Efecto del inhibidor de fosfodiesterasa tipo 4 —rolipram, sobre la maduración in vitro de oocitos bovinos / Efeito do inibidor de fosfodiesterasa tipo 4 —rolipram, sobre a maturação in vitro de oocitos bovinos / Effect of phosphodiesterase type 4-inhibitor rolipram on in vitro maturatrion of bovine oocytes

Durante el proceso de maduración in vitro de oocitos, las gonadotropinas FSH y LH inducen la producción de AMPc. El AMPc tiene efecto dual, donde los altos niveles de AMPc intraoocitario mantienen su bloqueo meiótico, mientras que en las células de la granulosa inducen la maduración del oocito. Los niveles de AMPc son regulados por hidrólisis mediada por fosfodiesterasas (PDE), las cuales presentan expresión específica en el folículo, el oocito expresa la PDE 3, mientras que las células de la granulosa PDE 4. Con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto del rolipram, un inhibidor específico de PDE 4, sobre el porcentaje de maduración nuclear in vitro (MNIV) de oocitos bovinos, 629 complejos cúmulo oocito (CCO) fueron cultivados a 38.5 ºC/5% CO2/24 h, en medio TCM-199 con la adición de pFSH y hrLH, o rolipram. Los grupos experimentales fueron: adición de gonadotropinas, rolipram (25, 50 ó 75 M), rolipram 50 M + gonadotropinas, o control sin estímulo. Los oocitos fueron teñidos con DAPI y evaluados bajo fluorescencia para determinar el porcentaje de maduración nuclear por la expulsión del primer cuerpo polar. El rolipram 50M estimuló la maduración nuclear de oocitos bovinos de una manera similar a la obtenida con las gonadotropinas (76.83 vs 79.46%, p>0.05), pero en mayor medida que la observada con rolipram 25 y 75 M (31.25, y 28.61%, respectivamente). Los CCOs cultivados en presencia de rolipram 50 M+Gonadotropinas maduraron en menor proporción (63.74%) comparada con gonadotropinas (p<0.01) o rolipram 50 M (p<0.05). Los resultados permiten concluir que el porcentaje de maduración nuclear in vitro de oocitos bovinos depende de la dosis de rolipram utilizada, donde la concentración de rolipram 50 M presentó un comportamiento similar a las gonadotropinas en la maduración del oocito...

Gonadotropic follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH) induce intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) production during the in vitro maturation (IVM) of bovine oocytes. Cyclic AMP exerts a dual effect, where high intraoocyte cAMP levels are responsible for oocyte meiotic blockage, while high cAMP levels into the granulose cells induce oocyte maturation. Intracellular cAMP levels are regulated by phosphodiesterases (PDE)-mediated hydrolysis, enzymes having a specific follicle expression pattern. Oocyte expresses typo 3 PDE (PDE 3), while granulose cells expresses type 4 PDE (PDE 4). With the aim to test the effect of the specific PDE 4 inhibitor rolliprom on percentage in vitro nuclear maturation (IVNM) of bovine oocytes, 629 cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) were cultured at 38.5 ºC/CO2 5%/24 h on TCM-199 medium with pFSH and hrLH with or without rolipram. Experimental groups were: gonadotrophins alone, gonadotropins + rolipram (25, 50, or 75 M), rolipram 50 M + gonadotrophins, and control (media without stimulus). In order to determinate the nuclear maturation percentage by the first polar body expulsion, oocytes were dyed with DAPI and evaluated by fluorescence. Rolipram 50 M stimulated bovine oocyte nuclear maturation in a similar way to gonadotrophins stimulus (76.83 vs. 79.46%, p>0.05) did, but in a higher way than rolipram 25 M (31.25%) or 75 M (28.61%). The COC cultured with rolipram 50 M+gonadotrophins maturated in a lower proportion (63.74%) than did with gonadotropins (p<0.01) or rolipram 50 M (p<0.05). A dose-dependent response of percentage of IVNM of bovine oocytes was detected. Thus rolipram 50 M, exerts a similar effect of gonadotropins on oocyte maturation...

