Evaluation and comparison of nine growth and development-based measures of pubertal timing.

BACKGROUND: Pubertal timing is heritable, varies between individuals, and has implications for life-course health. There are many different indicators of pubertal timing, and how they relate to each other is unclear. Our aim was to quantitatively compare nine indicators of pubertal timing. METHODS: We used data from questionnaires and height, weight, and bone measurements from ages 7-17 y in a population-based cohort of 4267 females and 4251 males to compare nine growth and development-based indicators of pubertal timing. We summarise age of each indicator, their phenotypic and genetic correlations, and how they relate to established genetic risk score (GRS) for puberty timing, and phenotypic childhood body composition measures. RESULTS: We show that pubic hair in males (mean: 12.6 y) and breasts in females (11.5 y) are early indicators of puberty, and voice breaking (14.2 y) and menarche (12.7 y) are late indicators however, there is substantial variation between individuals in pubertal age. All indicators show evidence of positive phenotypic intercorrelations (e.g., r = 0.49: male genitalia and pubic hair ages), and positive genetic intercorrelations. An age at menarche GRS positively associates with all other pubertal age indicators (e.g., difference in female age at peak height velocity per SD higher GRS: 0.24 y, 95%CI: 0.21 to 0.26), as does an age at voice breaking GRS (e.g., difference in age at male axillary hair: 0.11 y, 0.07 to 0.15). Higher childhood fat mass and lean mass associated with earlier puberty timing. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide insights into the measurements of the timing of pubertal growth and development and illustrate value of various pubertal timing indicators in life-course research.

Age of puberty varies between individuals and can affect a person's future health. We obtained information from 8500 British children as they progressed through puberty. We compared nine measures of pubertal timing. We found that the appearance of pubic hair in boys and breasts in girls are early indicators of puberty, and that voice change and onset of menstruation are late indicators. However, there was also substantial variability between individuals in age of puberty. All puberty measures were correlated with each other and related to an individual's adult body mass index, as well as to their childhood muscle and fat mass. Our findings are useful information for health care workers and researchers who are interested in assessing and studying puberty.

Prevalence, incidence, mortality, and healthcare resource use for generalised pustular psoriasis, palmoplantar pustulosis, and plaque psoriasis in England: a population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Generalised pustular psoriasis (GPP) and palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) are chronic, inflammatory skin conditions. Accumulating evidence shows that GPP and PPP have different characteristics compared with plaque psoriasis and are distinct clinical entities. OBJECTIVES: To assess the epidemiology, comorbidities, mortality and healthcare use for patients with GPP and PPP compared with those with plaque psoriasis in England. METHODS: A cohort study involving analyses of longitudinal electronic health record data in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum database and linked hospital and mortality data between 2008 and 2019. The primary study outcome was the incidence and prevalence rates for GPP, PPP and plaque psoriasis in England. Secondary outcomes included survival rates and healthcare resource use (HCRU) by disease type. RESULTS: We identified 373 patients with GPP, 1,828 with PPP and 224,223 with plaque psoriasis. The mean age was 55.9 years (standard deviation [SD]: 18.6) for patients with GPP, 51.5 years (SD: 16.4) for those with PPP, and 48.5 years (SD: 19.1) for those with plaque psoriasis; 62.5% and 65.9% of patients with GPP and PPP, respectively, were women, compared with 49.4% of those with plaque psoriasis. About half of the patients were overweight or obese at baseline (GPP, 48.6%; PPP, 56.0%; and plaque psoriasis, 45.9%). The incidence rates for GPP, PPP and plaque psoriasis were 0.25 (95% CI: 0.21-0.28), 2.01 (95% CI: 1.92-2.11) and 103.2 (95% CI: 102.5-103.9) per 100,000 person-years, respectively. From 2008 to 2019, the prevalence rates per 100,000 persons ranged from 1.61 to 3.0 for GPP, 1.1 to 18.7 for PPP and 1771.0 to 1903.8 for plaque psoriasis. Survival rates were lower for patients with GPP, particularly those who were over 55 years old and those with a history of ≥1 comorbidity in each cohort. HCRU was lower in the plaque psoriasis cohort and highest in the GPP cohort, particularly among those who had ≥1 GPP flare. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide further evidence that GPP is a distinct disease with different epidemiology, lower survival and higher HCRU than plaque psoriasis in England.

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry derived knee shape may provide a useful imaging biomarker for predicting total knee replacement: Findings from a study of 37,843 people in UK Biobank.

