediante uma revisão narrativa da literatura. Os achados ressaltam a importância de fornecer suporte para o tratamento e recuperação de indivíduos com TUS como parte da estratégia para controlar a disseminação do novo coronavírus. São discutidas as implicações dos resultados para a pesquisa e oferecidas breves recomendações relevantes para a prática clínica de psicoterapeutas e outros profissionais da saúde.(AU)

Emerging but still limited evidence suggests that consumption of alcohol and other substances increased during the VOCID-19 pandemic, and that patients diagnosed with substance related disorders (SRD) are at significantly increased risk of exposure to infection. This study aims to present an overview on the consumption of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs and their possible interfaces with OVID-19 through a narrative review of the literature. The findings highlight the importance of providing support for the treatment and recovery of individuals with SRD as part of the strategy to control the spread of the new coronavirus. The implications of the findings for research are discussed and brief recommendations relevant to the clinical practice of psychotherapists and other health professionals are offered.(AU)

Las evidencias emergentes, aunque todavía limitadas, sugieren que el consumo de alcohol y otras sustancias aumentó durante la pandemia de COVID-19, y que los pacientes diagnosticados con trastornos por uso de sustancias (TUS) corren un riesgo significativamente mayor de exposición a la infección. El objetivo de este estudio es presentar una visión general del consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras drogas y sus posibles interfaces con la pandemia de COVID-19 a través de una revisión narrativa de la literatura. Los hallazgos subrayan la importancia de brindar apoyo para el tratamiento y la recuperación de las personas con TUS como parte de la estrategia para controlar la propagación del nuevo coronavirus. Se examinan las consecuencias de las conclusiones para la investigación y se ofrecen breves recomendaciones de relevancia para la práctica clínica de los psicoterapeutas y otros profesionales de la salud.(AU)

The emotional and psychiatric problems of adolescents on parole whose parents are substance users: A Brazilian cross-sectional study.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the associations between having parents with substance use problems, and having suffered neglect within the family, and behavioral problems (psychological and drug use) among adolescents. All the participants were enrolled on the socio-educational parole scheme, 'Assisted Freedom'. In this cross-sectional study, 150 adolescents were interviewed using the Drug Abuse Screening Test, Teen Addiction Severity Index, and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Ninety-five percent of the participants were male (n = 143), aged 13-17. Thirty percent of adolescents had a parent who used substances and had experienced neglect from their families. Those adolescents who were living with both parents (odds ratio adjusted (ORA) = 2.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13-6.37), from a low-income family (ORA = 6.7, 95% CI = 1.85-24.22), experienced hallucinations (ORA = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.25-6.14), had problems controlling violent behavior (ORA = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.12-5.87), and were physically neglected (ORA = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.24-7.49) were more likely to have parents who used substances and to have experienced parental neglect. This article concludes that adolescents, who are on parole, come from families with high level of psychosocial vulnerabilities, including substance use, experience neglect by their families leading to adverse emotional and psychological states.

Prevalence, consequences and factors associated with drug use among individuals over 50 years of age in the family perspective.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, consequences and factors associated with drug use among individuals over 50 years of age, from the perspective of their families, with particularly reference to cocaine use. METHODS: Cross-sectional study based on secondary data with 624 family members of substance users who sought family support in 14 units of the Recomeço Família Program in São Paulo, Brazil. RESULTS: The participants were predominately men, aged 50 to 59 years (68%); cocaine users (inhaled and/ or smoked); living alone; with a low level of education and were unemployed. They were likely to use family money to pay for their substance use, with a history of theft and aggression against strangers, and were not in treatment. Unlike other participants [≥ 60 years (31.1%)]; who were better educated and retired. In this latter group, 32.8% are alcohol users, 14.8% cocaine users (inhaled and smoked), 32.6% has physically assaulted their family, 39.7% had assaulted someone else and 18.3% had stolen objects or money from home. CONCLUSIONS: The population has peculiar characteristics of vulnerability (cocaine use and violence) that remain under investigated; not only do routes into treatment for older adults (≥ 60) but appropriate treatment packages need to be developed too.

