Carbon dioxide sensitization delays the postharvest ripening and fatty acids composition of Capsicum fruit by regulating ethylene biosynthesis, malic acid and reactive oxygen species metabolism.

Present study would be significant in the sustenance of quality characters for postharvest storage of Capsicum fruit with CO2-sensitization in biocompatible manner. The present experiment describes effects of CO2 sensitization on delaying postharvest ripening through physiological attributes in Capsicum fruit. The experiment was conducted with acidified bicarbonate-derived CO2 exposure for 2 h on Capsicum fruit, kept under white light at 25 °C through 7 days postharvest storage. Initially, fruits responded well to CO2 as recorded sustenance of greenness and integrity of fruit coat resolved through scanning electron micrograph. Loss of water and accumulation of total soluble solids were marginally increased on CO2-sensitized fruit as compared to non-sensitized (control) fruit. The ethylene metabolism biosynthetic genes like CaACC synthase, CaACC oxidase were downregulated on CO2-sensitization. Accompanying ethylene metabolism cellular respiration was downregulated on CO2 induction as compared to control through 7 days of storage. Fruit coat photosynthesis decarboxylating reaction by NADP malic enzyme was upregulated to maintain the reduced carbon accumulation as recorded on 7 days of storage under the same condition. CO2-sensitization effectively reduced the lipid peroxides as oxidative stress products on ripening throughout the storage. Anti-oxidation reaction essentially downregulates the ROS-induced damages of biomolecules that otherwise are highly required for food preservation during postharvest storage. Thus, the major finding is that CO2-sensitization maintains a higher ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids in fruit coat during storage. Tissue-specific downregulation of ROS also maintained the nuclear stability under CO2 exposure. These findings provide basic as well as applied insights for sustaining Capsicum fruit quality with CO2 exposure under postharvest storage. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-024-01471-4.

Phase-resolved measurement and control of ultrafast dynamics in terahertz electronic oscillators.

As a key component for next-generation wireless communications (6 G and beyond), terahertz (THz) electronic oscillators are being actively developed. Precise and dynamic phase control of ultrafast THz waveforms is essential for high-speed beam steering and high-capacity data transmission. However, measurement and control of such ultrafast dynamic process is beyond the scope of electronics due to the limited bandwidth of the electronic equipment. Here we surpass this limit by applying photonic technology. Using a femtosecond laser, we generate offset-free THz pulses to phase-lock the electronic oscillators based on resonant tunneling diode. This enables us to perform phase-resolved measurement of the emitted THz electric field waveform in time-domain with sub-cycle time resolution. Ultrafast dynamic response such as anti-phase locking behaviour is observed, which is distinct from in-phase stimulated emission observed in laser oscillators. We also show that the dynamics follows the universal synchronization theory for limit cycle oscillators. This provides a basic guideline for dynamic phase control of THz electronic oscillators, enabling many key performance indicators to be achieved in the new era of 6 G and beyond.

Management of Secondary Metabolite Synthesis and Biomass in Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Microgreens Using Different Continuous-Spectrum LED Lights.

Different LED light spectra (LS) are absorbed by different plant photoreceptors and can control biomass and plant secondary metabolite synthesis. In this study, the effects of continuous-spectrum LED lights (red, blue, white, red + blue, and 12 h blue + 12 h red) on the production value, antioxidant compounds, and biomass of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) microgreens (Red Rubin, Violeto, and Kapoor cultivars and the Ablagh genotype) were investigated. The results showed significant effects of LS on cultivar (Cv) and the interaction of LS and Cv on the studied traits. The highest quantitys of chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, and nitrate were obtained in Violeto under blue lighting. Red lighting enhanced starch synthesis in Red Rubin and flavonoids in the Violeto Cv. The highest biomass (4.54 kg m-2) was observed in the Ablagh genotype and the highest carbohydrate synthesis in Violeto Cv in the red + blue treatment. The highest anthocyanin content (26.33 mg 100 g-1 FW) was observed for Red Rubin Cv under 12 h blue + 12 h red light. The greatest antioxidant capacity (83.57% inhibition), the highest levels of phenolic compounds (2027.25 mg GA 100 g-1 FW), vitamin C (405.76 mg 100 g-1 FW), proline, antioxidant potential composite index (APCI), and the greatest production values were obtained for the Ablagh genotype under blue lighting. Taken together, the experiment findings indicate that growing the Ablagh genotype under continuous blue lighting can increase the antioxidant capacity, phenolic compounds, and vitamin C and that this LED light spectrum can be used as a practical method to produce basil microgreens with high nutritional health value.