Objective: We aimed to create an imaging biomarker for knee shape using knee dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans and investigate its potential association with subsequent total knee replacement (TKR), independently of radiographic features of knee osteoarthritis and established risk factors. Methods: Using a 129-point statistical shape model, knee shape (expressed as a B-score) and minimum joint space width (mJSW) of the medial joint compartment (binarized as above or below the first quartile) were derived. Osteophytes were manually graded in a subset of images and an overall score was assigned. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the associations of B-score, mJSW and osteophyte score with TKR risk, adjusting for age, sex, height and weight. Results: The analysis included 37,843 individuals (mean age 63.7 years). In adjusted models, B-score was associated with TKR: each unit increase in B-score, reflecting one standard deviation from the mean healthy shape, corresponded to a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.25 (2.08, 2.43), while a lower mJSW had a HR of 2.28 (1.88, 2.77). Among the 6719 images scored for osteophytes, mJSW was replaced by osteophyte score in the most strongly predictive model for TKR. In ROC analyses, a model combining B-score, osteophyte score, and demographics outperformed a model including demographics alone (AUC â€‹= â€‹0.87 vs 0.73). Conclusions: Using statistical shape modelling, we derived a DXA-based imaging biomarker for knee shape that was associated with kOA progression. When combined with osteophytes and demographic data, this biomarker may help identify individuals at high risk of TKR, facilitating targeted interventions.

Femoral neck width genetic risk score is a novel independent risk factor for hip fractures.

Femoral neck width (FNW) derived from DXA scans may provide a useful adjunct to hip fracture prediction. Therefore, we investigated whether FNW is related to hip fracture risk independently of femoral neck bone mineral density (FN-BMD), using a genetic approach. FNW was derived from points automatically placed on the proximal femur using hip DXA scans from 38 150 individuals (mean age 63.8 yr, 48.0% males) in UK Biobank (UKB). Genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 71 independent genome-wide significant FNW SNPs, comprising genes involved in cartilage differentiation, hedgehog, skeletal development, in contrast to SNPs identified by FN-BMD GWAS which primarily comprised runx1/Wnt signaling genes (MAGMA gene set analyses). FNW and FN-BMD SNPs were used to generate genetic instruments for multivariable Mendelian randomization. Greater genetically determined FNW increased risk of all hip fractures (odds ratio [OR] 1.53; 95% CI, 1.29-1.82 per SD increase) and femoral neck fractures (OR 1.58;1.30-1.92), but not trochanteric or forearm fractures. In contrast, greater genetically determined FN-BMD decreased fracture risk at all 4 sites. FNW and FN-BMD SNPs were also used to generate genetic risk scores (GRSs), which were examined in relation to incident hip fracture in UKB (excluding the FNW GWAS population; n = 338 742, 3222 cases) using a Cox proportional hazards model. FNW GRS was associated with increased risk of all incident hip fractures (HR 1.08;1.05-1.12) and femoral neck fractures (hazard ratio [HR] 1.10;1.06-1.15), but not trochanteric fractures, whereas FN-BMD GRS was associated with reduced risk of all hip fracture types. We conclude that the underlying biology regulating FNW and FN-BMD differs, and that DXA-derived FNW is causally related to hip fractures independently of FN-BMD, adding information beyond FN-BMD for hip fracture prediction. Hence, FNW derived from DXA analyses or a FNW GRS may contribute clinically useful information beyond FN-BMD for hip fracture prediction.

Femoral neck width (FNW) derived from DXA scans may provide useful information about hip fracture prediction, over and above that provided by BMD measurements. Therefore, we investigated whether FNW is related to hip fracture risk independently of BMD, using a genetic approach. FNW was derived from points automatically placed on the hip in DXA scans obtained from 38 150 individuals (mean age 63.8 yr, 48.0% males) in UK Biobank. Seventy-one distinct genetic factors were found to be associated with FNW. Individuals who were predicted by their genes to have greater FNW had a higher risk of hip but not forearm fractures. In contrast, those with greater genetically determined BMD of the femoral neck had a lower risk of both hip and forearm fractures. We conclude that the underlying biology regulating FNW and BMD of the femoral neck differs, and that FNW derived from DXA analyses may contribute clinically useful information beyond BMD for hip fracture prediction.

Causal relationships between anthropometric traits, bone mineral density, osteoarthritis and spinal stenosis: A Mendelian randomisation investigation.

