Risk of healthcare visits from influenza in subjects with diabetes and impacts of early vaccination.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to determine the burden of influenza disease in patients with or without diabetes in a population of American adults to understand the benefits of seasonal vaccination. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study using electronic medical records totaling 1,117,263 from two Louisiana healthcare providers spanning January 2012 through December 2017. Adults 18 years or older with two or more records within the study period were included. The primary outcome quantified was influenza-related diagnosis during inpatient (IP) or emergency room (ER) visits and risk reduction with the timing of immunization. RESULTS: Influenza-related IP or ER visits totaled 0.0122-0.0169 events per person within the 2013-2016 influenza seasons. Subjects with diabetes had a 5.6-fold more frequent influenza diagnosis for IP or ER visits than in subjects without diabetes or 3.7-fold more frequent when adjusted for demographics. Early immunization reduced the risk of influenza healthcare utilization by 66% for subjects with diabetes or 67% for subjects without diabetes when compared with later vaccination for the 2013-2016 influenza seasons. Older age and female sex were associated with a higher incidence of influenza, but not a significant change in risk reduction from vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: The risk for influenza-related healthcare utilization was 3.7-fold higher if patients had diabetes during 2013-2016 influenza seasons. Early immunization provides a significant benefit to adults irrespective of a diabetes diagnosis. All adults, but particularly patients with diabetes, should be encouraged to get the influenza vaccine at the start of the influenza season.

Sex differences in circulating metabolites across glycemic status and risk of coronary heart disease.

Background: Women with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have a 50% excess risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) than men with T2D. We compared circulating metabolites and their associations with CHD in men and women across glycemic status. Methods: We used metabolomic data (lipoproteins, fatty acids, amino acids, glycolysis, ketones, inflammation, and fluid balance) for 87,326 CHD-free UK Biobank participants. We used linear regressions to examine the association of sex and metabolites (log) in newly diagnosed T2D (diagnosis<2 yrs from baseline), prediabetes (A1c 5.7-6.5%), and euglycemia, accounting for age, race, Deprivation Index, income, smoking, alcohol drinking, obesity, physical activity, medications for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. We used Cox models to evaluate the association of metabolites and CHD risk by sex, adjusting the same covariates and menopausal status (women). All analyses were FDR-adjusted. Findings: We included 1250 individuals with new T2D, 12,706 with prediabetes, and 83,315 with euglycemia. In adjusted linear regressions, women showed a progressive increase in atherogenic lipid and lipoprotein markers and inflammatory marker, glycoprotein acetyls, compared to men as their glycemic status advanced. However, women had lower levels of albumin during this transition. Menopausal status did not alter these sex differences. In a 10-year follow-up, an SD higher total TG, TG in VLDL, LDL, and HDL, saturated fatty acids (SFA) were positively associated with a higher risk of CHD in women with T2D but not in men (p-interactions 0.03-0.15). Interpretation: With advancing glycemic status, women exhibited higher levels of atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins, as well as inflammatory markers, but lower circulating albumin. Women with T2D appear to be at a higher risk of CHD associated with TG, VLDL-TG, LDL-TG, and HDL-TG, and SFA than men with T2D.

Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Risk for Suicidal Ideation and Behaviors in U.S. Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes : A Target Trial Emulation Study.

BACKGROUND: A major concern has recently emerged about a potential link between glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and increased risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors based on International Classification of Diseases codes. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between GLP-1 RAs, compared with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4is), and risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors in older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). DESIGN: Two target trial emulation studies comparing propensity score (PS)-matched cohorts for GLP-1 RAs versus SGLT2is and GLP-1 RAs versus DPP4is. SETTING: U.S. national Medicare administrative data from January 2017 to December 2020. PATIENTS: Older adults (≥66 years) with T2D; no record of suicidal ideation or behaviors; and a first prescription for a GLP-1 RA, SGLT2i, or DPP4i. MEASUREMENTS: The primary end point was a composite of suicidal ideation and behaviors. New GLP-1 RA users were matched 1:1 on PS to new users of an SGLT2i or DPP4i in each pairwise comparison. A Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CIs within matched groups. RESULTS: This study included 21 807 pairs of patients treated with a GLP-1 RA versus an SGLT2i and 21 402 pairs of patients treated with a GLP-1 RA versus a DPP4i. The HR of suicidal ideation and behaviors associated with GLP-1 RAs relative to SGLT2is was 1.07 (95% CI, 0.80 to 1.45; rate difference, 0.16 [CI, -0.53 to 0.86] per 1000 person-years); the HR relative to DPP4is was 0.94 (CI, 0.71 to 1.24; rate difference, -0.18 [CI, -0.92 to 0.57] per 1000 person-years). LIMITATIONS: Low event rate; imprecise estimates; unmeasured confounders, such as body mass index; and potential misclassification of outcomes. CONCLUSION: Among Medicare beneficiaries with T2D, this study found no clear increased risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors with GLP-1 RAs, although estimates were imprecise and a modest adverse risk could not be ruled out. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: American Foundation for Pharmaceutical Education, Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America Foundation, National Institute on Aging, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

