Insights From a New National Academies Report on Caregiving.

This Viewpoint details the findings of a report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine on family caregiving among those in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine.

Philadelphia Latine Immigrant Birthing People's Perspectives on Mitigating the Chilling Effect on Prenatal Care Utilization.

RESEARCH DESIGN: Community-engaged qualitative study using inductive thematic analysis of semistructured interviews. OBJECTIVE: To understand Latine immigrants' recent prenatal care experiences and develop community-informed strategies to mitigate policy-related chilling effects on prenatal care utilization. BACKGROUND: Decreased health care utilization among immigrants due to punitive immigration policies (ie, the "chilling effect") has been well-documented among Latine birthing people both pre and postnatally. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Currently or recently pregnant immigrant Latine people in greater Philadelphia were recruited from an obstetric clinic, 2 pediatric primary care clinics, and 2 community-based organization client pools. Thematic saturation was achieved with 24 people. Participants' pregnancy narratives and their perspectives on how health care providers and systems could make prenatal care feel safer and more comfortable for immigrants. RESULTS: Participants' recommendations for mitigating the chilling effect during the prenatal period included training prenatal health care providers to sensitively initiate discussions about immigrants' rights and reaffirm confidentiality around immigration status. Participants suggested that health care systems should expand sources of information for pregnant immigrants, either by partnering with community organizations to disseminate information or by increasing access to trusted individuals knowledgeable about immigrants' rights to health care. Participants also suggested training non-medical office staff in the use of interpreters. CONCLUSION: Immigrant Latine pregnant and birthing people in greater Philadelphia described ongoing fear and confusion regarding the utilization of prenatal care, as well as experiences of discrimination. Participants' suggestions for mitigating immigration-related chilling effects can be translated into potential policy and programmatic interventions which could be implemented locally and evaluated for broader applicability.

Impact of a Multidisciplinary Curriculum Training Students and Residents in Tobacco Cessation Strategies for Adult Caregivers of Children.

Introduction: Children's exposure to secondhand smoke is an underaddressed public health threat. The Clinical Effort Against Secondhand Smoke Exposure (CEASE) is a validated framework that trains pediatric providers to screen, counsel, refer to quitlines, and prescribe tobacco cessation medications to adult caregivers of children. Methods: A physician champion at a major urban academic center delivered a longitudinal didactic curriculum of CEASE principles to medical and nurse practitioner students and pediatrics and family medicine residents. At the end of each session, participants completed an anonymous survey measuring changes in self-perceived knowledge, comfort, and familiarity with smoking cessation skills and concepts. Using a separate end-of-year questionnaire, we also surveyed a group of pediatric residents to compare the impact of CEASE training on clinical practice. Finally, we tracked the number of referrals to the state's quitline for the duration of the training. Results: Fifty-two trainees (55% students, 45% residents) responded to the evaluation survey administered immediately following training. There were statistically significant improvements in median scores after CEASE training for comfort in screening, counseling, motivational interviewing, referring to smokers' helplines, and providing caregivers with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) prescriptions. Fifty-one percent of pediatric residents (41 of 80) responded to the end-of-year survey, which showed statistically significant differences in the number of patients/caregivers offered a referral to California's quitline and prescription of NRT according to completion of CEASE training. Discussion: CEASE training successfully improved the self-efficacy of health professions students and residents in smoking cessation techniques for adult caregivers of children.

Opportunities and challenges in discussing racism during primary care visits.

OBJECTIVE: To understand how patients and primary care practitioners (PCPs) discuss racism and their perspectives on having these conversations during primary care visits. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: We conducted semi-structured interviews from September 2020-March 2021 at a Federally Qualified Health Center in the San Francisco Bay Area. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted an inductive qualitative descriptive pilot study using one-on-one, semi-structured interviews with 5 members of a Patient Advisory Council and 10 internal medicine PCPs. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: Interviews were conducted via video conferencing, recorded, and transcribed. An iterative analytic process was used to thematically assess participants' experiences and perspectives and identify key themes. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Patients and PCPs identified benefits from engaging in conversations about racism during primary care visits and noted challenges and concerns. Patients and PCPs highlighted strategies to advance communication about racism in primary care. CONCLUSIONS: Initiating conversations about racism with patients in primary care can be meaningful, but also has risks. More research is needed for deeper exploration of patients' perspectives and development of trainings. Improving how PCPs communicate with patients about racism represents an opportunity to advance antiracism in medicine and improve health outcomes for individuals who have historically been poorly served by our health care system.

Nativity and perinatal outcome disparities in the United States: Beyond the immigrant paradox.

In the United States (US), epidemiologists have long documented paradoxically lower rates of adverse perinatal health outcomes among immigrant birthing people than what might be expected in light of socioeconomic and language barriers to healthcare, especially as compared to their US-born racial and ethnic counterparts. However, researchers have also documented significant variability in this immigrant birth paradox when examining within and across racial and ethnic subgroups. This review paper summarizes fifty years of research regarding differences in low, preterm birth, and infant mortality in the US, according to the nativity status of the birthing person. While there is ample evidence of the importance of nativity in delineating a pregnant person's risk of adverse infant outcomes, this review also highlights the relative paucity of research exploring the intersection of acculturation, ethnic enclaves, and structural segregation. We also provide recommendations for advancing the study of perinatal outcomes among immigrants.

An Innovative Faculty Travel Award Program to Support Child, Elder, or Dependent Care.

This study observes how a travel award program that supports child, elder, or dependent care affected university faculty members.