Durante o processo de maturação in vitro de oocitos, as gonadotrofinas FSH e LH induzem a produção de AMPc. O AMPc tem duplo efeito, pois os altos níveis de AMPc intraoocitario mantém o bloqueio meiótico, enquanto que nas células da granulosa induzem a maturação do oocito. Os níveis de AMPc são regulados pela hidrólise mediada das fosfodiesterasas (PDE), as quais apresentam expressão específica no folículo, o oocito expressa a PDE 3, enquanto que as células da granulosa PDE 4. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do rolipram, um inibidor específico de PDE 4, sobre a percentagem de maturação nuclear in vitro (MNIV) de oocitos bovinos, 629 complexos cúmulo oocito (CCO) foram cultivados a 38.5 ºC/5% CO2/24 h, em meio TCM-199 com a adição de pFSH e hrLH, o rolipram. Os grupos experimentais foram: adição de gonadotrofinas, rolipram (25, 50 ó 75 M), rolipram 50 M + gonadotrofinas, ou controle sem estímulo. Os oocitos foram tingidos com DAPI e avaliados sob fluorescência para determinar a percentagem de maturação nuclear pela expulsão do primeiro corpo polar. O rolipram 50M estimulou a maturação nuclear de oocitos bovinos de maneira similar a obtida com as gonadotrofinas (76.83 vs 79.46%, p>0.05), porém em maior medida que a observada com rolipram 25 y 75 M (31.25, y 28.61%, respectivamente). Os CCOs cultivados na presença de rolipram 50 M+Gonadotrofinas maturaram em menor proporção (63.74%) quando comparado com gonadotrofinas (p<0.01) ou rolipram 50 M (p<0.05). Os resultados permitem concluir que a percentagem de maturação nuclear in vitro de oocitos bovinos depende da doses de rolipram utilizada, sendo que a concentração de rolipram 50 M apresentou um comportamento similar às gonadotrofinas na maturação do oocito...

Methods for generation of genetically modified fibroblasts for immunotherapy of cancer.

Considerable evidence has accumulated indicating that cultured human or rodent tumor cells can be successfully transduced with cytokine genes and selected in the appropriate antibiotic-containing culture media. The selected transductants are generally able to secrete the cytokine coded for by the transduced gene, and in many cases, substantial levels (e.g., ng quantities) of the cytokine are produced. Using retroviral vectors, it has been possible to obtain stably transduced tumor cells with a variety of cytokine genes (1-4). These tumor cells have been used for immunotherapy of cancer in numerous animal models of tumor growth or metastasis, and more recently, in vaccination protocols in patients with cancer. One possible criticism that can be leveled at this type of vaccination approach is that cultured, genetically modified, and selected tumor cells might have phenotypic characteristics that are substantially different from those of unmodified tumor cells. Since retroviral vectors are often used for transduction, it is also possible that viral antigens expressed on transduced tumor cells contribute to the immune response generated as a result of vaccination. Also, primary cultures of human tumor cells are often difficult to establish and maintain.

Generation of activated natural killer (A-NK) cells in patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia and their role in the in vitro disappearance of BCR/abl-positive targets.

Activated natural killer (A-NK) cells, a subset of CD56(dim)CD3- lymphocytes, are obtained from PBMC of normal donors by adherence to plastic and culture in the presence of IL2. In this study we tested the feasibility of generating A-NK cells in patients with Ph+ chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Cultures obtained from patients with early chronic phase (ECP; n=7) contained a mean (+/-SD) of83 +/- 7% of CD3- cells, and those from patients with advanced chronic phase (ACP; n=7) contained 27+/-33% CD56+CD3- cells. In three patients with leukaemia in a blastic phase (BP) it was only possible to obtain one culture enriched in CD56+CD3- cells (81%). Cellular aggregates of myeloid cells and large granular lymphocytes were observed in early A-NK cell cultures. Paired freshly-adherent and cultured A-NK cells were tested for the presence of BCR/abl mRNA by RT-PCR. The BCR/abl+ cells were detected in all 12 preparations of the freshly adherent A-NK cells tested. In 6/12 the BCR/abl+ cells were no longer detectable by RT-PCR on day 14 of culture. Both proliferation and antileukaemic cytotoxicity were significantly higher (P=0.002 and P=0.029, respectively) in the BCR/abl- cultures than those in the six BCR/abl+ cultures. 5/6 BCR/abl- cultures were highly enriched in A-NK cells on day 14, and 1/6 contained predominantly CD56+CD3+ cells. Only 2/6 BCR/abl + cultures were enriched in A-NK cells on day 14, but they had poor cytotoxicity and a low proliferative index. Myeloid cells (CD33+) were more frequently detected in the BCR/abl+ than BCR/abl- A-NK cell cultures (P=0.028). These observations suggest that: (1) populations of benign A-NK cells can be generated from the peripheral blood of CML patients; (2) the ability to generate A-NK cells is impaired in patients with advanced CML; and (3) the ability to generate A-NK cells with antileukaemic activity correlates with the disappearance of BCR/abl+ cells from these cultures.

