Severe acute hepatitis of unknown origin.

At the beginning of 2022, in the United Kingdom, and later in several European countries, a group of pediatric patients who developed acute hepatitis of so far unknown origin was reported. Clinical data include nausea, vomiting, jaundice, and liver failure; some patients require liver transplantation. The affected population is younger than 10 years of age. The probable etiological agent is adenovirus genotype F41, and toxic factors have been ruled out, as well as a relationship with COVID-19. There are several theories to explain this phenomenon, which are being investigated.

A inicios de 2022, en Reino Unido, y posteriormente en varios países europeos, se informó sobre un grupo de pacientes pediátricos que desarrollaron hepatitis aguda de origen desconocido hasta ahora. Los datos clínicos consisten en náusea, vómito, ictericia y falla hepática; algunos pacientes necesitan trasplante hepático. La población afectada es menor a los 10 años. El agente etiológico probable es el adenovirus genotipo F41 y se han descartado factores tóxicos, así como la relación con COVID-19. Existen varias teorías para explicar este fenómeno, las cuales se están investigando.

Hepatitis aguda grave de origen desconocido / Severe acute hepatitis of unknown origin

Resumen A inicios de 2022, en Reino Unido, y posteriormente en varios países europeos, se informó sobre un grupo de pacientes pediátricos que desarrollaron hepatitis aguda de origen desconocido hasta ahora. Los datos clínicos consisten en náusea, vómito, ictericia y falla hepática; algunos pacientes necesitan trasplante hepático. La población afectada es menor a los 10 años. El agente etiológico probable es el adenovirus genotipo F41 y se han descartado factores tóxicos, así como la relación con COVID-19. Existen varias teorías para explicar este fenómeno, las cuales se están investigando.

Abstract At the beginning of 2022, in the United Kingdom, and later in several European countries, a group of pediatric patients who developed acute hepatitis of so far unknown origin was reported. Clinical data include nausea, vomiting, jaundice, and liver failure; some patients require liver transplantation. The affected population is younger than 10 years of age. The probable etiological agent is adenovirus genotype F41, and toxic factors have been ruled out, as well as a relationship with COVID-19. There are several theories to explain this phenomenon, which are being investigated.

The role of socioeconomic status in the susceptibility to develop systemic lupus erythematosus in Mexican patients.

INTRODUCTION: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder for which Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes are well-identified as risk factors. SLE patients have different phenotypes or clinical presentations, which vary among Mexicans. This variation could be explained by ethnicity and admixture. Since socioeconomic status probably limits and change the patterns of migration, this factor could favor inbreeding and homogamy in some geographic areas. Consequently, it could alter or restrict the possibilities of admixture too. Therefore, the socioeconomic status may also have implications in the susceptibility and the clinical heterogeneity of SLE in Mexican patients. METHODS: One hundred twenty-three SLE patients and 234 healthy individuals with Mexican admixed ancestry were recruited. HLA alleles were analyzed using the HLA typing method based on Sequence-based typing (SBT). RESULTS: As expected, it was found an increased frequency of the HLA-DRB1*03:01 allele in all socioeconomic groups when compared with healthy individuals. The susceptibility allele found in the low-income SLE patients was HLA-DRB1*04:05 whereas, the susceptibility alleles for the high-income SLE patients were HLA-DRB1*07:01 (pC = 0.03, OR = 2.0) and HLA-DRB1*11:04 (pC = 0.0004, OR = 5.1). Additionally, the frequencies of two protective alleles HLA-DRB1*14:06 (pC = 0.01, OR = 0.28) and HLA-DRB1*16:02 (pC = 0.04, OR = 0.22) were found diminished. These findings correlate with the admixture differences between low-income and high-income SLE patients. The clinical manifestations showed a different distribution between both groups. Arthritis and neurological disorder were prevalent in low-income SLE patients, while the hematological disorder was prevalent in high-income SLE patients. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that HLA class II DRB1 genes contribute to the susceptibility and protection to develop SLE differently depending on socioeconomic status. Due to this, the clinical manifestations vary among patients and it could be related to different admixture charge.Key Point• HLA class II DRB1 genes contribute to the susceptibility and protection to develop SLE differently depending on socioeconomic status.

Genetic diversity of HLA system in two populations from Chiapas, Mexico: Tuxtla Gutiérrez and rural Chiapas.

We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 173 Mexicans from the state of Chiapas living in the city of Tuxtla Gutiérrez (N = 52) and rural communities (N = 121), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We found that the most frequent haplotypes in Chiapas include 12 Native American and one European haplotype. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in Chiapas are Native American (71.61 ±â€¯0.58% by ML; 53.16% of Native American haplotypes) and European (26.39 ±â€¯5.05% by ML; 25.86% of European haplotypes), and a less prominent African genetic component (2.00 ±â€¯5.20% by ML; 9.77% of African haplotypes).

Genetic diversity of HLA system in two populations from Hidalgo, Mexico: Pachuca and rural Hidalgo.

We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 122 Mexicans from the state of Hidalgo living in the city of Pachuca (N = 41) and rural communities (N = 81), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We find that the most frequent haplotypes in Hidalgo include eight Native American and one European haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in Hidalgo are Native American (58.93 ±â€¯2.16% by ML; 54.51% of Native American haplotypes) and European (32.49 ±â€¯2.88% by ML; 28.69% of European haplotypes), and a relatively high African genetic component (8.58 ±â€¯0.93% by ML; 6.97% of African haplotypes).