Renal function as an effect modifier of intensive glucose control in delaying cognitive function decline among individuals with type 2 diabetes: A revisit to the ACCORD MIND trial.

AIM: Dysglycaemia accelerates cognitive decline. Intensive glucose control may help delay or prevent cognitive function decline (CFD). We aimed to determine how patient characteristics influence the effect of intensive glucose control [glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) <6.0%] on delaying CFD in people with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In this post-hoc analysis of 2977 type 2 diabetes participants from the ACCORD MIND trial, we applied the causal forest and causal tree algorithms to identify the effect modifier of intensive glucose control in delaying CFD from 68 variables (demographics, disease history, medications, vitals and baseline biomarkers). The exposure was intensive versus standard glucose control (HbA1c <6.0% vs. 7.0%-7.9%). The main outcome was cognitive function changes from baseline to the 40th month follow-up, which were evaluated using the digit symbol substitution test, Rey auditory verbal learning test, mini-mental state examination and Stroop test. We used Cohen's d, a measure of standardized difference, to quantify the effect size of intensive glucose control on delaying CFD. RESULTS: Among all the baseline characteristics, renal function was the most significant effect modifier. Participants with urinary albumin levels <0.4 mg/dl [absolute function change (AFC): 0.51 in mini-mental state examination, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.04, 0.98, Cohen's d: 0.25] had slower CFD with intensive glucose control. Patients with preserved renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate between 60 and 90 ml/min/1.73 m2) were associated with small benefits (AFC: 1.28 in Stroop, 95% CI: 0.28, 2.27, Cohen's d: 0.12) when undergoing intensive glucose control. Conversely, participants with an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (AFC: -0.57 in the Rey auditory verbal learning test, 95% CI: -1.09, -0.05, Cohen's d: -0.30) exhibited faster CFD when undergoing intensive glucose control. Participants who were <60 years old showed a significant benefit from intensive glucose control in delaying CFD (AFC: 1.08 in the digit symbol substitution test, 95% CI: 0.06, 2.10, Cohen's d: 0.13). All p < .05. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings linked renal function with the benefits of intensive glucose control in delaying CFD, informing personalized HbA1c goals for those with diabetes and at risk of CFD.

Study protocol for a prospective, multicentre study of hypercortisolism in patients with difficult-to-control type 2 diabetes (CATALYST): prevalence and treatment with mifepristone.

INTRODUCTION: Even with recent treatment advances, type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains poorly controlled for many patients, despite the best efforts to adhere to therapies and lifestyle modifications. Although estimates vary, studies indicate that in >10% of individuals with difficult-to-control T2D, hypercortisolism may be an underlying contributing cause. To better understand the prevalence of hypercortisolism and the impact of its treatment on T2D and associated comorbidities, we describe the two-part Hyper c ortisolism in P at ients with Difficult to Control Type 2 Di a betes Despite Receiving Standard-of-Care Therapies: Preva l ence and Treatment with Korl y m® (Mifepri st one) (CATALYST) trial. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: In part 1, approximately 1000 participants with difficult-to-control T2D (haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 7.5%-11.5% despite multiple therapies) are screened with a 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST). Those with post-DST cortisol >1.8 µg/dL and dexamethasone level ≥140 ng/dL are identified to have hypercortisolism (part 1 primary endpoint), have morning adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) measured and undergo a non-contrast adrenal CT scan. Those requiring evaluation for elevated ACTH are referred for care outside the study; those with ACTH and DHEAS in the range may advance to part 2, a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the impact of treating hypercortisolism with the competitive glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone (Korlym®). Participants are randomised 2:1 to mifepristone or placebo for 24 weeks, stratified by the presence/absence of an abnormal adrenal CT scan. Mifepristone is dosed at 300 mg once daily for 4 weeks, then 600 mg daily based on tolerability and clinical improvement, with an option to increase to 900 mg. The primary endpoint of part 2 assesses changes in HbA1c in participants with hypercortisolism with or without abnormal adrenal CT scan. Secondary endpoints include changes in antidiabetes medications, cortisol-related comorbidities and quality of life. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study has been approved by Cleveland Clinic IRB (Cleveland, Ohio, USA) and Advarra IRB (Columbia, Maryland, USA). Findings will be presented at scientific meetings and published in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05772169.

