A cross-sectional study assessing the role of interventional radiology services in regional and remote Australia.

INTRODUCTION: It is estimated that 8% of hospitalised patients require treatment from Interventional Radiology (IR). However, little is known about the potential impact of IR on regional and remote Australians, including Indigenous patients. This study aimed to assess treatments performed by IRs on regional/remote patients to predict future IR workforce and governance needs. METHODS: Single-centre cross-sectional study at a tertiary Victorian hospital. Patients were identified when they had an advanced IR treatment between 1 January 2022 and 2024. Basic procedures such as biopsy and drain insertion were not included. The primary outcome was the type and volume of IR treatments performed on patients who were transferred from a regional or remote home location for treatment. RESULTS: Of 3485 advanced IR interventions, 908 procedures (26.0%) from patients who lived in a regional or remote location were included with 36.5% female, of mean age 55.6 years (SD 17.9). 1.4% identified as Indigenous which is similar to the Indigenous population incidence in Victoria of 1.0%. Of this group, 350 (38.5%) were either a day procedure, overnight elective admission, or simple inpatient procedure which could have been performed in a regional centre, which included 1.1% Indigenous patients. CONCLUSION: There is an unmet need for IR services in regional and remote Australia, with many patients being transferred to our metropolitan centre for treatment that could be performed in regional IR hubs. This data will be important to drive government and hospital planning including capital infrastructure, workforce modelling and future recognition of IR as a new specialty in Australia.

Muscularity of older trauma patients at intensive care unit admission, association with functional outcomes, and relationship with frailty: A retrospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Older individuals are at an increased risk of delayed recovery following a traumatic injury. Measurement of muscularity and frailty at hospital admission may aid with prognostication and risk stratification. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe muscularity at intensive care unit (ICU) admission in patients admitted following trauma and assess the relationship between muscularity and clinical, long-term functional outcomes and frailty at ICU admission. METHODS: This retrospective study utilised data from a prospective observational study investigating frailty in patients aged ≥50 years, admitted to the ICU following trauma. Patients were eligible if they had a Computed Tomography (CT) scan including the third lumbar vertebra at ICU admission. Specialist software was used to quantify CT-derived skeletal muscle cross-sectional area. Muscularity status was classified as normal or low using published sex-specific cut-points. Demographic data, frailty, clinical, and long-term functional outcomes (Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended and EQ-5DL-5L Visual analogue scale and utility score) were extracted from the original study. RESULTS: One hundred patients were screened; 71 patients had a CT scan on admission with 66 scans suitable for muscle assessment. Patients with low muscularity (n = 25, 38%) were older and had a higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score and lower body mass index than patients with normal muscularity. Low muscularity was associated with frailty at admission (32% vs 5%, p = 0.005) but not with long term outcomes at 6 or 12 months. As a continuous variable, lower muscle cross-sectional area was associated with a poorer outcome on the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended at 6 months (mean [standard deviation]: 150 [43] and 180 [44], respectively; p = 0.014), no association was observed after adjustment for age p = 0.43). CONCLUSION: In a population of older adults hospitalised following trauma, low muscularity at ICU admission was prevalent. Low muscularity was associated with frailty but not long-term functional outcomes. Larger studies are warranted to better understand the relationship between muscularity and long-term functional outcomes.

Retrieval of a Cook Celect inferior vena cava (IVC) filter after prolonged dwell time of 5,117 days: Factors to consider for retrieval of long-dwell IVC filters.

Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters are used in certain patients to help prevent the occurrence of pulmonary embolism (PE). IVC filters are generally recommended to be removed once PE prophylaxis is no longer required. Long-dwelling IVC filters are associated with higher complication rates (Vasa 2020; 49: 449), being more difficult to retrieve and associated with higher retrieval complications (Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2016; 6: 632). This report describes the pre-procedural work-up and removal of an IVC filter with a prolonged dwell time of 5,117 days (14 years, 3 days) using the loop snare advanced retrieval technique. As far as the authors are aware this case is the longest-described successful retrieval of a Cook Celect IVC filter at 5,117 days.