Genetic diversity of HLA system in seven populations from Veracruz, Mexico: Veracruz city, Coatzacoalcos, Córdoba, Orizaba, Poza Rica, Xalapa and rural Veracruz.

We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 1113 Mexicans from the state of Veracruz living in the cities of Coatzacoalcos (N = 55), Orizaba (N = 60), Córdoba (N = 56), Poza Rica (N = 45), Veracruz (N = 171), Xalapa (N = 187) and rural communities (N = 539) to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We found that the most frequent haplotypes include 12 Native American haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components are Native American (64.93 ±â€¯1.27% by ML; 55.10% of Native American haplotypes) and European (26.56 ±â€¯0.89% by ML; 28.38% of European haplotypes), and a relatively high African genetic component (8.52 ±â€¯1.82% by ML; 8.78% of African haplotypes).

Genetic diversity of HLA system in two populations from Campeche, Mexico: Campeche city and rural Campeche.

We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 81 Mexicans from the state of Campeche living in the city of Campeche (N = 34) and rural communities (N = 47), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We find that the most frequent haplotypes in the state of Campeche include ten Native American, three European, one African and one Asian haplotype. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in the state of Campeche are Native American (65.56 ±â€¯0.96% by ML; 51.24% of Native American haplotypes), European (34.44 ±â€¯10.94% by ML; 30.25% of European haplotypes), and a virtually absent African genetic component (0.00 ±â€¯10.31% by ML; 9.26% of African haplotypes).

Genetic diversity of HLA system in two populations from Morelos, Mexico: Cuernavaca and rural Morelos.

We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 112 Mexicans from the state of Morelos living in the city of Cuernavaca (N = 82) and rural communities (N = 30), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. The most frequent haplotypes in Morelos include seven Native American, one European, one African and one Asian haplotype. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in Morelos are Native American (60.43 ±â€¯2.22% by ML; 53.57% of Native American haplotypes) and European (39.58 ±â€¯3.70% by ML; 27.68% of European haplotypes), and a virtually absent African genetic component (0.00 ±â€¯4.93% by ML; but 11.16% of African haplotypes).

Genetic diversity of HLA system in two populations from Querétaro, Mexico: Querétaro city and rural Querétaro.

We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 88 Mexicans from the state of Querétaro living in the city of Querétaro (N = 45) and rural communities (N = 43), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We find that the most frequent haplotypes in the state of Querétaro include seven Native American, two European and one Asian haplotype. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in the state of Querétaro are Native American (51.82 ±â€¯4.42% by ML; 42.61% of Native American haplotypes) and European (48.18 ±â€¯3.55% by ML; 46.02% of European haplotypes), with a virtually absent African genetic component (0.00 ±â€¯4.25% by ML; 4.55% of African haplotypes).

Genetic diversity of HLA system in six populations from Mexico City Metropolitan Area, Mexico: Mexico City North, Mexico City South, Mexico City East, Mexico City West, Mexico City Center and rural Mexico City.

We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 1217 Mexicans from the Mexico City Metropolitan Area living in the northern (N = 751), southern (N = 52), eastern (N = 79), western (N = 33), and central (N = 152) Mexico City, and rural communities (N = 150), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We found that the most frequent haplotypes include 11 Native American haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components are Native American (63.85 ±â€¯1.55% by ML; 57.19% of Native American haplotypes) and European (28.53 ±â€¯3.13% by ML; 28.40% of European haplotypes), and a less apparent African genetic component (7.61 ±â€¯1.96% by ML; 7.17% of African haplotypes).

Genetic diversity of HLA system in a population from Guerrero, Mexico.

We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 144 Mexicans from the state of Guerrero to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We find that the ten most frequent haplotypes in the state of Guerrero include eight Native American and two European haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in the state of Guerrero are Native American (61.36 ±â€¯2.69% by ML; 54.17% of Native American haplotypes) and European (35.01 ±â€¯4.59% by ML; 32.29% of European haplotypes), and a relatively low African genetic component (3.63 ±â€¯2.38% by ML; 5.90% of African haplotypes).

Genetic diversity of HLA system in two populations from Tabasco, Mexico: Villahermosa and rural Tabasco.

We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 224 Mexicans from the state of Tabasco living in the city of Villahermosa (N = 82) and rural communities (N = 142), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We found that the most frequent haplotypes in Tabasco include 13 Native American and two European haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in Tabasco are Native American (67.79 ±â€¯1.59% by ML; 56.25% of Native American haplotypes) and European (27.21 ±â€¯3.97% by ML; 29.91% of European haplotypes), and a less prominent African genetic component (5.01 ±â€¯4.42% by ML; 8.93% of African haplotypes).

Screening for mutations in the SRY gene in patients with mixed gonadal dysgenesis or with Turner syndrome and Y mosaicism.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the presence of mutations in the open reading frame (ORF), as well as on the 5' and 3', flanking regions of the SRY gene in patients with mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD) or with Turner syndrome (TS) and Y mosaicism. STUDY DESIGN: We studied 13 patients with MGD and three patients with TS and Y mosaicism. DNA was isolated from blood leukocytes for subsequent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing were performed in the ORF, as well as from the 5' and 3' flanking regions of the SRY gene. RESULTS: No mutations were present in any of the patients studied. CONCLUSION: The absence of mutations in these regions indicated that mutations were an unlikely cause of MGD or TS with Y mosaicism and suggested that there are others genes playing an important role in sex development.