OBJECTIVE: Spinal stenosis is a common condition among older individuals, with significant morbidity attached. Little is known about its risk factors but degenerative conditions, such as osteoarthritis (OA) have been identified for their mechanistic role. This study aims to explore causal relationships between anthropometric risk factors, OA, and spinal stenosis using Mendelian randomisation (MR) techniques. DESIGN: We applied two-sample MR to investigate the causal relationships between genetic liability for select risk factors and spinal stenosis. Next, we examined the genetic relationship between OA and spinal stenosis with linkage disequilibrium score regression and Causal Analysis Using Summary Effect estimates MR method. Finally, we used multivariable MR (MVMR) to explore whether OA and body mass index (BMI) mediate the causal pathways identified. RESULTS: Our analysis revealed strong evidence for the effect of higher BMI (odds ratio [OR] = 1.54, 95%CI: 1.41-1.69, p-value = 2.7 × 10-21), waist (OR = 1.43, 95%CI: 1.15-1.79, p-value = 1.5 × 10-3) and hip (OR = 1.50, 95%CI: 1.27-1.78, p-value = 3.3 × 10-6) circumference on spinal stenosis. Strong evidence of causality was also observed for higher bone mineral density (BMD): total body (OR = 1.21, 95%CI: 1.12-1.29, p-value = 1.6 × 10-7), femoral neck (OR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.09-1.37, p-value = 7.5×10-7), and lumbar spine (OR = 1.38, 95%CI: 1.25-1.52, p-value = 4.4 × 10-11). We detected high genetic correlations between spinal stenosis and OA (rg range: 0.47-0.66), with Causal Analysis Using Summary Effect estimates results supporting a causal effect of OA on spinal stenosis (ORallOA = 1.6, 95%CI: 1.41-1.79). Direct effects of BMI, BMD on spinal stenosis remained after adjusting for OA in the MVMR. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic susceptibility to anthropometric risk factors, particularly higher BMI and BMD can increase the risk of spinal stenosis, independent of OA status. These results may inform preventative strategies and treatments.

Comparison between UK Biobank and Shanghai Changfeng suggests distinct hip morphology may contribute to ethnic differences in the prevalence of hip osteoarthritis.

OBJECTS: Joint morphology is a risk factor for hip osteoarthritis (HOA) and could explain ethnic differences in HOA prevalence. Therefore, we aimed to compare the prevalence of radiographic HOA (rHOA) and hip morphology between the predominantly White UK Biobank (UKB) and exclusively Chinese Shanghai Changfeng (SC) cohorts. METHODS: Left hip iDXA scans were used to quantify rHOA, from a combination of osteophytes (grade ≥1) and joint space narrowing (grade ≥1), and hip morphology. Using an 85-point Statistical Shape Model (SSM) we evaluated cam (alpha angle ≥60°) and pincer (lateral centre-edge angle (LCEA) ≥45°) morphology and acetabular dysplasia (LCEA <25°). Diameter of femoral head (DFH), femoral neck width (FNW), and hip axis length (HAL) were also obtained from these points. Results were adjusted for differences in age, height, and weight and stratified by sex. RESULTS: Complete data were available for 5924 SC and 39,020 White UKB participants with mean ages of 63.4 and 63.7 years old. rHOA prevalence was considerably lower in female (2.2% versus 13.1%) and male (12.0% and 25.1%) SC compared to UKB participants. Cam morphology, rarely seen in females, was less common in SC compared with UKB males (6.3% versus 16.5%). Composite SSM modes, scaled to the same overall size, revealed SC participants to have a wider femoral head compared to UKB participants. FNW and HAL were smaller in SC compared to UKB, whereas DFH/FNW ratio was higher in SC. CONCLUSIONS: rHOA prevalence is lower in Chinese compared with White individuals. Several differences in hip shape were observed, including frequency of cam morphology, FNW, and DFH/FNW ratio. These characteristics have previously been identified as risk factors for HOA and may contribute to observed ethnic differences in HOA prevalence.

The identification of distinct protective and susceptibility mechanisms for hip osteoarthritis: findings from a genome-wide association study meta-analysis of minimum joint space width and Mendelian randomisation cluster analyses.

BACKGROUND: Hip minimum joint space width (mJSW) provides a proxy for cartilage thickness. This study aimed to conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of mJSW to (i) identify new genetic determinants of mJSW and (ii) identify which mJSW loci convey hip osteoarthritis (HOA) risk and would therefore be of therapeutic interest. METHODS: GWAS meta-analysis of hip mJSW derived from plain X-rays and DXA was performed, stratified by sex and adjusted for age and ancestry principal components. Mendelian randomisation (MR) and cluster analyses were used to examine causal effect of mJSW on HOA. FINDINGS: 50,745 individuals were included in the meta-analysis. 42 SNPs, which mapped to 39 loci, were identified. Mendelian randomisation (MR) revealed little evidence of a causal effect of mJSW on HOA (ORIVW 0.98 [95% CI 0.82-1.18]). However, MR-Clust analysis suggested the null MR estimates reflected the net effect of two distinct causal mechanisms cancelling each other out, one of which was protective, whereas the other increased HOA susceptibility. For the latter mechanism, all loci were positively associated with height, suggesting mechanisms leading to greater height and mJSW increase the risk of HOA in later life. INTERPRETATIONS: One group of mJSW loci reduce HOA risk via increased mJSW, suggesting possible utility as targets for chondroprotective therapies. The second group of mJSW loci increased HOA risk, despite increasing mJSW, but were also positively related to height, suggesting they contribute to HOA risk via a growth-related mechanism. FUNDING: Primarily funded by the Medical Research Council and Wellcome Trust.

