Early approach to LDL-related risk after acute coronary syndrome: the OPTA project.

INTRODUCTION: Hyperlipidemia is the main underlying cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Reducing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol to recommended targets after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is of utmost importance as it is associated with a reduction of mortality and further cardiovascular events. Unfortunately, there are considerable gaps between guideline recommendations and clinical practice. In addition, the approach to treatment of this population is very heterogeneous, even in specialized cardiovascular units. Some easy-to-implement strategies may help to optimize the management of these patients. AREAS COVERED: The OPTA Project was developed to identify these gaps and to provide recommendations to improve and harmonize the management of patients with ACS, with a specific focus on lipids. EXPERT OPINION: Five areas of interest were defined: 1) evaluation of cardiovascular risk at admission, 2) development of a strategy to effectively and rapidly reduce LDL cholesterol levels, 3) determining LDL cholesterol goals (<55 mg/dL or stricter) and follow-up, 4) data collection during hospitalization, and 5) standardized discharge report. Specific recommendations are given to reduce inequalities, following the targets 'the lower, the better' and 'the earlier, the better.'

Non-embolic outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease and atrial fibrillation treated with rivaroxaban.

Aim: It is not well known how comorbidities may change the prognosis of atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. This study was aimed to analyze the impact of cardiovascular disease on this population. Materials & methods: EMIR was a multicenter, prospective study, including 1433 AF patients taking rivaroxaban for ≥6 months. Data were analyzed according to the presence of vascular disease. Results: Coronary artery disease was detected in 16.4%, peripheral artery disease/aortic plaque in 6.7%, vascular disease in 28.3%. Patients with coronary artery disease had higher rates (per 100 patient-years) of major adverse cardiovascular events (2.98 vs 0.71; p < 0.001) and cardiovascular death (1.79 vs 0.41; p = 0.004). Those with vascular disease had higher rates of thromboembolic events (1.47 vs 0.44; p = 0.007), major adverse cardiovascular events (2.03 vs 0.70; p = 0.004), and cardiovascular death (1.24 vs 0.39; p = 0.025). Patients with peripheral artery disease/aortic plaque had similar rates. Conclusion: AF patients with vascular disease have a higher risk of non-embolic outcomes.

Rivaroxaban for the prevention of outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation in clinical practice: an indirect comparison of national and international registries.

Objective: To analyze the effectiveness and safety of rivaroxaban in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods: The clinical profile and outcomes of the EMIR study were indirectly compared with those of ROCKET-AF, eight other Spanish observational studies and XANTUS. Results: In EMIR, mean age was 74.2 years and CHA2DS2-VASc was 3.5. In the rivaroxaban arm of the ROCKET-AF trial, mean age was 73 years and CHADS2 was 3.5, whereas in the Spanish studies mean age ranged from 74.9 years to 78.4 years and CHA2DS2-VASc from 3.5 to 4.3. In EMIR, rates of stroke/systemic embolism, major adverse cardiovascular events, cardiovascular death and major bleeding were 0.57, 1.07, 0.63 and 1.04 events/100 patient-years, respectively. In ROCKET-AF, these numbers were 1.7, 3.91, 1.53 and 3.6 events/100 patient-years, respectively. In the Spanish studies, rates of stroke and major bleeding were 0-1.8 and 0.22-4.2 events/100 patient-years, respectively. In XANTUS, rates of stroke, major adverse cardiovascular events and major bleeding were 0.7, 1.8 and 2.1 events/100 patient-years, respectively. Conclusion: Despite the fact that rivaroxaban is prescribed for elderly patients with a high thromboembolic risk, rates of outcomes remain low.

Long-term outcomes of percutaneous tricuspid annuloplasty with Cardioband device.