Relapse in involuntary substance treatment: a transversal study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the associations between relapse and admissions (voluntary and involuntary) in a sample of patients with substance dependence. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study undertaken at a private medical therapeutic community specialised in treating addiction, located in a rural area of São Paulo, Brazil. Sociodemographic characteristics, the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale (URICA), Stages Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-SCID were used. RESULTS: Relapse was associated with low family income (P=.006) and contemplation motivational stage (P<0.05). Nevertheless, no significant differences between individuals who were admitted involuntarily (64%) and voluntarily (54%) were observed (P=0.683) in terms of relapses. CONCLUSIONS: In this sample, the relapse outcome in involuntary admissions was no different from the voluntary ones.

Relapse in involuntary substance treatment: a transversal study

Objective: To evaluate the associations between relapse and admissions (voluntary and involuntary) in a sample of patients with substance dependence. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study undertaken at a private medical therapeutic community specialised in treating addiction, located in a rural area of São Paulo, Brazil. Sociodemographic characteristics, the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale (URICA), Stages Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-SCID were used. Results: Relapse was associated with low family income (P = .006) and contemplation motivational stage (P<0.05). Nevertheless, no significant differences between individuals who were admitted involuntarily (64%) and voluntarily (54%) were observed (P = 0.683) in terms of relapses. Conclusions: In this sample, the relapse outcome in involuntary admissions was no different from the voluntary ones.

Objetivo: Evaluar las asociaciones entre recaída y admisiones (voluntarias e involuntarias) en una muestra de dependientes de sustancias. Métodos: Este es un estudio transversal realizado en una comunidad médica terapéutica privada, especializada en el tratamiento de la adicción, ubicada en una zona rural de São Paulo, Brasil. Se utilizaron las características sociodemográficas, la Escala de Evaluación de Cambios de la Universidad de Rhode Island (URICA), la Escala de Evaluación de la Etapa de Preparación y Tratamiento (SOCRATES), el Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck (BAI), el Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI) y la Entrevista Clínica Estructurada para DSM-IV-SCID. Resultados: La recaída se asoció con bajos ingresos familiares (p = 0,006) y contemplación de la etapa motivacional (p < 0,05). Sin embargo, no se observaron diferencias significativas entre los individuos que ingresaron involuntariamente (64%) y los voluntarios (54%) (p = 0,683) en términos de recaídas. Conclusiones: En esta muestra, el resultado de la recaída en admisiones involuntarias no fue diferente que en los voluntarios.

Domestic violence and risk of internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescents living with relatives displaying substance use disorders / Violência doméstica e risco de problemas de internalização e externalização em adolescentes com familiares apresentando transtornos por uso de substâncias

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between exposure to domestic violence and increased risk of internalizing and externalizing problems and substance use among adolescents living with relatives with substance use disorder (SUD) at a low-income community of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A crosssectional study was conducted with 102 adolescents aged 12-17 years (M = 14.2, SD = 1.7) who were living with relatives suffering from SUD. Outcomes were measured using the Youth Self-Report (YSR), psychosocial stress factors questionnaire, Drug Use Screening Inventory (DUSI) and Phrase Inventory of Intrafamily Child Abuse (PIICA). RESULTS: The sample presented high prevalence of emotional/behavioral problems with YSR's scores in the clinical range for Internalizing Problems (24.5%), Externalizing Problems (21.6%), and Total Problems (26.5%). The presence of mental health problems predicted substance use (PR = 2.22; 95% CI = 1.2-4.13), and substance use predicted increased risk of mental health problems. Alcohol use predicted more than double the risk of emotional/behavioral problems (PR = 2.01; 95% CI = 1.08-3.76), while illicit drug use was associated with an almost threefold increase in the prevalence of Internalizing (PR = 2.87; 95% CI = 1.19-6.89) and Externalizing Problems (PR = 3.3; 95% CI = 1.35-8.04). CONCLUSION: Adolescents of relatives with SUD are at risk of developing emotional and behavioral problems. These findings reinforce the need to develop public mental health policies, which include protective interventions to adolescents living in families affected by substance use disorders.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a associação entre exposição à violência doméstica e aumento do risco de problemas internalizantes e externalizantes e uso de substâncias entre adolescentes que vivem em famílias com transtorno por uso de substâncias (TUS) em uma comunidade de baixa renda de São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 102 adolescentes de 12 a 17 anos (M = 14,2, DP = 1,7) que vivem com familiares com TUS. Os desfechos foram avaliados por meio do Inventário de Autoavaliação para Adolescentes (YSR), questionários de fatores de estresse psicossociais, Drug Use Screening Inventory (DUSI) e Inventário de Frases de Violência Doméstica (IFVD). RESULTADOS: A amostra apresentou altas taxas de problemas emocionais/comportamentais no YSR, sendo 24,5% com escores na faixa clínica para Problemas Internalizantes, 21,6% para Problemas Externalizantes e 26,5% para Problemas Totais. A presença de problemas de saúde mental foi preditora do uso de substâncias (RP = 2,22; IC 95% = 1,2-4,13) e o uso de substâncias foi preditor do aumento da prevalência de problemas emocionais/comportamentais. O uso de álcool prediz mais do que o dobro do risco de problemas emocionais/comportamentais (RP = 2,01; IC 95% = 1,08-3,76), enquanto o uso de substâncias ilícitas esteve associado com um aumento de quase três vezes na prevalência de Problemas Internalizantes (RP = 2,87; IC 95% = 1,19-6,89) e Externalizantes (RP = 3,3; IC 95% = 1,35-8,04). CONCLUSÃO: Adolescentes que convivem diretamente com familiares com TUS estão em risco para o desenvolvimento de problemas emocionais/comportamentais. Os achados reforçam a necessidade de políticas públicas que incluam programas de proteção para adolescentes que vivem em famílias com transtornos causados pelo uso de substâncias.