Lowering of Circulating Sclerostin May Increase Risk of Atherosclerosis and Its Risk Factors: Evidence From a Genome-Wide Association Meta-Analysis Followed by Mendelian Randomization.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to establish the causal effects of lowering sclerostin, target of the antiosteoporosis drug romosozumab, on atherosclerosis and its risk factors. METHODS: A genome-wide association study meta-analysis was performed of circulating sclerostin levels in 33,961 European individuals. Mendelian randomization (MR) was used to predict the causal effects of sclerostin lowering on 15 atherosclerosis-related diseases and risk factors. RESULTS: We found that 18 conditionally independent variants were associated with circulating sclerostin. Of these, 1 cis signal in SOST and 3 trans signals in B4GALNT3, RIN3, and SERPINA1 regions showed directionally opposite signals for sclerostin levels and estimated bone mineral density. Variants with these 4 regions were selected as genetic instruments. MR using 5 correlated cis-SNPs suggested that lower sclerostin increased the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) (odds ratio [OR] 1.32 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.03-1.69]) and myocardial infarction (MI) (OR 1.35 [95% CI 1.01-1.79]); sclerostin lowering was also suggested to increase the extent of coronary artery calcification (CAC) (ß = 0.24 [95% CI 0.02-0.45]). MR using both cis and trans instruments suggested that lower sclerostin increased hypertension risk (OR 1.09 [95% CI 1.04-1.15]), but otherwise had attenuated effects. CONCLUSION: This study provides genetic evidence to suggest that lower levels of sclerostin may increase the risk of hypertension, type 2 DM, MI, and the extent of CAC. Taken together, these findings underscore the requirement for strategies to mitigate potential adverse effects of romosozumab treatment on atherosclerosis and its related risk factors.

A Genome-Wide Association Study Meta-Analysis of Alpha Angle Suggests Cam-Type Morphology May Be a Specific Feature of Hip Osteoarthritis in Older Adults.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the genetic architecture of cam morphology using alpha angle (AA) as a proxy measure and conduct an AA genome-wide association study (GWAS) followed by Mendelian randomization (MR) to evaluate its causal relationship with hip osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: Observational analyses examined associations between AA measurements derived from hip dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans from the UK Biobank study and radiographic hip OA outcomes and subsequent total hip replacement. Following these analyses, an AA GWAS meta-analysis was performed (N = 44,214) using AA measurements previously derived in the Rotterdam Study. Linkage disequilibrium score regression assessed the genetic correlation between AA and hip OA. Genetic associations considered significant (P < 5 × 10-8 ) were used as AA genetic instrument for 2-sample MR analysis. RESULTS: DXA-derived AA showed expected associations between AA and radiographic hip OA (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.63 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.58, 1.67]) and between AA and total hip replacement (adjusted hazard ratio 1.45 [95% CI 1.33, 1.59]) in the UK Biobank study cohort. The heritability of AA was 10%, and AA had a moderate genetic correlation with hip OA (rg  = 0.26 [95% CI 0.10, 0.43]). Eight independent genetic signals were associated with AA. Two-sample MR provided weak evidence of causal effects of AA on hip OA risk (inverse variance weighted OR 1.84 [95% CI 1.14, 2.96], P = 0.01). In contrast, genetic predisposition for hip OA had stronger evidence of a causal effect on increased AA (inverse variance weighted ß = 0.09 [95% CI 0.04, 0.13], P = 4.58 × 10-5 ). CONCLUSION: Expected observational associations between AA and related clinical outcomes provided face validity for the DXA-derived AA measurements. Evidence of bidirectional associations between AA and hip OA, particularly for risk of hip OA on AA, suggests that hip shape modeling secondary to a genetic predisposition to hip OA contributes to the well-established relationship between hip OA and cam morphology in older adults.

Machine Learning-Derived Acetabular Dysplasia and Cam Morphology Are Features of Severe Hip Osteoarthritis: Findings From UK Biobank.

The contribution of shape changes to hip osteoarthritis (HOA) remains unclear, as is the extent to which these vary according to HOA severity. In the present study, we used statistical shape modeling (SSM) to evaluate relationships between hip shape and HOA of different severities using UK Biobank DXA images. We performed a cross-sectional study in individuals with left hip dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans. Statistical shape modeling (SSM) was used to quantify hip shape. Radiographic HOA (rHOA) was classified using osteophyte size and number and joint space narrowing. HOA outcomes ranged in severity from moderate (grade 2) to severe (grade ≥3) rHOA, hospital-diagnosed HOA, and subsequent total hip replacement (THR). Confounder-adjusted logistic regression between the top 10 hip shape modes (HSMs) and OA outcomes was performed. Further models adjusted for alpha angle (AA) and lateral center-edge angle (LCEA), reflecting acetabular dysplasia and cam morphology, respectively. Composite HSM figures were produced combining HSMs associated with separate OA outcomes. A total of 40,311 individuals were included (mean 63.7 years, 47.8% male), of whom 5.7% had grade 2 rHOA, 1.7% grade ≥3 rHOA, 1.3% hospital-diagnosed HOA, and 0.6% underwent THR. Composite HSM figures for grade 2 rHOA revealed femoral neck widening, increased acetabular coverage, and enlarged lesser and greater trochanters. In contrast, grade ≥3 rHOA, hospital-diagnosed HOA, and THR were suggestive of cam morphology and reduced acetabular coverage. Associations between HSMs depicting cam morphology and reduced acetabular coverage and more severe HOA were attenuated by AA and LCEA adjustment, respectively. Relationships between hip shape and HOA differed according to severity. Notably, cam morphology and acetabular dysplasia were features of severe HOA, but unrelated to moderate disease, suggesting possible prognostic utility. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).