2,4-D mediated moderation of aluminum tolerance in Salvinia molesta D. Mitch. with regards to bioexclusion and related physiological and metabolic changes.

We examined the efficacy of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D; 500 µM) in enhancing the potential of Salvinia species for tolerance to aluminum (Al) toxicity (240 and 480 µM, seven days). Salvinia showed better efficacy in removal of toxicity of Al by sorption mechanism with changes of bond energy shifting on cell wall residues and surface structure. Plants recorded tolerance to Al concentration (480 µM) when pretreated with 2,4-D through adjustment of relative water content, proline content, osmotic potential, and improved the pigment fluorescence for energy utilization under Al stress. Photosynthetic activities with regards to NADP-malic enzyme and malic dehydrogenase and sugar metabolism with wall and cytosolic invertase activities were strongly correlated with compatible solutes. A less membrane peroxidation and protein carbonylation had reduced ionic loss over the membrane that was studied with reduced electrolyte leakage with 2,4-D pretreated plants. Membrane stabilization was also recorded with higher ratio of K+ to Na+, thereby suggesting roles of 2,4-D in ionic balance. Better sustenance of enzymatic antioxidation with peroxidase and glutathione metabolism reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation and save the plant for oxidative damages. Moreover, gene polymorphism for antioxidant, induced by 2,4-D varied through Al concentrations would suggest an improved biomarker for tolerance. Collectively, analysis and discussion of plant's responses assumed that auxin herbicide could be a potential phytoprotectant for Salvinia as well as improving the stability to Al toxicity and its bioremediation efficacy.

In previous reports, aquatic weeds, particularly, from pteridophytic flora have been exercised, however, in less frequent. Aluminum (Al) toxicity, being a major problem, specifically with respect to cultivated crops like rice and vegetables, is a serious issue in alkaline soil. In context to growth of Salvinia in the areas of low lands where few important crops like rice are frequently cultivated. Therefore, Al toxicity with regards to rice cultivation in low land conditions, which is habitat for Salvinia, could be interesting. Thus, decontamination of low land for salinity with aquatic environment can be remediated with biological materials where Salvinia would be a choice. This would be something new in studies for the aquatic weeds over the existing database. Moreover, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) being a common herbicide in agricultural field that becomes more problematic with metal toxicity is another focus for physiological responses with Salvinia. The adoption and sustainability of Salvinia against 2,4-D may highlight insights for physiological activities would be the biomarker for herbicide toxicity.

Plant Responses and Tolerance to Salt Stress: Physiological and Molecular Interventions 2.0.

Environmental problems are pervasive and significantly impact a variety of plant species, which are affected by two broad types of conditions: abiotic and biotic stress [...].

Treatment of a Desmoid Tumor That Enlarged During Pregnancy: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Desmoid tumors are rare soft-tissue tumors that exhibit locoregional aggressiveness and a high local recurrence rate following initial resection. No fixed recommendations have been established with regard to the timing and method of treatment for desmoid tumors that enlarge during pregnancy. Desmoid tumors tend to enlarge during pregnancy, and most do not regress spontaneously postpartum. Thus, surgery may be required even during pregnancy. We report a case of an abdominal wall desmoid tumor that grew to 90 mm during pregnancy and was resected at 17 weeks of gestation. Marginal resection was performed, and the surgical margin was microscopically positive. The postoperative course and the pregnancy were uneventful, and no recurrence was observed at the 15-month follow-up visit.

Exogenous Allantoin Confers Rapeseed (Brassica campestris) Tolerance to Simulated Drought by Improving Antioxidant Metabolism and Physiology.

