Residual recovery and yield performance of nitrogen fertilizer applied at sugarcane planting

ABSTRACTThe low effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizer (N) is a substantial concern that threatens global sugarcane production. The aim of the research reported in this paper was to assess the residual effect of N-fertilizer applied at sugarcane planting over four crop seasons in relation to sugarcane crop yield. Toward this end three field experiments were established in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, during February of 2005 and July of 2009, in a randomized block design with four treatments: 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha1 of N applied as urea during sugarcane planting. Within each plot, a microplot was established to which 15N-labeled urea was applied. The application of N at planting increased plant cane yield in two of the three sites and sucrose content at the other, whereas the only residual effect was higher sucrose content in one of the following ratoons. The combined effect was an increase in sugar yield for three of the 11 crop seasons evaluated. Over the crop cycle of a plant cane and three ratoon crops, only 35 % of the applied N was recovered, split 75, 13, 7 and 5 % in the plant cane, first, second and third ratoons, respectively. These findings document the low efficiency of N recovery by sugarcane, which increases the risk that excessive N fertilization will reduce profitability and have an adverse effect on the environment.(AU)

Residual recovery and yield performance of nitrogen fertilizer applied at sugarcane planting

ABSTRACTThe low effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizer (N) is a substantial concern that threatens global sugarcane production. The aim of the research reported in this paper was to assess the residual effect of N-fertilizer applied at sugarcane planting over four crop seasons in relation to sugarcane crop yield. Toward this end three field experiments were established in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, during February of 2005 and July of 2009, in a randomized block design with four treatments: 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha1 of N applied as urea during sugarcane planting. Within each plot, a microplot was established to which 15N-labeled urea was applied. The application of N at planting increased plant cane yield in two of the three sites and sucrose content at the other, whereas the only residual effect was higher sucrose content in one of the following ratoons. The combined effect was an increase in sugar yield for three of the 11 crop seasons evaluated. Over the crop cycle of a plant cane and three ratoon crops, only 35 % of the applied N was recovered, split 75, 13, 7 and 5 % in the plant cane, first, second and third ratoons, respectively. These findings document the low efficiency of N recovery by sugarcane, which increases the risk that excessive N fertilization will reduce profitability and have an adverse effect on the environment.

Contribution of nitrogen from sugarcane harvest residues and urea for crop nutrition

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) harvested without burning provides a substantial amount of remains (trash) on soil profiles which can be decomposed and release nutrients contributing to reduce fertilizer needs. The contribution of nitrogen (N) from sugarcane plant residues and fertilizer in sugarcane nutrition was assessed. Plant cane treatments were micro plots of 15N-labeled urea, sugarcane trash and root system; the last two to simulate the previous crop residues incorporated into the soil after crop renewal. For ratoons, N-ammonium nitrate (N-AN) micro plots, 150 kg ha-1 of N-AN and control (0 kg ha-1) were set up to evaluate the contribution of trash in N supply and quantify the effects of N-fertilizer on N-trash mineralization. The N balances derived from each 15N source were calculated after four crops and resulted in: 15N-urea applied at planting, 31 % was recovered by plant cane, 12 % by the following ratoons, 20 % remained in the soil and 37 % was not found in the soil-system (NOC). For crop residues 15N-trash + roots 26 % was recovered by sugarcane, 51 % remained in soil, and 23 % was NOC. N-fertilizer applied to ratoons nearly doubled the amount of N from green harvest residues recovered by sugarcane; 17 vs. 31 %. Water balances and crop evapotranspiration were correlated with 15N-sources recoveries and cumulative N recovery presented a positive correlation with evapotranspiration (2005 to 2009). The 15N balances indicated that crop residues are supplementary sources of N for sugarcane and may contribute to reduce N fertilizer needs since trash is annually added to the soil.

Impact of sugarcane trash on fertilizer requirements for São Paulo, Brazil

The area under mechanized sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) harvesting is expanding in Brazil, increasing the return of trash to the soil. The main questions regarding this management are: (i) after adopting unburned mechanical harvesting, how long will it take to observe decreases in fertilizer requirements, (ii) what will be the magnitude of this decrease and, (iii) the impact in the short run of removing trash for energy purposes in the nutrient cycling? This study aimed to build an N prediction model for long term assessment of the contribution of sugarcane crop residues to sugarcane nutrition and to evaluate the cycling of other nutrients derived from crop residues. Keeping crop residues over the soil will increase soil N stock and N recovery by sugarcane, reaching equilibrium after 40 years with recovery of approximately 40 kg ha-1 year-1 of N. Removing trash for energy production will decrease the potential reduction in N fertilizer requirement. Of the total nutrients in the trash, 75 % of the K2O (81 kg ha-1 year-1) and 50 % of the N (31 kg ha-1 year-1) are in the tops, indicating the importance of maintaining tops in the soil to sustain soil fertility. Because the input data employed in the simulations are representative of the conditions in Southeast Brazil, these results might not be definitive for situations not represented in the experiments used in the study, but the model produced is useful to forecast changes that occur in the soil under different trash management.