DCRM 2.0: Multispecialty practice recommendations for the management of diabetes, cardiorenal, and metabolic diseases.

The spectrum of cardiorenal and metabolic diseases comprises many disorders, including obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), chronic kidney disease (CKD), atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), heart failure (HF), dyslipidemias, hypertension, and associated comorbidities such as pulmonary diseases and metabolism dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and metabolism dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASLD and MASH, respectively, formerly known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis [NAFLD and NASH]). Because cardiorenal and metabolic diseases share pathophysiologic pathways, two or more are often present in the same individual. Findings from recent outcome trials have demonstrated benefits of various treatments across a range of conditions, suggesting a need for practice recommendations that will guide clinicians to better manage complex conditions involving diabetes, cardiorenal, and/or metabolic (DCRM) diseases. To meet this need, we formed an international volunteer task force comprising leading cardiologists, nephrologists, endocrinologists, and primary care physicians to develop the DCRM 2.0 Practice Recommendations, an updated and expanded revision of a previously published multispecialty consensus on the comprehensive management of persons living with DCRM. The recommendations are presented as 22 separate graphics covering the essentials of management to improve general health, control cardiorenal risk factors, and manage cardiorenal and metabolic comorbidities, leading to improved patient outcomes.

Cluster of differentiation molecules in the metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a significant public health concern due to its association with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and other serious health conditions. Despite extensive research, the underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to MetS pathogenesis remain elusive. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms linking MetS and cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, which play critical roles in immune regulation and cellular signaling. Through an extensive literature review with a systematic approach, we examine the involvement of various CD markers in MetS development and progression, including their roles in adipose tissue inflammation, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Additionally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting CD markers for the management of MetS. By synthesizing current evidence, this review contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between immune dysregulation and metabolic dysfunction in MetS, paving the way for the development of novel therapeutic interventions.

Cumulative effect of metabolic risk factors on left ventricular geometry in those with versus without early-onset type 2 diabetes or prediabetes: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study.

AIM: To investigate metabolic risk factors (RFs) that accumulated over 20 years related to left ventricular mass index (LVMI), relative wall thickness (RWT) and LV remodelling patterns in participants with versus without early-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) or prediabetes (pre-D). METHODS: A total of 287 early-onset T2D/pre-D individuals versus 565 sociodemographic-matched euglycaemic individuals were selected from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, years 0-25. We used the area under the growth curve (AUC) derived from quadratic random-effects models of four or more repeated measures of RFs (fasting glucose [FG], insulin, triglycerides [TG], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), total cholesterol (total-c), blood pressure and body mass index) to estimate the cumulative burden, and their associations with LV outcomes. RESULTS: One standard deviation greater AUC of log (TG) (per 0.48) and HDL-c (per 13.5 mg/dL) were associated with RWT (ß 0.21 and -0.2) in the early-onset T2D/pre-D group, but not in the euglycaemia group (ß 0.01 and 0.05, P interactions .02 and .03). In both the early-onset T2D/pre-D and euglycaemia groups, greater AUCs of log (FG) (per 0.17) and log (insulin) (per 0.43) were associated with higher RWT (ß ranges 0.12-0.24). Greater AUCs of systolic blood pressure (per 10 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (per 7.3 mmHg) were associated with higher RWT and LVMI, irrespective of glycaemic status (ß ranges 0.17-0.28). Cumulative TG (odds ratio 3.4, 95% confidence interval: 1.8-6.3), HDL-c (0.23, 0.09-0.59), total-c (1.9, 1.1-3.1) and FG (2.2, 1.25-3.9) were statistically associated with concentric hypertrophy in the T2D/pre-D group only. CONCLUSIONS: Sustained hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia are associated with RWT, and those individuals with early T2D/pre-D are potentially at greater risk because of their higher levels of glucose and insulin. Dyslipidaemia was associated with LV structural abnormalities in those individuals with early-onset T2D/pre-D.