Regenerating zebrafish scales express a subset of evolutionary conserved genes involved in human skeletal disease.

BACKGROUND: Scales are mineralised exoskeletal structures that are part of the dermal skeleton. Scales have been mostly lost during evolution of terrestrial vertebrates whilst bony fish have retained a mineralised dermal skeleton in the form of fin rays and scales. Each scale is a mineralised collagen plate that is decorated with both matrix-building and resorbing cells. When removed, an ontogenetic scale is quickly replaced following differentiation of the scale pocket-lining cells that regenerate a scale. Processes promoting de novo matrix formation and mineralisation initiated during scale regeneration are poorly understood. Therefore, we performed transcriptomic analysis to determine gene networks and their pathways involved in dermal scale regeneration. RESULTS: We defined the transcriptomic profiles of ontogenetic and regenerating scales of zebrafish and identified 604 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). These were enriched for extracellular matrix, ossification, and cell adhesion pathways, but not in enamel or dentin formation processes indicating that scales are reminiscent to bone. Hypergeometric tests involving monogenetic skeletal disorders showed that DEGs were strongly enriched for human orthologues that are mutated in low bone mass and abnormal bone mineralisation diseases (P< 2× 10-3). The DEGs were also enriched for human orthologues associated with polygenetic skeletal traits, including height (P< 6× 10-4), and estimated bone mineral density (eBMD, P< 2× 10-5). Zebrafish mutants of two human orthologues that were robustly associated with height (COL11A2, P=6× 10-24) or eBMD (SPP1, P=6× 10-20) showed both exo- and endo- skeletal abnormalities as predicted by our genetic association analyses; col11a2Y228X/Y228X mutants showed exoskeletal and endoskeletal features consistent with abnormal growth, whereas spp1P160X/P160X mutants predominantly showed mineralisation defects. CONCLUSION: We show that scales have a strong osteogenic expression profile comparable to other elements of the dermal skeleton, enriched in genes that favour collagen matrix growth. Despite the many differences between scale and endoskeletal developmental processes, we also show that zebrafish scales express an evolutionarily conserved sub-population of genes that are relevant to human skeletal disease.

A novel semi-automated classifier of hip osteoarthritis on DXA images shows expected relationships with clinical outcomes in UK Biobank.

OBJECTIVE: Conventional scoring methods for radiographic hip OA (rHOA) are subjective and show inconsistent relationships with clinical outcomes. To provide a more objective rHOA scoring method, we aimed to develop a semi-automated classifier based on DXA images and confirm its relationships with clinical outcomes. METHODS: Hip DXAs in UK Biobank (UKB) were marked up for osteophyte area from which acetabular, superior and inferior femoral head osteophyte grades were derived. Joint space narrowing (JSN) grade was obtained automatically from minimum joint space width (mJSW) measures. Clinical outcomes related to rHOA comprised hip pain, hospital diagnosed OA (HES OA) and total hip replacement. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard modelling were used to examine associations between overall rHOA grade (0-4; derived from combining osteophyte and JSN grades) and the clinical outcomes. RESULTS: A toal of 40 340 individuals were included in the study (mean age 63.7), of whom 81.2% had no evidence of rHOA, while 18.8% had grade ≥1 rHOA. Grade ≥1 osteophytes at each location and JSN were associated with hip pain, HES OA and total hip replacement. Associations with all three clinical outcomes increased progressively according to rHOA grade, with grade 4 rHOA and total hip replacement showing the strongest association [57.70 (38.08-87.44)]. CONCLUSIONS: Our novel semi-automated tool provides a useful means for classifying rHOA on hip DXAs, given its strong and progressive relationships with clinical outcomes. These findings suggest DXA scanning can be used to classify rHOA in large DXA-based cohort studies supporting further research, with the future potential for population-based screening.

Circulating Sclerostin Levels Are Positively Related to Coronary Artery Disease Severity and Related Risk Factors.