Allantoin is an emerging plant metabolite, but its role in conferring drought-induced oxidative stress is still elusive. Therefore, an experiment was devised to explore the role of allantoin (0.5 and 1.0 mM; foliar spray) in rapeseed (Brassica campestris cv. BARI Sarisha-17) under drought. Seedlings at fifteen days of age were subjected to drought, maintaining soil moisture levels at 50% and 25% field capacities, while well-irrigated plants served as the control group. Drought-stressed plants exhibited increased levels of lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide, electrolyte leakage, and impaired glyoxalase systems. Thus, the growth, biomass, and yield attributes of rapeseed were significantly impaired under drought. However, the allantoin-supplemented plants showed a notable increase in their contents of ascorbate and glutathione and decreased dehydroascorbate and glutathione disulfide contents under drought. Moreover, the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase were accelerated with the allantoin spray and the glyoxalase system was also enhanced under drought. Moreover, the improvement in water balance with reduction in proline and potassium ion contents was also observed when allantoin was applied to the plants. Overall, the beneficial effects of allantoin supplementation resulted in the improved plant growth, biomass, and yield of rapeseed under drought conditions. These findings suggest that allantoin acts as an efficient metabolite in mitigating the oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species by enhancing antioxidant defense mechanisms and the glyoxalase system.

ʟ-glutamic acid modulates antioxidant defense systems and nutrient homeostasis in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) under copper toxicity.

Copper (Cu), an essential micronutrient, can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) at its supra-optimal level in living cells as a transition metal, thus producing oxidative stress in plants. Therefore, protecting plants from Cu-induced oxidative stress via the exogenous application of chemical substances, particularly L-glutamic acid (L-Glu), could be a viable strategy for mitigating the toxicity of Cu. The aim of our present study was to investigate how ʟ-Glu protects lentil seedlings from oxidative stress produced by toxic Cu and allows them to survive under Cu toxicity. The results exhibited that when lentil seedlings were exposed to excessive Cu, their growth was inhibited and their biomass decreased due to an increase in Cu accumulation and translocation to the root, shoot, and leaves. Exposure to toxic Cu also depleted photosynthetic pigments, imbalanced water content, and other essential nutrients, increased oxidative stress, and reduced enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. However, pre-treatment of ʟ-Glu improved the phenotypic appearance of lentil seedlings, which was distinctly evidenced by higher biomass production, maintenance of water balance, and an increase in photosynthetic pigments when exposed to toxic Cu. ʟ-Glu also protected the seedlings from Cu-induced oxidative stress by reducing the oxidative stress marker, specifically by the efficient action of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, particularly ascorbate, catalase, monodehydroascorbate, and glutathione peroxidase and maintaining redox balance. Furthermore, ʟ-Glu assisted in maintaining the homeostasis of Cu and other nutrient in the roots, shoots, and leaves of lentil. Collectively, our results provide evidence of the mechanism of ʟ-Glu-mediated protective role in lentil against Cu toxicity, thus proposed as a potential chemical for managing Cu toxicity not only in lentil but also other plants.

Regulation of NADP-Malic Enzyme Activity in Maize (Zea mays L.) under Salinity with Reference to Light and Darkness.

We revealed the functional characterization of C4-NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME), extracted and partially purified from maize (Zea mays L. cv. Kaveri 50). The leaf discs were previously activated under 1000-1200 µE m-2 s-1, incubated in bicarbonate (2.0 mM) solution, and subjected to salt stress (100 mM NaCl). Initially, salt stress was evident from the accumulations of proline, chlorophyll content, carbohydrate profile, and Hill activity influencing the C4 enzyme. Primarily, in illuminated tissues, the activity of the enzyme recorded a reduced trend through salinity irrespective of light and darkness compared to the control. On illumination, the kinetic parameters such as Vmax of the enzyme increased by 1.36-fold compared to in the dark under salinity whereas Km was decreased by 20% under the same condition. The extent of light induction was proportionate to limiting (0.01 mM) and saturated (4.0 mM) malate concentrations for enzyme activity. Moreover, the catalytic properties of the enzyme were also tested on concomitant responses to activator (citrate and succinate) and inhibitor (oxalate and pyruvate) residues. The sensitivity to light and dark effects was also tested for reducing agents such as dithiothreitol, suggesting the effect of the changes in redox on the regulatory properties of the enzyme. The ratio of enzyme activity under light and darkness in the presence or absence of a reducing agent was concomitantly increased with varying malate concentrations. At the molecular level, protein polymorphism of the enzyme represented minor variations in band intensities, however, not in numbers through salinity subjected to light and darkness. Therefore, salinity-induced changes in the decarboxylation reaction, evident by NADP-ME activity, may be based on the redox property of regulatory sites and sensitivity to light and darkness.