Real-world evidence of survival benefit of remdesivir: study of 419 propensity score-matched patients hospitalized over the alpha and delta waves of COVID-19 in New Orleans, LA.

Background: The direct acting antiviral remdesivir (RDV) has shown promising results in randomized clinical trials. This study is a unique report of real clinical practice RDV administration for COVID-19 from alpha through delta variant circulation in New Orleans, Louisiana (NOLA). Patients in NOLA have among US worst pre-COVID health outcomes, and the region was an early epicenter for severe COVID. Methods: Data were directly extracted from electronic medical records through REACHnet. Of 9,106 adults with COVID, 1,928 were admitted to inpatient care within 7 days of diagnosis. The propensity score is based upon 22 selected covariates, related to both RDV assignment and outcome of interest. RDV and non-RDV patients were matched 1:1 with replacement, by location and calendar period of admission. Primary and secondary endpoints were, death from any cause and inpatient discharge, within 28 and 14 days after inpatient admission. Results: Of 448 patients treated with RDV, 419 (94%) were successfully matched to a non-RDV patient. 145 (35%) patients received RDV for < 5 days, 235 (56%) for 5 days, and 39 (9%) for > 5 days. 96% of those on RDV received it within 2 days of admission. RDV was more frequently prescribed in patients with pneumonia (standardized difference: 0.75), respiratory failure, hypoxemia, or dependence on supplemental oxygen (0.69), and obesity (0.35) within 5 days prior to RDV initiation or corresponding day in non-RDV patients (index day). RDV patients were numerically more likely to be on steroids within 5 days prior to index day (86 vs. 82%) and within 7 days after inpatient admission (96 vs. 87%). RDV was significantly associated with lower risk of death within 14 days after admission (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.19 to 0.69, p = 0.002) but not within 28 days (HR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.36 to 1.07, p = 0.08). Discharge within 14 days of admission was significantly more likely for RDV patients (p < 0.001) and numerically more likely within 28 days after admission (p = 0.06). Conclusion: Overall, our findings support recommendation of RDV administration for COVID-19 in a highly comorbid, highly impoverished population representative of both Black and White subjects in the US Gulf South.

An exploratory analysis of the cost-effectiveness of insulin glargine 300 units/mL versus insulin glargine 100 units/mL over a lifetime horizon using the BRAVO diabetes model.

BACKGROUND: This analysis assessed the cost-effectiveness of insulin glargine 300 units/mL (Gla-300) versus insulin glargine 100 units/mL (Gla-100) in insulin-naïve adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) inadequately controlled with oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs). METHODS: Costs and outcomes for Gla-300 versus Gla-100 from a US healthcare payer perspective were assessed using the BRAVO diabetes model. Baseline clinical data were derived from EDITION-3, a 12-month randomized controlled trial comparing Gla-300 with Gla-100 in insulin-naïve adults with inadequately controlled T2D on OADs. Treatment costs were calculated based on doses observed in EDITION-3 and 2020 US net prices, while costs for complications were based on published literature. Lifetime costs ($US) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were predicted and used to calculate incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) estimates; extensive scenario and sensitivity analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Lifetime medical costs were estimated to be $353,441 and $352,858 for individuals receiving Gla-300 and Gla-100 respectively; insulin costs were $52,613 and $50,818. Gla-300 was associated with a gain of 8.97 QALYs and 21.12 life-years, while Gla-100 was associated with a gain of 8.89 QALYs and 21.07 life-years. This resulted in an ICER of $7522/QALY gained for Gla-300 versus Gla-100. Thus, Gla-300 was cost-effective versus Gla-100 based on a willingness-to-pay threshold of $50,000/QALY. Compared with Gla-100, Gla-300 provided a net monetary benefit of $3290. Scenario and sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the base case. CONCLUSION: Gla-300 may be a cost-effective treatment option versus Gla-100 over a lifetime horizon for insulin-naïve people in the United States with T2D inadequately controlled on OADs.