Impact of sugarcane trash on fertilizer requirements for São Paulo, Brazil

The area under mechanized sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) harvesting is expanding in Brazil, increasing the return of trash to the soil. The main questions regarding this management are: (i) after adopting unburned mechanical harvesting, how long will it take to observe decreases in fertilizer requirements, (ii) what will be the magnitude of this decrease and, (iii) the impact in the short run of removing trash for energy purposes in the nutrient cycling? This study aimed to build an N prediction model for long term assessment of the contribution of sugarcane crop residues to sugarcane nutrition and to evaluate the cycling of other nutrients derived from crop residues. Keeping crop residues over the soil will increase soil N stock and N recovery by sugarcane, reaching equilibrium after 40 years with recovery of approximately 40 kg ha-1 year-1 of N. Removing trash for energy production will decrease the potential reduction in N fertilizer requirement. Of the total nutrients in the trash, 75 % of the K2O (81 kg ha-1 year-1) and 50 % of the N (31 kg ha-1 year-1) are in the tops, indicating the importance of maintaining tops in the soil to sustain soil fertility. Because the input data employed in the simulations are representative of the conditions in Southeast Brazil, these results might not be definitive for situations not represented in the experiments used in the study, but the model produced is useful to forecast changes that occur in the soil under different trash management.

Contribution of nitrogen from sugarcane harvest residues and urea for crop nutrition

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) harvested without burning provides a substantial amount of remains (trash) on soil profiles which can be decomposed and release nutrients contributing to reduce fertilizer needs. The contribution of nitrogen (N) from sugarcane plant residues and fertilizer in sugarcane nutrition was assessed. Plant cane treatments were micro plots of 15N-labeled urea, sugarcane trash and root system; the last two to simulate the previous crop residues incorporated into the soil after crop renewal. For ratoons, N-ammonium nitrate (N-AN) micro plots, 150 kg ha-1 of N-AN and control (0 kg ha-1) were set up to evaluate the contribution of trash in N supply and quantify the effects of N-fertilizer on N-trash mineralization. The N balances derived from each 15N source were calculated after four crops and resulted in: 15N-urea applied at planting, 31 % was recovered by plant cane, 12 % by the following ratoons, 20 % remained in the soil and 37 % was not found in the soil-system (NOC). For crop residues 15N-trash + roots 26 % was recovered by sugarcane, 51 % remained in soil, and 23 % was NOC. N-fertilizer applied to ratoons nearly doubled the amount of N from green harvest residues recovered by sugarcane; 17 vs. 31 %. Water balances and crop evapotranspiration were correlated with 15N-sources recoveries and cumulative N recovery presented a positive correlation with evapotranspiration (2005 to 2009). The 15N balances indicated that crop residues are supplementary sources of N for sugarcane and may contribute to reduce N fertilizer needs since trash is annually added to the soil.

Nodulação e produção de raízes do estilosantes Mineirão sob efeito de calagem, silicatagem e doses de fósforo / Nodulation and root production of stylosanthes Mineirão under the effect of lime, silicate and phosphorus

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o efeito do uso de dois corretivos de acidez do solo e de doses crescentes de fósforo, sobre a nodulação, produção de matéria seca, acúmulos e teores dos nutrientes nas raízes do estilosantes Mineirão (Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. cv. Mineirão). O experimento foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação com delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 5x2, constituído por cinco doses de P (50, 100, 200, 400 e 800 mg dm-3 de solo) e dois tipos de corretivo (calcário dolomítico e silicato de Ca e Mg). A produção de matéria seca de raízes, a nodulação e o acúmulo dos nutrientes P, N, Ca e Zn foram maiores quando a adubação esteve associada ao silicato. Entretanto, a aplicação de doses superiores a 257 mg dm-3 de P na presença de silicato, inibiu o desenvolvimento do sistema radicular do Mineirão, provavelmente por causa de uma interação negativa entre os nutrientes P e Zn, causada pela alta disponibilidade de P.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of two soil correctives and P rates on nodulation, dry matter production, accumulation and content of nutrients in the roots of Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. cv. Mineirão. The experiment was performed in a greenhouse. A randomized blocks design was used in a 5x2 factorial arrangement, with five P rates (50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg dm-3 soil) and two soil correctives (lime and silicate) with three replicates. The dry matter production of roots, nodulation and nutrient accumulation of P, N, Ca and Zn increased with the association between fertilizer and silicate. However, the application of P higher than 257 mg dm-3 in the presence of silicate, inhibit the development of the root system of Mineirão, probably due to a negative interaction between Zn and P nutrients, caused by the high availability of P.