Usage of T-cell receptor V beta chain genes in fresh and cultured tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from human melanoma.

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) freshly obtained from human malignant melanomas as well as the same TIL grown in the presence of interleukin 2 (IL2) were studied for gene expression of the T-cell receptor (TCR) variable beta regions (V beta). To perform the TCR-V beta analysis, total RNA was isolated from TIL and reverse-transcribed into cDNA, which was then amplified by PCR using 22 different 5' primers specifically recognizing the sequences of 20 V beta gene families and a 3' primer annealing to the constant region of the beta chain. The TCR-alpha constant region (C alpha) gene was co-amplified as a standard for the calculation of the percentage of each TCR-V beta gene expressed. The frequency of individual V beta regions expressed on TIL was computed from the ratio of cpm V beta to cpm C alpha for each V beta region in relation to the total of all 22 ratios. With fresh TIL obtained from 8 different melanomas, oligoclonal distribution of V beta genes expressed on TIL was observed, in comparison with a broader and unrestricted distribution seen with peripheral-blood T cells of 8 normal individuals. The oligoclonal patterns of V beta-gene expression in fresh melanoma TIL were distinct in every tumor. Several of the V beta-genes usually expressed in normal PBL were not expressed in fresh TIL in melanoma TIL cultured in the presence of IL2 and IL4 and in the absence of autologous tumor (AuTu) or antigen-presenting cells for 23 to 65 days, selection of T-cell lines expressing a restricted number of V beta genes occurred. Although in 4/5 TIL cultures this selection involved the V beta 7 gene, no relationship could be established between V beta gene expression in fresh TIL and that in T-cell lines outgrowing in long-term cultures. Selection in culture of CD3+CD8+ T-cell lines with V beta-gene expression restricted to 1 or 2 V beta families did not correlate with the presence or level of AuTu cytotoxicity mediated by these T cells. The results indicate that in TIL cultures random selection of T-cell lines with reactivity not relevant to AuTu may account for poor expression or loss of AuTu cytotoxicity by most TIL cultured long-term in the presence of cytokines and in the absence of specific antigenic stimulation.

Generation and characterization of ex vivo propagated autologous CD8+ cells used for adoptive immunotherapy of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.

Cytolytic T lymphocytes play an important role in host defense against viral infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In a phase I clinical trial (protocol 080 of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group), generation of CD8+ effector cells from peripheral blood of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related complex (ARC) or AIDS and safety of autologous adoptive transfer of these cells were evaluated. For therapeutic infusions, CD8+ T cells were purified by positive selection on anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody-coated flasks from leukapheresed peripheral blood of seven patients. These CD8+ T cells were cultured in the presence of interleukin-2 and phytohemagglutinin for up to 3 weeks to obtain cells sufficient for therapeutic infusions (10(8) to 10(10)). All 31 cell cultures established from the seven patients and used for therapy were highly enriched in CD8+ (mean, 97%), CD8+HLA-DR+ (50%), cytotoxic CD8+CD11b- (82%), and memory CD29+ (78%) T lymphocytes. In vitro expanded CD8+ cells had excellent cytotoxic function at the time they were used for therapy, including HIV-specific activity against autologous targets infected with vaccinia vectors expressing HIV-IIIb antigens, gag, pol, and env. Anti-HIV activity of cultured CD8+ cells was significantly higher than that of autologous fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes. Our results show that CD8+ T lymphocytes obtained from peripheral blood of symptomatic HIV-infected patients can be purified, cultured to obtain large numbers of cells with enhanced anti-HIV activity, and safely infused into patients with AIDS as a form of immunotherapy.