Romosozumab is a newly available treatment for osteoporosis acting by sclerostin inhibition. Its cardiovascular safety has been questioned after finding excess cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related events in a pivotal phase 3 trial. Previous studies of relationships between circulating sclerostin levels and CVD and associated risk factors have yielded conflicting findings, likely reflecting small numbers and selected patient groups. We aimed to characterize relationships between sclerostin and CVD and related risk factors in more detail by examining these in two large cohorts, Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health study (LURIC; 34% female, mean age 63.0 years) and Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children study (ALSPAC) mothers (mean age 48.1 years). Together these provided 5069 participants with complete data. Relationships between sclerostin and CVD risk factors were meta-analyzed, adjusted for age, sex (LURIC), body mass index, smoking, social deprivation, and ethnicity (ALSPAC). Higher sclerostin levels were associated with higher risk of diabetes mellitus (DM) (odds ratio [OR] = 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12, 1.37), risk of elevated fasting glucose (OR 1.15; CI 1.04, 1.26), and triglyceride levels (ß 0.03; CI 0.00, 0.06). Conversely, higher sclerostin was associated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (ß -0.20; CI -0.38, -0.02), HDL cholesterol (ß -0.05; CI -0.10, -0.01), and apolipoprotein A-I (ß -0.05; CI -0.08, -0.02) (difference in mean SD per SD increase in sclerostin, with 95% CI). In LURIC, higher sclerostin was associated with an increased risk of death from cardiac disease during follow-up (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.13; 1.03, 1.23) and with severity of coronary artery disease on angiogram as reflected by Friesinger score (0.05; 0.01, 0.09). Associations with cardiac mortality and coronary artery severity were partially attenuated after adjustment for risk factors potentially related to sclerostin, namely LDL and HDL cholesterol, log triglycerides, DM, hypertension, eGFR, and apolipoprotein A-I. Contrary to trial evidence suggesting sclerostin inhibition leads to an increased risk of CVD, sclerostin levels appear to be positively associated with coronary artery disease severity and mortality, partly explained by a relationship between higher sclerostin levels and major CVD risk factors. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).

Osteophyte size and location on hip DXA scans are associated with hip pain: Findings from a cross sectional study in UK Biobank.

OBJECTIVE: It remains unclear how the different features of radiographic hip osteoarthritis (rHOA) contribute to hip pain. We examined the relationship between rHOA, including its individual components, and hip pain using a novel dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-based method. METHODS: Hip DXAs were obtained from UK Biobank. A novel automated method obtained minimum joint space width (mJSW) from points placed around the femoral head and acetabulum. Osteophyte areas at the lateral acetabulum, superior and inferior femoral head were derived manually. Semi-quantitative measures of osteophytes and joint space narrowing (JSN) were combined to define rHOA. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationships between these variables and hip pain, obtained via questionnaires. RESULTS: 6807 hip DXAs were examined. rHOA was present in 353 (5.2%) individuals and was associated with hip pain [OR 2.42 (1.78-3.29)] and hospital diagnosed OA [6.01 (2.98-12.16)]. Total osteophyte area but not mJSW was associated with hip pain in mutually adjusted models [1.31 (1.23-1.39), 0.95 (0.87-1.04) respectively]. On the other hand, JSN as a categorical variable showed weak associations between grade ≥ 1 and grade ≥ 2 JSN with hip pain [1.30 (1.06-1.60), 1.80 (1.34-2.42) respectively]. Acetabular, superior and inferior femoral osteophyte areas were all independently associated with hip pain [1.13 (1.06-1.20), 1.13 (1.05-1.24), 1.10 (1.03-1.17) respectively]. CONCLUSION: In this cohort, the relationship between rHOA and prevalent hip pain was explained by 2-dimensional osteophyte area, but not by the apparent mJSW. Osteophytes at different locations showed important, potentially independent, associations with hip pain, possibly reflecting the contribution of distinct biomechanical pathways.

Increased development of radiographic hip osteoarthritis in individuals with high bone mass: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with high bone mass (HBM) have a greater odds of prevalent radiographic hip osteoarthritis (OA), reflecting an association with bone-forming OA sub-phenotypes (e.g. osteophytosis, subchondral sclerosis). As the role of bone mineral density (BMD) in hip OA progression is unclear, we aimed to determine if individuals with HBM have increased incidence and/or progression of bone-forming OA sub-phenotypes. METHODS: We analysed an adult cohort with and without HBM (L1 and/or total hip BMD Z-score > + 3.2) with pelvic radiographs collected at baseline and 8-year follow-up. Sub-phenotypes were graded using the OARSI atlas. Superior/inferior acetabular/femoral osteophyte and medial/superior joint space narrowing (JSN) grades were summed and Δosteophyte and ΔJSN derived. Pain and functional limitations were quantified using the WOMAC questionnaire. Associations between HBM status and change in OA sub-phenotypes were determined using multivariable linear/logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, height, total body fat mass, follow-up time and baseline sub-phenotype grade. Generalised estimating equations accounted for individual-level clustering. RESULTS: Of 136 individuals, 62% had HBM at baseline, 72% were female and mean (SD) age was 59 (10) years. HBM was positively associated with both Δosteophytes and ΔJSN (adjusted mean grade differences between individuals with and without HBM ßosteophyte = 0.30 [0.01, 0.58], p = 0.019 and ßJSN = 0.10 [0.01, 0.18], p = 0.019). Incident subchondral sclerosis was rare. HBM individuals had higher WOMAC hip functional limitation scores (ß = 8.3 [0.7, 15.98], p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS: HBM is associated with the worsening of hip osteophytes and JSN over an average of 8 years, as well as increased hip pain and functional limitation.