Níveis de silicato de cálcio e magnésio na produção das gramídeas Marandu e Tanzânia cultivadas em um Neossolo Quartzarênico / Level of calcium and magnesium silicate in the yield of Marandu grass and Tanzania grass cultivated in one Quartzsandy Neosoil

O estudo foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação do Departamento de Ciência do Solo da Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras-MG, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da correção da acidez do solo, por meio da aplicação de níveis de silicato de Ca e Mg, na produção das gramíneas Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu e Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia-1 cultivadas em solo Neossolo Quartzarênico ortic. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5 com quatro repetições, sendo duas forrageiras e cinco níveis de saturação por bases (V por cento original, 40, 60, 80 e 100 por cento). Cada unidade experimental correspondeu a um vaso sem furos, com capacidade para 4,0 dm³ de solo, totalizando 40 vasos. Foram avaliadas as produções de MS por corte (PMS) e total (PTMS), a altura e o número de perfilhos. Não houve variação entre as gramíneas em altura de perfilhos. O Tanzânia foi superior ao Marandu em PMS e número de perfilhos. Houve aumento linear na PMS, PTMS e altura de perfilhos. Conclui-se que ambas as gramíneas responderam de forma positiva à elevação dos níveis de V por cento, em PMS, até 54,8 por cento. O Tanzânia produziu mais MS em relação ao Marandu.

This study was conducted in a greenhouse of the Soil Science Department at Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras-MG, with the purpose of evaluating the effect of the soil correction acidity, by the application of Ca and Mg silicate levels, in the production of grasses Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu and Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia-1 cultivated in Quartzsandy Neosoil ortic. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, in 2 x 5 factorial scheme with four replicates, being two forages and five levels of base saturation (BS percent); (original BS, 40, 60, 80 and 100 percent). Each experimental unit corresponded to a pot with a capacity of 4.0 dm³ of soil, totalizing 40 pots. The dry matter yield (DMY) for cut and total (TDMY), height and number of tillers were evaluated. There were no variations among the grasses in tiller height. Tanzania grass was superior to Marandu grass in DMY and tiller number. There were linear increases in DMY, TDMY and tiller height as the BS percent levels increased. It follows that both grasses responded positively to the rise of BS percent in DMY until 54.8 percent. Tanzania grass produced more DM in relation to Marandu grass.

Busca ativa de casos de tuberculose pulmonar em uma Unidade de Atendimento em Farmacodependência no Município de Säo Paulo (agosto de 1999 a agosto de 2000) / Case-finding of pulmonary tuberculosis in a drug treatment Unit in the City of Säo Paulo (August 1999/ August 2000)

Objetivo: avaliar a ocorrência de casos de tuberculose pulmonar em uma unidade de atendimento a farmacodependência no Município de Säo Paulo. Métodos: foi realizada uma busca ativa de casos de tuberculose pulmonar em uma amostra intencional de 160 pacientes alcoolistas e usuários de drogas do serviço. Para tanto, foi aplicado um questionário estruturado com dados de história clínico- epidemiológica e para registro dos exames bacteriológicos de escarro e radiologia do tórax realizados. Resultados: de um total de 57 sintomáticos respiratórios, 67 por cento realizaram exame bacteriológico de escarro e, entre eles, näo encontramos nenhum caso de tuberculose pulmonar bacilífera. Em nove pacientes alcoolistas com antecedente de tuberculose pulmonar, a radiografia de tórax mostrou infiltrados pulmonares apicais. Para complementar a pesquisa, foi feita uma abordagem buscando traçar o perfil desse serviço e de sua demanda. Conlusäo: diante das características desse serviço e da sua clientela, concluímos Ter havido um viés externo de seleçäo de pacientes, com os casos de tuberculose pulmonar bacilífera sendo diagnosticados e tratados em outros serviços de saúde, principalmente hospitais