[Continuity of care and therapeutic adherence in young people at psychosis onset: the integrated intervention model of the Psychiatric Service of Bolzano]. / Continuità e aderenza terapeutica nei giovani all'esordio psicotico: il modello di intervento integrato del Servizio Psichiatrico di Bolzano.

AIM: To report on: 1) the modification process occurred within the Psychiatric Service of Bolzano toward an early, intensive, specific and multimodal system of care for patients experiencing their first psychotic episode and their family members; 2) the 12-month clinical and social course of a sample of patients referred to the "Early Intervention Project". METHODS: Longitudinal naturalist study evaluating the 12-month clinical and outcome of a cohort of first-episode psychosis patients consecutively referred to the "Early Intervention Project" implemented within the Psychiatric Service of Bolzano. Socio-demographic characteristics, housing situation and occupational status, interventions offered (medical intervention, psychotherapy, psychoeducation to family members, social intervention) and hospital admissions were drawn from electronic medical records. Levels of psychopathology and global functioning were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Global assessment of Functioning (GAF), respectively. RESULTS: During the first five years of activity (2012-2017) 116 patients had been referred to the Project. At 12 months 83.6%were still in charge, 7.76% moved to another area, 8.5% have abandoned the intervention. No significant difference in terms of age and gender was found between patients who remained in the project and those who lost contact. All patients had received specific integrated treatment; moreover, 16% had received intensive residential care. Notably, only 13.5% have had a hospital readmission over the 12 months of intervention. The PANSS total, positive and negative scores displayed significant reduction from baseline (BL) to follow-up (FU); in parallel, increase in GAF score from BL to FU was observed. All patients employed at BL were able to keep their job at FU; 17% of all patients unemployed at baseline were employed at FU. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The "Early Intervention Project" implemented in Bolzano was found to ensure integrated, multidisciplinary and early treatment, as defined by the most recent international guidelines, which produced significant improvement in both clinical and social outcomes in a cohort of first-episode psychosis patients.

"First-episode psychosis: Structural covariance deficits in salience network correlate with symptoms severity".

BACKGROUND: Patterns of coordinated variations of gray matter (GM) morphology across individuals are promising indicators of disease. However, it remains unclear if they can help characterize first-episode psychosis (FEP) and symptoms' severity. METHODS: Sixty-seven FEP and 67 matched healthy controls (HC) were assessed with structural MRI to evaluate the existence of distributed GM structural covariance patterns associated to brain areas belonging to salience network. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and structural covariance differences, investigated with salience network seed-based Partial Least Square, were applied to explore differences between groups. GM density associations with Raven's intelligent quotient (IQ) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores were investigated. RESULTS: Univariate VBM results gave trend without significant GM differences across groups. GM and IQ correlated positively in both groups: in FEP, mostly in hippocampus, insula, and fronto-temporal structures, while in HC mostly in amygdala, thalamus and fronto-temporal regions. GM and PANSS scores correlated negatively in FEP, with widespread clusters located in limbic regions. Multivariate analysis showed strong and opposite structural GM covariance with salience network for FEP and HC. Moreover, structural covariance of the salience network in FEP correlated negatively with severity of clinical symptoms. CONCLUSION: Our study provides evidence supporting the insular dysfunction model of psychosis. Reduced structural GM covariance of the salience network, with its association to symptom's severity, appears a promising morphometry feature for FEP detection.

Childhood trauma and glucose metabolism in patients with first-episode psychosis.

Although the associations between first-episode psychosis (FEP) and metabolic abnormalities on one side, and childhood trauma (CT) and risk of developing psychosis on the other are both well established, evidence on the relationship between CT and metabolic dysregulation in terms of abnormal glucose metabolism is very limited. We tested whether, already at illness onset, FEP patients with a history of CT show dysregulation of a broad range of glucose metabolism markers. In particular, in 148 FEP patients we evaluated serum concentrations of c-peptide, insulin, plasminogen-activator-inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), resistin, visfatin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), gastric-inhibitor-peptide (GIP), leptin, and ghrelin. We also assessed CT with the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire, and stressful life events (SLEs) with a semi-structured interview. Psychopathology, cannabis and tobacco habits, Body Mass Index (BMI) were recorded. Serum concentrations of markers were analyzed from peripheral blood. Ninety-five patients (56 % males, mean age 29.5) reported CT. Multivariate models showed that CT is associated only with the concentrations of c-peptide and insulin after adjusting for age, sex, BMI and SLEs. FEP patients who had experienced CT showed higher c-peptide and insulin serum concentrations. Our study reports that CT might be associated with the metabolic abnormalities in the first stage of psychosis, suggesting that a thorough anamnestic evaluation at psychosis onset that would include the history of CT could be helpful for clinicians in order to implement early programmes of healthy lifestyle education and to guide choice of therapeutic interventions for trauma.

The impact of gender and childhood abuse on age of psychosis onset, psychopathology and needs for care in psychosis patients.

Gender is associated with several features of psychotic disorders, including age of illness onset, symptomatology, a higher prevalence of history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and needs for care. Childhood sexual abuse is associated with adverse mental health consequences but as there is a gender difference in stress reactivity, there may be a differential impact of CSA on psychopathology, age of psychosis onset and needs for care in First Episode Psychosis (FEP) patients. We hypothesized that a history of abuse would be associated with lowering of age of onset, increased symptomatology and more unmet needs in women but not men. A total of 444 FEP patients have been recruited within the context of the GET UP trial. Symptomatology has been assessed using the PANSS scale, needs for care with the CAN scale and childhood abuse with the CECA-Q scale. Childhood sexual abuse was more frequent among female patients [22.6% in women vs 11.6% in men (OR = 0.45, p < 0.01)], whereas there was no gender difference in the prevalence of childhood physical abuse (29.0% in women vs 31.7% in men). Childhood abuse was associated with higher levels of negative symptoms in both men and women, with a reduced age of onset in women only and little increase in needs for care in both men and women. Our results seem to suggest that childhood sexual abuse in female FEP patients may be linked to a more severe form of psychosis whose presentation is characterized by earlier age of onset and higher levels of negative symptoms and we can also speculate that gender-specific protective factors in women, but not in men, may be outweighed by the consequences of childhood abuse.