The gender imbalance in Interventional Radiology in Australia and New Zealand.

INTRODUCTION: There are few female Interventional Radiologists worldwide and this is a significant issue for many countries. There is little known about the current status and attitudes to women in Interventional Radiology in Australia and New Zealand. The purpose of this study was to explore the gender balance, workforce challenges and perceptions towards women in Interventional Radiology in Australia and New Zealand. METHODS: An anonymised voluntary survey exploring the current demographics of Interventional Radiologists and opinions on multiple gender issues in Interventional Radiology was conducted. The survey was sent to all members of the Interventional Radiology Society of Australasia. Statistical analysis was performed using independent samples t-tests, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U testing and proportions of binary variables using logistic regression. RESULTS: Seventy seven responses were received, 83% males and 17% females. The majority of participants worked full time (83%) and identified as an Interventional Radiologist with/without some sessions of diagnostic radiology per week (83%). There was general consensus in many issues; however, males tended to disagree more than females that female IRs are treated differently than male IRs (p < 0.037), and that male IRs are paid more than female IRs (P = 0.020). Females agreed it was harder for female IRs to gain academic or clinical promotion; however, males disagreed (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: There is a clear gender imbalance in Interventional Radiology in Australia and New Zealand. Multiple issues should be investigated and addressed by the major stakeholders such as the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists and the Interventional Radiology society of Australasia.

Results from the First-in-Human Study of the Caterpillar™ Arterial Embolization System.

PURPOSE: To assess occlusion success and adverse events associated with the use of a self-expanding device for peripheral artery embolization. METHODS: This prospective, single-arm, feasibility study was conducted using the Caterpillar™ Arterial Embolization Device composed of opposing nitinol fibers and a flow-occluding membrane. Twenty patients (24 embolization sites) were treated at four investigational centers in New Zealand and Australia and followed for 30 days. Embolization sites included mesenteric, accessory renal, and iliac arteries and their branches. Primary outcome measures were peri-procedural occlusion confirmed by angiography and freedom from device-related serious adverse events (SAEs) at 30 days. Secondary observations included time to occlusion and assessment of adverse events. RESULTS: Peri-procedural occlusion was 100%, and freedom from a device-related SAE was 94.7% at 30 days. One patient had abdominal bloating that required hospitalization deemed possibly related to the device or procedure. Twenty-two of 24 embolization sites were occluded with one device (91.7%). Mean procedure duration was 11.7 ± 8.6 min (device deployment time: 1.8 ± 1.0 min), and mean fluoroscopy time was 241 ± 290.7 s. All embolization sites occluded during the procedure with 62.5% occluded within three minutes and 91.6% occluded within ten minutes. No devices migrated or required re-embolization. Freedom from device- and procedure-related adverse events was 84.2%. One patient died from aortic rupture during a subsequent adjunctive abdominal aortic endovascular procedure deemed unrelated to the embolization device or procedure. CONCLUSIONS: This first-in-human study of the Caterpillar embolization device achieved peri-procedural occlusion in all patients with a 94.7% freedom from device-related SAE at 30 days. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 2b-prospective, multicenter, single-arm, first-in-human clinical study. Pre-specified endpoints were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Ten-year incidence and treatment outcomes of closed degloving injuries (Morel-Lavallee lesions) in a level 1 trauma centre.