Violence and substance use in sexual minorities: Data from the Second Brazilian National Alcohol and Drugs Survey (II BNADS).

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of substance use and the associations between adverse early life experiences, sexual behaviour and violence in sexual minority (SM) individuals. METHODS: The Brazilian National Alcohol and Drugs Survey is a probabilistic household survey performed in 2012, collecting data from 4067 Brazilians aged 14 years and older. RESULTS: 3.4% of the sample declared themselves as sexual minorities, 53.8% female, 66.5% single, mean age of 29.5 years (standard deviation 16.0 years). A high prevalence of alcohol dependence (15.2%) and binge drinking (22.2%) was identified in the SM group. Respondents were more likely to use crack cocaine and hallucinogens, to have been involved in child prostitution, child sexual abuse and to report suicidal ideation in the previous year. Respondents were also more likely to engage in unprotected sex compared to non-sexual minorities. Nearly one-third referred to having suffered homophobic discrimination in their lives. Respondents also reported higher rates of domestic violence (18.9%) and urban violence (18%) among the SM. CONCLUSION: The findings reinforce that violence directed at individuals in the Brazilian SM community begins early in life and persists into adulthood when compared to non-sexual minorities. This population is also more exposed to substance use disorders.

Forensic Implications of the New Classification of ICD-11 Paraphilic Disorders in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: The World Health Organization (WHO) Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse appointed a Working Group on Sexual Disorders and Sexual Health in order to revise and propose changes to ICD-10 categories. AIM: Analyze ethical and legal implications in Brazil of the proposed ICD-11 diagnostic criteria for paraphilic disorders. METHODS: A forensic working group of Brazilian experts in collaboration with representatives of WHO reviewed the proposed modifications to the classification of Disorders of Sexual Preference in ICD-10 (F65), which is recommended to be replaced by Paraphilic Disorders in ICD-11. Proposals were reviewed through a medicolegal lens, using a legal and policy analysis guide put forth by WHO. The premise of this review was to understand that, although the ICD classification is intended to provide a basis for clinical and statistical health interventions, medical diagnostics may also be entangled in the complex legal, normative, and political environment of various countries. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The most important proposed change to this section is to limit the concept of paraphilic disorders primarily to patterns of sexual arousal involving a focus on others who are unwilling or unable to consent, but this change has not affected the ethical and legal aspects of psychiatric functioning in the Brazil. RESULTS: Because Brazilian criminal law is directed toward criminal behavior and not to specific psychiatric diagnoses, the changes proposed for ICD-11 are not expected to create obstacles to health services or to modify criminal sentencing. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Although ICD-11 has a number of changes in its content, there are no significant clinical implications in the Brazilian context, but a better clarity of conceptual definitions and diagnostic criteria. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS: The study is conducted with people from different Brazilian states, which is important for a comprehensive view. On the other hand, considering that it is a very heterogeneous country, there is the limitation that an even wider scope of the study is not possible. CONCLUSION: In the Brazilian context, the new guidelines for paraphilic disorders contribute to clinical utility and are not expected to create difficulties related to the legal, social, and economic consequences of sexual offenses in the country. Abdalla-Filho E, de Jesus Mari J, Diehl A, et al. Forensic Implications of the New Classification of ICD-11 Paraphilic Disorders in Brazil. J Sex Med 2019; 16:1814-1819.