AIMS: Severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) has adverse effects on outcomes, with limited therapeutic options. We report the outcomes of patients undergoing percutaneous annuloplasty as a treatment of ≥severe functional TR in a single centre. METHODS AND RESULTS: Prospective, single-arm, single-centre study that enrolled 24 consecutive patients with at least severe functional TR undergoing percutaneous annuloplasty with Cardioband system between 2019 and 2021. Clinical and echocardiographic data were prospectively collected, with a mean follow-up of 279 ± 246 days. At baseline, 66.6% were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Classes III and IV and 100% had significant oedema. Technical success was 91.6%. At the end of follow-up, there was one death. Echocardiography showed a significant reduction in septolateral annular diameter of 10.4 mm (P < 0.001) that remained stable at the end of follow-up. The severity of the TR was also reduced. About 81.8% of patients were in NYHA Classes I and II. The number of patients with significant oedema decreased to 46% (P = 0.01). Six-minute walk distance improved by 68.8 m (P = 0.12). CONCLUSION: Percutaneous annuloplasty with Cardioband system is an effective and safe treatment for patients with symptomatic, ≥severe functional TR. Annular reduction and TR severity reduction remained significant and sustained for 1 year. Patients experienced improvements in quality of life and exercise capacity.

Case report: From monkeypox pharyngitis to myopericarditis and atypical skin lesions.

Background: A global outbreak of the human monkeypox virus (HMPXV), first identified in May 2022, was declared a health emergency of international concern on 23 July 2022. Before the global outbreak, monkeypox cases were mostly confined to central and west African countries, where this virus is prevalent. Close contact, mainly sexual contact, is supposed to be the main route of transmission, and it is remarkable that the incidence is higher in men who have sexual relationships with other men. Case summary: A 40-year-old Caucasian man arrived at the emergency department complaining of oppressive epigastric pain extending to the chest after a diagnosis of pharyngitis, which was suspected to be caused by the human monkeypox virus. Based on the clinical symptoms, physical examination, serum cardiac biomarkers, and electrocardiographic findings, he was diagnosed with myopericarditis. The real-time PCR for human monkeypox in skin lesions, urine, plasma, and the oropharyngeal swab was positive. The peak of troponin I was 20.6 ng/ml, and the electrocardiogram showed an upward concavity in the ST segment in diffuse leads, which was in agreement with the previous diagnosis. The presence of edema, subepicardial, and myocardial late gadolinium enhancement, and increased values on T1 mapping in the cardiac MRI were in agreement with the diagnosis of myopericarditis. Antiviral treatment with tecovirimat was started with excellent tolerability. After 6 days, the patient recovered and was discharged. Discussion: To our knowledge, this is one of the first reported cases of myopericarditis due to human monkeypox infection, which was confirmed by a cardiac MRI following modified Lake Louise criteria. The short span between the onset of the mucocutaneous symptoms and the myocardial damage suggests a pathogenic association. Furthermore, the active viral replication in plasma samples and the negative results on real-time PCR for other viruses support this clinical association.

Thromboembolic and bleeding events with rivaroxaban in clinical practice in Spain: impact of inappropriate doses (the EMIR study).

Aim: To analyze the frequency and variables related to inappropriate rivaroxaban dosage in clinical practice and its impact on outcomes after 2 years. Materials & methods: Postauthorization, observational, multicenter study, in which atrial fibrillation patients, treated with rivaroxaban ≥6 months were included. Results: A total of 1421 patients (74.2 ± 9.7 years, CHA2DS2-VASc 3.5 ± 1.6) were included. Overall, 22.9% received rivaroxaban 15 mg. The proper dose of rivaroxaban was taken by 83.3% (9.7% underdosed, 7.0% overdosed). Older age and renal insufficiency were associated with inadequate rivaroxaban dosage. There was a trend toward higher all-cause mortality among underdosed patients (adjusted hazard ratio 1.39; 95% CI 0.75-2.58), and more bleedings in overdosed patients (2.29 vs 0.80 events/100 patient-years; p = 0.14). Conclusion: In clinical practice, rivaroxaban is properly dosed in most patients.