Degree of joint risk factor control and hazard of mortality in diabetes patients: a matched cohort study in UK Biobank.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes patients are at higher risk for mortality than the general population; however, little is known about whether the excess mortality risk associated with diabetes could be mitigated or nullified via controlling for risk factors. METHODS: We included 18,535 diabetes patients and 91,745 matched individuals without diabetes without baseline cancer or cardiovascular disease (CVD), followed up from 2006 to 2021. The main exposure was the number of optimized risk factors including glycated hemoglobin < 53 mmol/mole, systolic blood pressure < 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg, no albuminuria, non-current smoking and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) < 2.5 mmol/L. We used Cox proportional hazards models to explore the association of the degree of risk factor control with all-cause mortality, cancer mortality, CVD mortality and other mortality. RESULTS: Each additional risk factor control was associated with a 16, 10, 21 and 15% lower risk of all-cause mortality, cancer mortality, CVD mortality and other mortality, respectively. Optimal risk factors control (controlling 5 risk factors) was associated with a 50% (HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.41-0.62), 74% (HR 0.26, 95% CI 0.16-0.43) and 38% (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.44-0.87) lower risk of all-cause mortality, CVD mortality and other mortality, respectively. Diabetes patients with 4, 3 and 5 or more controlled risk factors, respectively, showed no excess risk of all-cause mortality, cancer mortality and CVD mortality compared to matched non-diabetes patients. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study indicate that optimal risk factor control may eliminate diabetes-related excess risk of all-cause mortality, CVD mortality and other mortality.

Some patients with type 2 diabetes may benefit from intensive glycaemic and blood pressure control: A post-hoc machine learning analysis of ACCORD trial data.

AIM: The action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes (ACCORD) trial showed a neutral average treatment effect of intensive blood glucose and blood pressure (BP) controls in preventing major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Yet, treatment effects across patient subgroups have not been well understood. We aimed to identify patient subgroups that might benefit from intensive glucose or BP controls for preventing MACE. MATERIALS AND METHODS: As a post-hoc analysis of the ACCORD trial, we included 10 251 individuals with type 2 diabetes. We applied causal forest and causal tree models to identify participant characteristics that modify the efficacy of intensive glucose or BP controls from 68 candidate variables (demographics, comorbidities, medications and biomarkers) at the baseline. The exposure was (a) intensive versus standard glucose control [glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) <6.0% vs. 7.0%-7.9%], and (b) intensive versus standard BP control (systolic BP <120 vs. <140 mmHg). The primary outcome was MACE. RESULTS: Compared with standard glucose control, intensive one reduced MACE in those with baseline HbA1c <8.5% [relative risk (RR): 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.67-0.93] and those with estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥106 ml/min/1.73 m2 (RR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.55-0.99). Intensive BP control reduced MACE in those with normal high-density lipoprotein levels (women >55 mg/dl, men >45 mg/dl; RR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.34-0.74). Risk reductions were not significant in other patient subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest heterogeneous treatment effects of intensive glucose and BP control and could provide biomarkers for future clinical trials to identify more precise HbA1c and BP treatment goals for individualized medicine.

Effects of Non-Face-to-Face Chronic Care Management on Service Utilization and Outcomes Among US Medicare Beneficiaries with Diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) results in heavy economic and disease burdens in Louisiana. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services has reimbursed non-face-to-face chronic care management (NFFCCM) for patients with two or more chronic conditions since 2015. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impacts of NFFCCM on healthcare utilization and health outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This retrospective cohort study included Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries with T2DM and at least one additional chronic disease between 2014 and 2018. EXPOSURES: At least one record of NFFCCM Current Procedural Terminology codes. MAIN MEASURES: The health outcomes in the study included major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), all-cause mortality, and heart failure. The monthly service utilization and continuity of care index for primary care were also included. The propensity score method was used to balance the baseline differences between the two groups. Weighted multivariate regression models were developed using propensity score weights to assess the impacts of NFFCCM on outcomes. KEY RESULTS: During the 5 years of study period, 8415 patients among the 118,643 Medicare beneficiaries received at least one NFFCCM. Patients receiving any NFFCCM had reduced healthcare utilization compared with patients not receiving NFFCCM, including 0.012 (95% CI - 0.014 to - 0.011; p < 0.001) fewer monthly hospital admissions, 0.017 (95% CI - 0.019 to - 0.016; p < 0.001) fewer monthly ED visits, and 0.399 (95% CI 0.375 to 0.423; p < 0.001) more monthly outpatient encounters. Patients receiving NFFCCM services had lower MACE event rates of 7.4% (95% CI 7.1 to 7.8%; p < 0.001), all-cause mortality rate of 7.8% (95% CI 7.4 to 8.1%; p < 0.001), and heart failure rate of 0.3% (95% CI 0.2 to 0.5%; p < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These findings suggest that reimbursement for NFFCCM was associated with the shifting high-cost utilization to lower-cost primary health care settings among patients with diabetes in Louisiana.