INTRODUCTION: Morel-Lavallée lesions (MLL), also referred to as closed degloving injuries, result from traumatic shearing forces with separation of the subcutaneous fat from the underlying fascia. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and treatment of MLLs at a level 1 trauma centre. METHODS: Single-centre retrospective cross-sectional study of consecutive patients with an imaging diagnosis of a Morel-Lavallee lesion from 1/1/2010-31/12/2019. Demographic data, mechanism of injury, volume of lesion, management and outcome data were collated. RESULTS: Sixty-six MLLs were identified in 63 patients (64% Male) with a median age of 49.5 years (19-94 years). Mechanism of injury were road traffic accidents in the majority (66%). Median injury severity score (ISS) was 17 (range 1-33). Patients on oral anti-coagulants had significantly larger lesions (181.9 cc v 445.5 cc, P = 0.044). The most common lesion location was the thigh (60.5%). Patients that underwent imaging within 72 h of injury had significantly larger lesions than those imaged more than 72 h after the inciting trauma (65 cc v 167 cc, P < 0.05). Management data were documented in 59% of lesions (39/66) in which 66.6% (n = 26) had invasive treatment. In the 31 patients where follow-up was available, 64.5% (n = 20) were persistent but decreasing in size. There was no significant difference in follow-up size for those who had invasive compared to conservative treatment (P = 0.3). CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of MLL should be considered for soft-tissue swelling in the context of shearing trauma. A variety of management options have been employed, with good overall outcomes.

Injury patterns, management and outcomes of retroperitoneal haemorrhage caused by lower intercostal arterial bleeding at a level-1 trauma centre: A 10-year retrospective review.

OBJECTIVE: Haemorrhagic shock is a life-threatening complication of trauma, but remains a preventable cause of death. Early recognition of retroperitoneal haemorrhage (RPH) is crucial in preventing deleterious outcomes including mortality. Injury to the 9-11th intercostal arteries (i.e. arteries of the lower thoracic region) are complicit in RPH. However, the associated injuries, implications and management of such bleeds remain poorly characterised. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of the medical records of patients diagnosed with RPH who presented to our level-1 trauma centre (2009-2019). We described the associated injuries, management and outcomes relating to RPH of the lower thoracic region (the 9-11th intercostal arteries) from this cohort to identify potential predictors and evaluate the impact of early identification and management of non-cavitary bleeds. RESULTS: Haemorrhage of the lower intercostal arteries (LIA) into the retroperitoneal space is associated with an increased number of posterior lower rib fractures and pneumothorax/haemothorax. A higher proportion of patients in the LIA group required massive transfusion, angioembolisation or surgical ligation when compared to other causes of RPH. CONCLUSION: The present study highlights the importance of injury patterns, particularly posterior lower rib fractures, as predictors for early recognition and management of RPH in the prevention of deleterious patient outcomes. RPH secondary to bleeding of the LIA may require early and aggressive management of haemorrhage through massive transfusion, and angioembolisation or surgical ligation when compared to RPH because of other causes.

A prospective cross-sectional study assessing teaching of interventional radiology across 20 Australian medical schools, endorsed by the Australian Medical Students Association.

BACKGROUND: Existing literature from around the world has shown that teaching of Interventional Radiology (IR) to medical students remains suboptimal. Despite calls for improvement at a "grass-roots" level, most IRs find that junior doctors have limited or no knowledge of IR, and thus reduced awareness of potential IR treatments for their patients or contemplating IR as a future career. The aim of this study was to survey current medical students to assess perception of whether a wider variety of medical schools are integrating IR into their curriculum, from universities all across Australia. This was a prospective cross-sectional study of members of the Australian Medical Students Association (AMSA) from across Australia. Students were given a 14-question survey of current university teaching and students' knowledge of the discipline of IR. The primary outcome was perception of current teaching and knowledge of IR. Secondary outcomes include awareness of technical, clinical, and other duties of IRs. RESULTS: Surveys were sent in a newsletter and posted on the AMSA Facebook page to their members. 82 responses were received via students from 20 out of 23 Australian medical schools. 61% of students described poor or no knowledge of IR. Teaching of IR was significantly worse than diagnostic radiology (p < 0.001), only 12% suggested that current IR teaching was adequate, and 99% suggested that IR teaching could be improved. Only 11% of students would consider a career in IR. CONCLUSIONS: Medical student perception of exposure to IR is poor compared to diagnostic radiology. Better awareness may lead to improved referral patterns for patients and more career interest in IR.

