Meeting statement: Call to action for step-change in health behaviours.

Background: Enabling, supporting and promoting positive health-related behaviours is critical in addressing the major public health challenges of our time, and the multifaceted nature of behaviours requires an evidence-based approach. This statement seeks to suggest how a much-needed enhanced use of behavioural and cultural science and insights for health could be advanced. Study design and methods: and methods: Public health authorities of Europe and Central Asia and international partner organizations in September 2023 met in Copenhagen, Denmark, to discuss the way forward. Drawing on 1) country reporting to WHO, 2) interview study with public health authorities and 3) the meeting deliberations, this meeting statement was developed. Results: The meeting statement presents a joint call for step-change accelerated use of evidence-based approaches for health behaviours. Actionable next steps for public health authorities and international and regional development partners in health are presented. Conclusions: The way forward involves increased resource allocation, integration of behavioural insights into health strategies, advocacy through case and cost-effectiveness examples and capacity building.

Epidemiology of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Hospitalizations in Poland: An Analysis from 2015 to 2023 Covering the Entire Polish Population of Children Aged under Five Years.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of childhood hospitalizations. The aim of the study was to estimate the rates of RSV-related hospitalizations in children aged less than 5 years in Poland. METHODS: This retrospective observational cohort study was based on data obtained from the National Health Fund in Poland regarding all acute respiratory tract infections and RSV-coded admissions of children (age < 5 years) to public hospitals between July 2015 and June 2023. Patients were stratified based on the following age groups: 0-1 month, 2-3 months, 4-6 months, 7-12 months, 13-24 months, and 25-60 months. RESULTS: The number of RSV-related hospitalizations increased every season, both before and through the ending phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a shift in the seasonality pattern of RSV infection. Hospitalization rates per 1000 inhabitants were the highest for children aged 0-12 months, reaching 47.3 in the 2022/23 season. Within this group, the highest hospitalization rate was observed for children aged 2-3 months-94.9 in the 2022/23 season. During the ending phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, the observed increase in admission rates was 2-, 4-, and 5-fold the pre-COVID rate for children aged <12 months, 12-24 months, and 25-60 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In Poland, RSV infections cause a significant burden in hospitalized children aged less than 5 years. RSV-related hospitalizations were most frequent in children aged less than 1 year. The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a shift in the seasonality pattern of RSV infections. After the pandemic, more RSV-related hospitalizations were observed in older children (aged 13 months and older) vs. the pre-pandemic phase.

Course of therapy in patients with active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis despite first-line treatment.

Purpose: Treatment of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) in Poland begins with first-line therapy; however, the treatment often fails. The aim of this study was to investigate the course of first-line treatment in patients who, despite experiencing an active course of the disease, did not receive more efficacious treatment due to the existing criteria in the drug program. Methods: The study included 139 patients from 45 treatment centers. Medical data concerning the course of treatment were collected with the use of specific forms. Results: The most frequently used drugs were ß-interferons, and treatment was initiated with these drugs in most cases; however, administration of dimethyl fumarate was also common. The median treatment duration was 30.9 months, with the longest treatment duration observed for ß-interferons. The most common reason for therapy switching or termination was treatment failure. Conclusions: First-line therapy in the studied population was based mainly on ß-interferons and dimethyl fumarate. For most medications, the discontinuation of therapy or drug switching were very common and the main reason was total or partial treatment failure. These observations suggest the need for earlier implementation of more effective treatment, based on drugs with high efficacy, in the study population.

Highly active disease and access to disease-modifying treatments in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in Poland.

INTRODUCTION: In Poland, access to second-line disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis is limited by reimbursement criteria that require evidence of more aggressive disease compared to the approved indications. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a retrospective study carried out in DMT clinics across Poland, we asked neurologists to provide patient data on relapses and neuroimaging disease activity. Included were only patients with active disease, defined as one or more relapse and at least one new lesion between starting DMT and the last visit. For patients who had not received DMT, active disease was defined as at least one gadolinium-positive lesion or two or more new T2 lesions and two or more relapses within 12 months. We analysed the proportions of patients eligible for second-line DMTs based on the current reimbursement criteria and based on the broader criteria, which were in line with the approved indications. RESULTS: In total, 48 neurologists provided data for 641 patients (women 64%; mean age 38 years). Of the 641 patients, 610 (95%) received DMTs: 532 first-line and 78 second-line. Of the 532 patients on first-line DMTs, 40 (7.5%) were eligible for second-line treatment based on the current reimbursement criteria, and an additional 126 (23.6%) would be eligible for second-line treatment based on the broader criteria. Of the 31 patients who did not receive any DMTs, one patient was eligible for second-line treatment, and another two patients would be eligible for second-line treatment based on the broader criteria. Moreover, 13 previously treated patients would be eligible for second-line DMTs based on the broader criteria. When extrapolated to the whole of Poland, our study shows that an additional 1,581 patients would be eligible for second-line DMTs if the current reimbursement criteria were to be replaced by broader criteria complying with the approved indications. CONCLUSIONS: An urgent change is required in the reimbursement criteria in order to expand access to second-line DMTs for patients with relapsing-remitting MS in Poland.