Deriving alpha angle from anterior-posterior dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans: an automated and validated approach.

Introduction: Alpha angle (AA) is a widely used imaging measure of hip shape that is commonly used to define cam morphology, a bulging of the lateral aspect of the femoral head. Cam morphology has shown strong associations with hip osteoarthritis (OA) making the AA a clinically relevant measure. In both clinical practice and research studies, AA tends to be measured manually which can be inconsistent and time-consuming. Objective: We aimed to (i) develop an automated method of deriving AA from anterior-posterior dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans; and (ii) validate this method against manual measures of AA. Methods: 6,807 individuals with left hip DXAs were selected from UK Biobank. Outline points were manually placed around the femoral head on 1,930 images before training a Random Forest-based algorithm to place the points on a further 4,877 images. An automatic method for calculating AA was written in Python 3 utilising these outline points. An iterative approach was taken to developing and validating the method, testing the automated measures against independent batches of manually measured images in sequential experiments. Results: Over the course of six experimental stages the concordance correlation coefficient, when comparing the automatic AA to manual measures of AA, improved from 0.28 [95% confidence interval 0.13-0.43] for the initial version to 0.88 [0.84-0.92] for the final version. The inter-rater kappa statistic comparing automatic versus manual measures of cam morphology, defined as AA ³≥60°, improved from 0.43 [80% agreement] for the initial version to 0.86 [94% agreement] for the final version. Conclusions: We have developed and validated an automated measure of AA from DXA scans, showing high agreement with manually measuring AA. The proposed method is available to the wider research community from Zenodo.

The influence of adult hip shape genetic variants on adolescent hip shape: Findings from a population-based DXA study.

OBJECTIVE: Hip shape is a well-recognized risk factor for hip osteoarthritis (OA) and hip fracture. We aimed to investigate whether the genetic variants known to be associated with adult hip shape were also associated with adolescent hip shape. METHODS: Hip DXA scans, obtained in offspring from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) at two time points (mean ages 13.8 and 17.8 years), were used to quantify hip morphology using a 53-point Statistical Shape Model (SSM). Principal component analysis was used to generate hip shape modes (HSMs). Genetic variants which had previously shown genome-wide significant association with specific HSMs in adults were tested for association with the same HSMs in adolescents (at each timepoint separately) using SNPTEST v2. RESULTS: Complete genotypic and phenotypic data were available for 3550 and 3175 individuals at 14 and 18 years, respectively. The strongest evidence for association with adolescent hip shape was for a variant located near SOX9 (rs2158915) with consistent effects across both time points for HSM1 (age 14: beta -0.05, p = 9.9 × 10-8; age 18: -0.05, p = 3.3 × 10-6) and HSM5 (age 14: beta -0.07, p = 1.6 × 10-4; age 18: -0.1, p = 2.7 × 10-6). There was also strong evidence of association between rs10743612 (near PTHLH) and HSM1 (age 14: 0.05, p = 1.1 × 10-5; age 18: 0.04, p = 0.003) and between rs6537291 (near HHIP) and HSM2 (age 14: -0.06, p = 0.001; age 18: -0.07, p = 0.001) across both time points. The genes with the strongest associations with hip shape in adolescents, (SOX9, PTHLH and HHIP) are known to be involved in endochondral bone formation. HSM1 indicates narrower aspect ratio of the upper femur, whereas both HSM2 and HSM5 reflect variation in the femoral head size and femoral neck width, features previously found to be related to the risk of OA in later life. The SOX9 locus has previously been found to associate with increased risk of hip fracture. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, variants implicated in endochondral bone formation appear to consistently influence hip shape between adolescence and adulthood, including those aspects related to risk of hip OA and/or fracture in later life.

Puberty timing and adiposity change across childhood and adolescence: disentangling cause and consequence.