A Pilot First-in-Human Study of Embrace, a Polyethylene Glycol-Based Liquid Embolic Agent, in the Embolization of Malignant and Benign Hypervascular Tumors.

PURPOSE: To investigate the safety and efficacy of an aqueous polyethylene glycol-based liquid embolic agent, Embrace Hydrogel Embolic System (HES), in the treatment of benign and malignant hypervascular tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, single-arm, multicenter study included 8 patients, 5 males and 3 females, with a median age of 58.5 years (30-85 years), who underwent embolization in 8 tumors between October 2019 and May 2020. Technical success was defined as successful delivery of HES to the index vessel, with disappearance of >90% of the targeted vascular enhancement or, for portal vein embolization, occlusion of the portal branches to the liver segments for future resection. The volume of HES administered, ease of use (5 point Likert scale), administration time, and adverse events (AEs) were recorded. Evaluation was performed at 7, 30, and 90 days via clinical assessment and blood testing, and follow-up imaging was performed at 30 days. RESULTS: Eight patients were enrolled, and 10 embolizations were performed in 8 lesions. Tumors included hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 4), renal angiomyolipoma (n = 3), and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (n = 1). Technical success was 100%, and the average ease of use was 3.3 ± 1.0 SD. The HES delivery time was 1-28 minutes (median, 16.5 minutes), and the HES volume injected was 0.4-4.0 mL (median, 1.3 mL). All patients reached 30-day follow-up with imaging, and 6 patients reached 90-day follow-up. There were 3 serious AEs in 2 patients that were unrelated to the embolic agent. CONCLUSION: HES resulted in a 100% embolization technical success rate. The product ease of use was acceptable, and no target vessel recanalization was noted on follow-up imaging at 30 days.

Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH) and massive hemoptysis: The rationale for bronchial artery embolization.

INTRODUCTION: In many patients with Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH), bronchial artery hypertrophy is observed. Patients with bronchial dilatation have been shown to be at increased risk of hemoptysis introducing the risk of airway obstruction. In this study from an academic tertiary referral center, we aimed to assess the incidence of massive hemoptysis in our CTEPH patients, the success of bronchial artery embolization (BAE), recurrence, and hemoptysis-related mortality. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of all adults with CTEPH who underwent BAE for massive hemoptysis between 1 January 2015 and 30 July 2021. Primary endpoints were hemoptysis relapse and hemoptysis-related mortality. RESULTS: There were 367 patients who were being treated and managed with a diagnosis of CTEPH at our institution. There were 24 bronchial artery embolization procedures performed for all causes. A total of 3 patients during this time met inclusion criteria with acute massive hemoptysis and CTEPH. All patients were taking therapeutic-dose anticoagulation. Technical success after BAE was 100%. No hemoptysis recurrence was demonstrated at 17, 24, and 40-months follow-up respectively. No patient died from hemoptysis. However, 1 patient died 24 months after the embolization procedure due to a non-hemoptysis cause. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the low but important incidence of massive hemoptysis in patients with CTEPH. Unlike other causes of hemoptysis, this unique cohort requires balancing anticoagulation and hemorrhage control. Given the high degree of success, BAE is a viable option, allowing continuation or early re-establishment of anticoagulation.

Non-radiologist perception of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in diagnostic medical imaging reports.