Early childhood maltreatment experience and later sexual behavior in Brazilian adults undergoing treatment for substance dependence

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of early childhood maltreatment and associations with later sexual behavior among adult substance users. Methods: A cross-sectional study enrolled 134 substance dependents who sought outpatient care in São Paulo, Brazil. Childhood trauma prevalence was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). The Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST), drug of choice (DOC), and sexual behavior were also investigated. Results: The sample was composed predominantly of single adult males (76.1%), with alcohol as the DOC (73.9%). Experiences of emotional neglect (88.1%), emotional abuse (80.6%), physical neglect (78.4%), physical abuse (64.2%), and sexual abuse (31.3%) were prevalent. Women were more likely to have been sexually abused (OR 2.9, 95%CI 1.15-7.61) and physically abused (OR 3.7, 95%CI 1.31-10.6) in childhood. Those who were sexually abused in adulthood were more likely to have suffered physical abuse in childhood (OR 6.9, 95%CI 1.45-11.8). The odds of having been sexually abused in childhood were higher among subjects who reported to have exchanged sexual favors for drugs (OR 5.7, 95%CI 1.35-9.64) and to have been sexually abused in adulthood (OR 6.1, 95%CI 5.2-12.36). Conclusion: Physical and sexual abuse in childhood are highly prevalent in substance-dependent adults, and are associated with sexual revictimization and high-risk sexual behavior in adulthood.

Depressive symptoms and factors associated with depression and suicidal behavior in substances user in treatment: Focus on suicidal behavior and psychological problems.

AIM: To investigate the prevalence of depressive symptoms, psychological problems, suicidal behaviour and their associations in substance users in treatment. METHODS: A cross-sectional study, with 307 substance users in an out-patient treatment facility, was undertaken. Socio-demographic data, psychoactive substances used, depressive symptoms, and suicide information were obtained. RESULTS: 70% of participants were depressed; of those, 8.1% were either under the influence of drugs or in withdrawal. Suicidal ideation was found to be present in those who had anxiety, were nervous, had depressive symptoms, or were under drug influence or in withdrawal. CONCLUSION: It is important to identify potential suicidal risk factors and implement the management of these conditions in substance users.

Early childhood maltreatment experience and later sexual behavior in Brazilian adults undergoing treatment for substance dependence.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of early childhood maltreatment and associations with later sexual behavior among adult substance users. METHODS: A cross-sectional study enrolled 134 substance dependents who sought outpatient care in São Paulo, Brazil. Childhood trauma prevalence was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). The Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST), drug of choice (DOC), and sexual behavior were also investigated. RESULTS: The sample was composed predominantly of single adult males (76.1%), with alcohol as the DOC (73.9%). Experiences of emotional neglect (88.1%), emotional abuse (80.6%), physical neglect (78.4%), physical abuse (64.2%), and sexual abuse (31.3%) were prevalent. Women were more likely to have been sexually abused (OR 2.9, 95%CI 1.15-7.61) and physically abused (OR 3.7, 95%CI 1.31-10.6) in childhood. Those who were sexually abused in adulthood were more likely to have suffered physical abuse in childhood (OR 6.9, 95%CI 1.45-11.8). The odds of having been sexually abused in childhood were higher among subjects who reported to have exchanged sexual favors for drugs (OR 5.7, 95%CI 1.35-9.64) and to have been sexually abused in adulthood (OR 6.1, 95%CI 5.2-12.36). CONCLUSION: Physical and sexual abuse in childhood are highly prevalent in substance-dependent adults, and are associated with sexual revictimization and high-risk sexual behavior in adulthood.