Kilauea lava fuels phytoplankton bloom in the North Pacific Ocean.

From June to August 2018, the eruption of Kilauea volcano on the island of Hawai'i injected millions of cubic meters of molten lava into the nutrient-poor waters of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. The lava-impacted seawater was characterized by high concentrations of metals and nutrients that stimulated phytoplankton growth, resulting in an extensive plume of chlorophyll a that was detectable by satellite. Chemical and molecular evidence revealed that this biological response hinged on unexpectedly high concentrations of nitrate, despite the negligible quantities of nitrogen in basaltic lava. We hypothesize that the high nitrate was caused by buoyant plumes of nutrient-rich deep waters created by the substantial input of lava into the ocean. This large-scale ocean fertilization was therefore a unique perturbation event that revealed how marine ecosystems respond to exogenous inputs of nutrients.

Sediment alkaline-extracted organic matter (AEOM) fluorescence: An archive of Holocene marine organic matter origins.

Organic matter (OM) is comprised of a complex mixture of substrates, which are difficult to fully characterize. Therefore a range of analytical approaches is applied to provide a better understanding of the dynamics and biogeochemical cycling of aquatic system. One approach is UV-Visible spectroscopy, which includes measurements of spectral absorption and fluorescence of colored and fluorescent fractions of dissolved OM (DOM, CDOM and FDOM). In this study OM fluorescence is characterized by excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy on alkaline extracted DOM from a Baltic Sea sediment core that spanned 8500 years and fluctuating levels of hypoxia. Our results showed that three underlying fluorescence components had strong correlations with carbon, nitrogen content and δ15N. Our results demonstrate that optical properties of extracted OM from sediments reveal information about OM quality and quantity similar to those of biomarkers, which can be a useful additional tool for investigating OM deposition.

Abiotic effects on effluent dissolved organic nitrogen along an estuarine transect.

Biological nutrient removal is a process commonly used in water resource recovery facilities to reduce dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations in effluent; this process is less effective at removing all of the effluent dissolved organic nitrogen (EDON). The goal of this study was to investigate the fate of EDON after it undergoes the disinfection process and enters receiving waters. The authors quantified the abiotic effects of effluent exposure to sunlight, increased salinity, and a combination of the two factors. Effluent dissolved organic nitrogen showed significant breakdown during the disinfection process (UV and chlorine) and when exposed to sunlight and increasing salinity. Approximately 7% of the EDON was transformed to DIN and dissolved primary amines after exposure to 9 hours of sunlight and a salinity increase from 0 to 33. The production of DIN and primary amines should be taken into account when considering sources of labile nitrogen to aquatic ecosystems.

Hypoxia sustains cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic sea.

Nutrient over-enrichment is one of the classic triggering mechanisms for the occurrence of cyanobacteria blooms in aquatic ecosystems. In the Baltic Sea, cyanobacteria regularly occur in the late summer months and form nuisance accumulations in surface waters and their abundance has intensified significantly in the past 50 years attributed to human-induced eutrophication. However, the natural occurrence of cyanobacteria during the Holocene is debated. In this study, we present records of cyanobacteria pigments, water column redox proxies, and nitrogen isotopic signatures for the past ca. 8000 years from Baltic Sea sediment cores. Our results demonstrate that cyanobacteria abundance and nitrogen fixation are correlated with hypoxia occurring during three main intervals: (1) ca. 7000-4000 B.P. during the Littorina transgression, (2) ca. 1400-700 B.P. during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, and (3) from ca. 1950 A.D. to the present. Issues of preservation were investigated, and we show that organic matter and pigment profiles are not simply an artifact of preservation. These results suggest that cyanobacteria abundance is sustained during periods of hypoxia, most likely because of enhanced recycling of phosphorus in low oxygen conditions.