Risk factor control and incident cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes: Sex-specific relations.

AIM: Women with diabetes are at higher risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) than men with diabetes; however, the sex difference in the association between the degree of risk factor control and the risk of CVD in patients with diabetes is unclear. METHODS: In total, 17 260 participants diagnosed with diabetes from the UK Biobank were included and matched with 86 300 non-diabetes controls based on age, sex and assessment centre. The main exposure was the number of risk factors within the target range, including glycated haemoglobin level <53 mol/mol (7%), blood pressure <140/90 mm/Hg, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <100 mg/dl, non-current smoking and absence of microalbuminuria. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 13.3 years, a total of 3338 incident CVD cases, including 2807 ischaemic heart disease and 793 strokes, were documented. A more stringent control of risk factors was significantly associated with a lower risk of incident CVD, and such an association was significantly stronger in women than men. Compared with non-diabetes participants, the diabetes-related risk of CVD appeared to be eliminated if more than three risk factors were well controlled among women and men with diabetes. Moreover, clinical biomarkers (e.g. glycated haemoglobin and blood pressure) showed greater relative importance than other factors in women, whereas socio-economic and psychological factors (e.g. education and depression) exhibited similar relative importance to clinical biomarkers in men with diabetes. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlighted the importance of raising awareness of sex differences in the management of CVD risk factors among patients with diabetes.

5-Year simulation of diabetes-related complications in people treated with tirzepatide or semaglutide versus insulin glargine.

AIM: This study compared the 5-year incidence rate of macrovascular and microvascular complications for tirzepatide, semaglutide and insulin glargine in individuals with type 2 diabetes, using the Building, Relating, Assessing, and Validating Outcomes (BRAVO) diabetes simulation model. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This study was a 5-year SURPASS-2 trial extrapolation, with an insulin glargine arm added as an additional comparator. The 1-year treatment effects of tirzepatide (5, 10 or 15 mg), semaglutide (1 mg) and insulin glargine on glycated haemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein and body weights were obtained from the SUSTAIN-4 and SURPASS-2 trials. We used the BRAVO model to predict 5-year complications for each study arm under two scenarios: the 1-year treatment effects persisted (optimistic) or diminished to none in 5 years (conservative). RESULTS: When compared with insulin glargine, we projected a 5-year risk reduction in cardiovascular adverse events [rate ratio (RR) 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61-0.67] and microvascular composite (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.64-0.70) with 15 mg tirzepatide, and 5-year risk reduction in cardiovascular adverse events (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.72-0.79) and microvascular composite (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.76-0.82) with semaglutide (1 mg) under an optimistic scenario. Lower doses of tirzepatide also had similar, albeit smaller benefits. Treatment effects for tirzepatide and semaglutide were smaller but still significantly higher than insulin glargine under a conservative scenario. The 5-year risk reduction in diabetes-related complication events and mortality for the 15 mg tirzepatide compared with insulin glargine ranged from 49% to 10% under an optimistic scenario, which was reduced by 17%-33% when a conservative scenario was assumed. CONCLUSION: With the use of the BRAVO diabetes model, tirzepatide and semaglutide exhibited potential to reduce the risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications among individuals with type 2 diabetes, compared with insulin glargine in a 5-year window. Based on the current modelling assumptions, tirzepatide (15 mg) may potentially outperform semaglutide (1 mg). While the BRAVO model offered insights, the long-term cardiovascular benefit of tirzepatide should be further validated in a prospective clinical trial.

Acute severe hypoglycemia alters mouse brain microvascular proteome.