STUDY QUESTION: Is earlier puberty more likely a result of adiposity gain in childhood than a cause of adiposity gain in adulthood? SUMMARY ANSWER: Pre-pubertal fat mass is associated with earlier puberty timing but puberty timing is not associated with post-pubertal fat mass change. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Age at puberty onset has decreased substantially in the last several decades. Whether reducing childhood adiposity prevents earlier puberty and if early puberty prevention itself also has additional independent benefits for prevention of adult adiposity is not well understood. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Prospective birth cohort study of 4176 participants born in 1991/1992 with 18 232 repeated measures of fat mass from age 9 to 18 years. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: We used repeated measures of height from 5 to 20 years to identify puberty timing (age at peak height velocity, aPHV) and repeated measures of directly measured fat mass from age 9 to 18 years, from a contemporary UK birth cohort study to model fat mass trajectories by chronological age and by time before and after puberty onset. We then examined associations of these trajectories with puberty timing separately in females and males. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: In models by chronological age, a 1-year later aPHV was associated with 20.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 18.6-22.4%) and 23.4% (95% (CI): 21.3-25.5%) lower fat mass in females and males, respectively, at 9 years. These differences were smaller at age 18 years: 7.8% (95% (CI): 5.9-9.6%) and 12.4% (95% (CI): 9.6-15.2%) lower fat mass in females and males per year later aPHV. Trajectories of fat mass by time before and after puberty provided strong evidence for an association of pre-pubertal fat mass with puberty timing, and little evidence of an association of puberty timing with post-pubertal fat mass change. The role of chance is likely to be small in this study given the large sample sizes available. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Participants included in our analyses were more socially advantaged than those excluded. The findings of this work may not apply to non-White populations and further work examining associations of puberty timing and fat mass in other ethnicities is required. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Previous research has relied on self-reported measures of puberty timing such as age of voice breaking in males, has lacked data on pre-and post-pubertal adiposity together and relied predominantly on indirect measures of adiposity such as BMI. This has led to conflicting results on the nature and direction of the association between puberty timing and adiposity in females and males. Our work provides important clarity on this, suggesting that prevention of adiposity in childhood is key for prevention of early puberty, adult adiposity and associated cardiovascular risk. In contrast, our findings suggest that prevention of early puberty without prevention of childhood adiposity would have little impact on prevention of adult adiposity. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): The UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome (Grant ref: 102215/2/13/2) and the University of Bristol provide core support for Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). L.M.O.K. is supported by a UK Medical Research Council Population Health Scientist fellowship (MR/M014509/1) and a Health Research Board (HRB) of Ireland Emerging Investigator Award (EIA-FA-2019-007 SCaRLeT). J.A.B. is supported by the Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research, University of Bristol and the Wellcome Trust Institutional Strategic Support Fund (204813/Z/16/Z). L.D.H. and A.F. are supported by Career Development Awards from the UK Medical Research Council (grants MR/M020894/1 and MR/M009351/1, respectively). All authors work in a unit that receives funds from the UK Medical Research Council (grant MC_UU_00011/3, MC_UU_00011/6). No competing interests to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: N/A.

Associations between prenatal indicators of mechanical loading and proximal femur shape: findings from a population-based study in ALSPAC offspring.

OBJECTIVES: Hip development is influenced by mechanical loading, but associations between prenatal loading and hip shape in later life remain unexplored. METHODS: We examined associations between prenatal loading indicators (gestation length, oligohydramnios (OH) and breech) obtained from obstetric records and hip shape modes (HSMs) generated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry images taken at age 14- and 18-years in participants from the UK Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). These associations were examined in 2453 (30 OH, 105 breech) and 2330 (27 OH, 95 breech) participants with complete data at age 14- and 18-years respectively using confounder-adjusted models. RESULTS: At 14 years HSM2 was 0.59SD lower in OH males, and HSM5 (-0.31SD) and HSM9 (-0.32SD) were lower in OH in both sexes. At 18 years HSM1 (-0.44SD) and HSM2 (-0.71SD) were lower and HSM6 (0.61SD) and HSM8 (1.06SD) were higher in OH males, whilst HSM5 was lower in OH in both sexes. OH appeared to be associated with a wider femoral neck and head, and larger lesser/greater trochanters. Only weak associations were observed between gestation length/breech and HSMs. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that prenatal skeletal loading, in particular oligohydramnios, may influence adolescent joint shape with associations generally stronger in males.

Sex differences in proximal femur shape: findings from a population-based study in adolescents.

Hip shape is an important determinant of hip osteoarthritis (OA), which occurs more commonly in women. However, it remains unclear to what extent differences in OA prevalence are attributed to sex differences in hip shape. Here, we explore sex differences in proximal femur shape in a cohort of adolescents. Hip morphology was quantified using hip DXA scans from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Independent modes of variation (hip shape mode (HSM) scores) were generated for each image using an adult reference statistical shape model (N = 19,379). Linear regression was used to examine sex differences for the top ten HSMs, adjusting for age, height, lean and fat mass. Complete outcome and covariate data were available for 4,428 and 4,369 participants at ages 14 and 18 years, respectively. Several HSMs showed sex differences at both time points. The combined effect of sex on hip shape at age 14 reflected flatter femoral head and smaller lesser trochanter in females compared with males and, following adjustment for age and body size, these differences became more pronounced. At age 18, smaller lesser trochanter and femoral neck width (FNW) in females still remained although differences in femoral head, femoral shaft and FNW were largely attenuated following adjustment. Sexual dimorphism in proximal femur shape can be discerned in adolescence and early adulthood. Observed differences in proximal femur shape, particularly at age 14 were largely independent of body size, however to what extent differences in hip shape in early life play a role in predisposing to hip OA in later life remains to be determined.