Terahertz fiber link using dielectric silicon waveguide interface.

Nascent data-intensive emerging technologies are mandating low-loss, short-range interconnects, whereas existing interconnects suffer from high losses and low aggregate data throughput owing to a lack of efficient interfaces. Here, we report an efficient 22-Gbit/s terahertz fiber link using a tapered silicon interface that serves as a coupler between the dielectric waveguide and hollow core fiber. We investigated the fundamental optical properties of hollow-core fibers by considering fibers with 0.7-mm and 1-mm core diameters. We achieved a coupling efficiency of ∼ 60% with a 3-dB bandwidth of 150 GHz in the 0.3-THz band over a 10 cm fiber.

Chronic low-grade inflammation and ovarian dysfunction in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome, endometriosis, and aging.

The ovarian microenvironment is critical for follicular development and oocyte maturation. Maternal conditions, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, and aging, may compromise the ovarian microenvironment, follicular development, and oocyte quality. Chronic low-grade inflammation can induce oxidative stress and tissue fibrosis in the ovary. In PCOS, endometriosis, and aging, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels are often elevated in follicular fluids. In women with obesity and PCOS, hyperandrogenemia and insulin resistance induce ovarian chronic low-grade inflammation, thereby disrupting follicular development by increasing oxidative stress. In endometriosis, ovarian endometrioma-derived iron overload can induce chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, leading to ovarian ferroptosis and fibrosis. In inflammatory aging (inflammaging), senescent cells may secrete senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors, causing chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in the ovary. Therefore, controlling chronic low-grade inflammation and fibrosis in the ovary would present a novel therapeutic strategy for improving the follicular microenvironment and minimizing ovarian dysfunction.

Application of Rhizobacteria, Paraburkholderia fungorum and Delftia sp. Confer Cadmium Tolerance in Rapeseed (Brassica campestris) through Modulating Antioxidant Defense and Glyoxalase Systems.

We investigated the role of two different plant growth-promoting probiotic bacteria in conferring cadmium (Cd) tolerance in rapeseed (Brassica campestris cv. BARI Sarisha-14) through improving reactive oxygen species scavenging, antioxidant defense, and glyoxalase system. Soil, as well as seeds of rapeseed, were separately treated with probiotic bacteria, Paraburkholderia fungorum BRRh-4 and Delftia sp. BTL-M2. Fourteen-day-old seedlings were exposed to 0.25 and 0.5 mM CdCl2 for two weeks. Cadmium-treated plants resulted in a higher accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, increased lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll damage, and impaired antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems. Consequently, it reduced plant growth and biomass production, and yield parameters. However, probiotic bacteria-inoculated plants significantly ameliorated the Cd toxicity by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase) and glyoxalase enzymes (glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II) which led to the mitigation of oxidative damage indicated by reduced hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, and electrolyte leakage that ultimately improved growth, physiology, and yield of the bacterial inoculants rapeseed plants. When taken together, our results demonstrated the potential role of the plant probiotic bacteria, BRRh-4 and BTL-M2, in mitigating the Cd-induced damages in rapeseed plants.

Insight into the Mechanism of Salt-Induced Oxidative Stress Tolerance in Soybean by the Application of Bacillus subtilis: Coordinated Actions of Osmoregulation, Ion Homeostasis, Antioxidant Defense, and Methylglyoxal Detoxification.