Hypoglycemia increases the risk related to stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. For the first time, we studied the effect of a single episode (acute) of severe (ASH) and mild (AMH) hypoglycemia on mouse brain microvascular proteome. After four-hour fasting, insulin was administered (i.p) to lower mean blood glucose in mice and induce ∼30 minutes of ASH (∼30 mg/dL) or AMH (∼75 mg/dL), whereas a similar volume of saline was given to control mice (∼130 mg/dL). Blood glucose was allowed to recover over 60 minutes either spontaneously or by 20% dextrose administration (i.p). Twenty-four hours later, the brain microvessels (BMVs) were isolated, and tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). When compared to control, ASH significantly downregulated 13 proteins (p ≤ 0.05) whereas 23 proteins showed a strong trend toward decrease (p ≤ 0.10). When compared to AMH, ASH significantly induced the expression of 35 proteins with 13 proteins showing an increasing trend. AMH downregulated only 3 proteins. ASH-induced downregulated proteins are involved in actin cytoskeleton maintenance needed for cell shape and migration which are critical for blood-brain barrier maintenance and angiogenesis. In contrast, ASH-induced upregulated proteins are RNA-binding proteins involved in RNA splicing, transport, and stability. Thus, ASH alters BMV proteomics to impair cytoskeletal integrity and RNA processing which are critical for cerebrovascular function.

Outcomes With Finerenone in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes by Baseline Insulin Resistance.

OBJECTIVE: To explore whether insulin resistance, assessed by estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR), is associated with cardiorenal risk and whether it modifies finerenone efficacy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In FIDELITY (N = 13,026), patients with type 2 diabetes, either 1) urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) of ≥30 to <300 mg/g and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of ≥25 to ≤90 mL/min/1.73 m2 or 2) UACR of ≥300 to ≤5,000 mg/g and eGFR of ≥25 mL/min/1.73 m2, who also received optimized renin-angiotensin system blockade, were randomized to finerenone or placebo. Outcomes included cardiovascular (cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure) and kidney (kidney failure, sustained decrease of ≥57% in eGFR from baseline, or renal death) composites. eGDR was calculated using waist circumference, hypertension status, and glycated hemoglobin for 12,964 patients. RESULTS: Median eGDR was 4.1 mg/kg/min. eGDR

Ethnic disparities of vascular complications in pre-diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes, and newly diagnosed diabetes.

In the U.S., ethnic minorities with pre-diabetes, undiagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D), and newly diagnosed T2D had a higher prevalence of microvascular complications than non-Hispanic Whites and exhibited distinct risk factors, whereas Whites had a higher rate of cardiovascular disease.

Vasoactive mediators of hypertension in obesity.

Obesity is associated with hypertension. However, the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between obesity and vasoactive mediators. In this cross-sectional study, blood pressure (BP) and vasoactive mediators of hypertension are compared among 135 adults in the nonobese, obese, and morbidly obese body mass index (BMI) ranges (BMI ≤27, 30-40, and >40 kg/m2, respectively). Angiotensinogen, angiotensin II, renin, aldosterone, endothelin-1 (ET-1), neprilysin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels were measured and their relationship to BP, BMI, race, and gender were investigated. Systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DSP) were significantly higher in subjects with obesity and morbid obesity compared with nonobese. Angiotensin II, ET-1, and neprilysin were significantly higher in subjects with morbid obesity while BNP was lower. Levels of angiotensinogen, renin, aldosterone, ANP, cGMP, and cAMP did not differ between the groups. BMI was positively related to SBP, DBP, angiotensin II, ET-1, and neprilysin, and inversely related to cGMP and BNP. Age, male gender, and African-American race were associated with higher SBP. SBP was positively related to angiotensin II and ET-1 and inversely related to aldosterone, renin, and cGMP. On multivariate analyses, age, BMI, gender, and race were the main determinants of SBP, and excluding these variables, angiotensin II, aldosterone, renin, and ET-1 accounted for 21.1% ability to predict SBP. Obesity, especially morbid obesity, is associated with higher BP, higher angiotensin II and ET-1 (vasoconstrictors), and lower levels BNP and cGMP (vasodilators). SBP variability can be partly explained by angiotensin II, aldosterone, renin, and ET-1.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our data show that obesity, especially morbid obesity, is associated with higher blood pressure levels and increases angiotensin II and endotherlin-1 (ET-1) (vasoconstrictors) and lower levels BNP and cGMP (vasodilators) and that systolic blood pressure variability can be partly explained by levels of angiotensin II, aldosterone, renin, and ET-1. The effect of these mediators on blood pressure is in addition to the effects of other known factors related to age, male gender, and AA race.