Considering the growth-promoting potential and other regulatory roles of bacteria, we investigated the possible mechanism of the role of Bacillus subtilis in conferring salt tolerance in soybean. Soybean (Glycine max cv. BARI Soybean-5) seeds were inoculated with B. subtilis, either through a presoaking with seeds or a direct application with pot soil. After 20 days of sowing, both the seed- and soil-inoculated plants were exposed to 50, 100, and 150 mM of NaCl for 30 days. A clear sign of oxidative stress was evident through a remarkable increase in lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, methylglyoxal, and electrolyte leakage in the salt treated plants. Moreover, the efficiency of the ascorbate (AsA)-glutathione (GSH) pathways was declined. Consequently, the plant growth, biomass accumulation, water relations, and content of the photosynthetic pigments were decreased. Salt stress also caused an increased Na+/K+ ratio and decreased Ca2+. On the contrary, the B. subtilis inoculated plants showed increased levels of AsA and GSH, their redox balance, and the activities of the AsA-GSH pathway enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and peroxidase. The B. subtilis inoculated plants also enhanced the activities of glyoxalase enzymes, which mitigated methylglyoxal toxicity in coordination with ROS homeostasis. Besides this, the accumulation of K+ and Ca2+ was increased to maintain the ion homeostasis in the B. subtilis inoculated plants under salinity. Furthermore, the plant water status was uplifted in the salt treated soybean plants with B. subtilis inoculation. This investigation reveals the potential of B. subtilis in mitigating salt-induced oxidative stress in soybean plants through modulating the antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems along with maintaining ion homeostasis and osmotic adjustments. In addition, it was evident that the soil inoculation performed better than the seed inoculation in mitigating salt-induced oxidative damages in soybean.

Modulation of osmoprotection and antioxidant defense by exogenously applied acetate enhances cadmium stress tolerance in lentil seedlings.

To examine the potential role of acetate in conferring cadmium (Cd) stress tolerance in lentil (Lens culinaris), several phenotypical and physio-biochemical properties have been examined in Cd-stressed lentil seedlings following acetate applications. Acetate treatment inhibited the translocation of Cd from roots to shoots, which resulted in a minimal reduction in photosynthetic pigment contents. Additionally, acetate-treated lentil showed higher shoot (1.1 and 11.72%) and root (4.98 and 30.64%) dry weights compared with acetate-non-treated plants under low-Cd and high-Cd concentrations, respectively. Concurrently, acetate treatments increase osmoprotection under low-Cd stress through proline accumulation (24.69%), as well as enhancement of antioxidant defense by increasing ascorbic acid content (239.13%) and catalase activity (148.51%) under high-Cd stress. Acetate-induced antioxidant defense resulted in a significant diminution in hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage in Cd-stressed lentil seedlings. Our results indicated that acetate application mitigated oxidative stress-induced damage by modulating antioxidant defense and osmoprotection, and reducing root-to-shoot Cd transport. These findings indicate an important contribution of acetate in mitigating the Cd toxicity during growth and development of lentil seedlings, and suggest that the exogenous applications of acetate could be an economical and new avenue for controlling heavy metal-caused damage in lentil, and potentially in many other crops.

Approaches to Enhancing Antioxidant Defense in Plants.

In the era of global climate change, plants are exposed to various adversities in field conditions [...].

Plant Oxidative Stress: Biology, Physiology and Mitigation.

Due to climate change plants are frequently exposed to abiotic and biotic stresses, and these stresses pose serious threats to plant growth and productivity [...].

Plant Responses and Tolerance to Salt Stress: Physiological and Molecular Interventions.

Salinity is considered one of the most devastating environmental stresses that drastically curtails the productivity and quality of crops across the world [...].

Differential Impact of Nitric Oxide and Abscisic Acid on the Cellular and Physiological Functioning of sub1A QTL Bearing Rice Genotype under Salt Stress.

Hydroponic culture containing 200 mM NaCl was used to induce oxidative stress in seedlings of cultivars initially primed with 1 mM SNP and 10 µM ABA. Exogenous application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP - a nitric oxide donor) and abscisic acid (ABA) was well sensitized more in cv. Swarna Sub1 than cv. Swarna and also reflected in different cellular responses. The major effects of salinity, irrespective of the cultivar, were lowering the water relation, including relative water content and osmotic potential, and decreasing the compatible solutes like alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glycine betaine. The accumulated polyamines were reduced more in cv. Swarna with a concomitant decrease in photosynthetic reserves. NADP-malic enzyme activity, sucrose accumulation, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase activities gradually declined under NaCl stress and the catabolizing enzymes like invertase (both wall and cytosolic forms) also declined. On the contrary, plants suffered from oxidative stress through superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and their biosynthetic enzymes like NADP(H) oxidase. Moderation of Na+/K+ by both SNP and ABA were correlated with other salt sensitivities in the plants. The maximum effects of SNP and ABA were found in the recovery of antioxidation pathways, osmotic tolerance, and carbohydrate metabolism. Findings predict the efficacy of SNP and ABA either independently or cumulatively in overcoming NaCl toxicity in rice.

Mechanistic Insights of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria Mediated Drought and Salt Stress Tolerance in Plants for Sustainable Agriculture.

Climate change has devastating effects on plant growth and yield. During ontogenesis, plants are subjected to a variety of abiotic stresses, including drought and salinity, affecting the crop loss (20-50%) and making them vulnerable in terms of survival. These stresses lead to the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage nucleic acid, proteins, and lipids. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) have remarkable capabilities in combating drought and salinity stress and improving plant growth, which enhances the crop productivity and contributes to food security. PGPB inoculation under abiotic stresses promotes plant growth through several modes of actions, such as the production of phytohormones, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase, exopolysaccharide, siderophore, hydrogen cyanide, extracellular polymeric substances, volatile organic compounds, modulate antioxidants defense machinery, and abscisic acid, thereby preventing oxidative stress. These bacteria also provide osmotic balance; maintain ion homeostasis; and induce drought and salt-responsive genes, metabolic reprogramming, provide transcriptional changes in ion transporter genes, etc. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the effects of PGPB on drought and salinity stress to mitigate its detrimental effects. Furthermore, we also discuss the mechanistic insights of PGPB towards drought and salinity stress tolerance for sustainable agriculture.

Photoactivated TiO2 Nanocomposite Delays the Postharvest Ripening Phenomenon through Ethylene Metabolism and Related Physiological Changes in Capsicum Fruit.

Capsicum is one of the most perishable fruit which undergo rapid loss of commercial value during postharvest storage. In this experiment our aim is to evaluate the effect of photoactivated TiO2 nano-particle complexed with chitosan or TiO2-nanocomposite (TiO2-NC) on extension self-life of Capsicum fruit and its effect on related morphological, physiological and molecular attributes at room temperature (25 °C). Initially, TiO2-NC coated fruits recorded superior maintenance of total soluble solids accumulation along with retention of firmness, cellular integrity, hydration, color etc. On the extended period of storage, fruit recorded a lower bioaccumulation of TiO2 in comparison to metallic silver over the control. On the level of gene expression for ethylene biosynthetic and signaling the TiO2-NC had more regulation, however, discretely to moderate the ripening. Thus, ACC synthase and oxidase recorded a significantly better downregulation as studied from fruit pulp under TiO2-NC than silver. On the signaling path, the transcripts for CaETR1 and CaETR2 were less abundant in fruit under both the treatment when studied against control for 7 d. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) was also correlated to retard the oxidative lysis of polyamine oxidation by diamine and polyamine oxidase activity. The gene expression for hydrolytic activity as non-specific esterase had corroborated the development of essential oil constituents with few of those recorded in significant abundance. Therefore, TiO2-NC would be reliable to induce those metabolites modulating ripening behavior in favor of delayed ripening. From gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis profile of all tested essential oil constituents suggesting positive impact of TiO2-NC on shelf-life extension of Capsicum fruit. Our results indicated the potentiality of TiO2-NC in postharvest storage those may connect ethylene signaling and ROS metabolism in suppression of specific ripening attributes.