INTRODUCTION: Incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) in diagnostic medical imaging reports has the potential to improve efficiency. Although perception of radiologists, radiographers, medical students and patients on AI use in image reporting has been explored, there is limited literature on non-radiologist clinicians' opinion on this topic. METHOD: Single-centre online survey targeting non-radiologist medical staff conducted from May to August 2021 at a tertiary referral hospital in Melbourne, Australia. Survey questions revolved around clinicians' level of comfort acting on AI-generated reports with varying levels of radiologist involvement and scan complexity, opinion on medicolegal responsibility for erroneous AI-issued reports and perception of data privacy and security. RESULTS: Eighty-eight responses were collected, including 47.9% of consultants. Non-radiologist clinicians across all seniorities and specialties felt significantly less comfortable acting on AI-issued reports compared with radiologist-issued reports (mean comfort radiologist 6.44/7, mean comfort AI 3.35/7, P < 0.001) but felt equally comfortable with an AI-hybrid model of care (mean comfort hybrid 6.38/7, P = 0.676). Non-radiologist clinicians believed that medicolegal responsibility with errors in AI-issued reports mostly lay with hospitals or health service providers (65.9%) and radiologists (54.5%). Regarding data privacy and security, non-radiologist clinicians felt significantly less comfortable with AI issuing image reports instead of radiologists (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: A hybrid AI-generated radiologist-confirmed method of image reporting may be the ideal way of integrating AI into clinical practice based on the perception of our referring non-radiologist medical colleagues. Formal guidelines on medicolegal responsibility and data privacy should be established prior to utilising AI in the clinical setting.

PIVET-ED: A Prospective, Randomised, Single-Blinded, Sham Controlled Study of Pelvic Vein Embolisation for Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction.

PURPOSE: Erectile Dysfunction (ED) is defined as the inability to obtain or maintain an erection firm enough for satisfactory sexual performance and affects the quality of life of over 50% of men aged over 40 years. Venogenic ED is elucidated as a cause in a subgroup of patients. The study aims to investigate the clinical success, technical success, safety and durability of venous embolisation for management of venogenic ED. METHODS: After providing informed consent, and subsequent to confirmation of venogenic ED by Doppler ultrasound (dUS) and cavernosography, 80 men referred for cavernosography and pelvic vein embolisation, will undergo randomisation by a computer system either to treatment or sham groups. Efficacy will be assessed using dUS and a validated questionnaire, the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). Pharmacologic agents used during the trial will be recorded. The primary outcome of PiVET-ED is to establish clinical success at 3 and 6 months post venous embolisation, as defined by end diastolic velocity in the cavernosal artery < 5 cm/s with dUS and by a > 4-point improvement in IIEF. Durability of the embolisation procedure will be assessed annually to 5 years. Quality of life will be assessed at all study time points using the 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36). DISCUSSION: The PiVET-ED trial is a prospective, randomised, single-blinded, single centre, sham controlled study, which aims to establish the safety, efficacy and durability of pelvic vein embolisation for the treatment of venogenic erectile dysfunction. CLINICAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12620001023943, 08/10/2020.

Prime Time for Artificial Intelligence in Interventional Radiology.

Machine learning techniques, also known as artificial intelligence (AI), is about to dramatically change workflow and diagnostic capabilities in diagnostic radiology. The interest in AI in Interventional Radiology is rapidly gathering pace. With this early interest in AI in procedural medicine, IR could lead the way to AI research and clinical applications for all interventional medical fields. This review will address an overview of machine learning, radiomics and AI in the field of interventional radiology, enumerating the possible applications of such techniques, while also describing techniques to overcome the challenge of limited data when applying these techniques in interventional radiology. Lastly, this review will address common errors in research in this field and suggest pathways for those interested in learning and becoming involved about AI.

A 10-year retrospective review of management and outcomes of pseudoaneurysms at a tertiary referral centre.

INTRODUCTION: Pseudoaneurysms are uncommon but potentially life-threatening. Treatment may involve a variety of interventions including observation, manual compression, ultrasound-guided thrombin injection and a variety of endovascular and surgical techniques. Current treatments are largely based on observational data and there is no consensus on management. This study aimed to provide evidence for guiding clinical decisions regarding visceral artery pseudoaneurysm and peripheral artery pseudoaneurysm management. METHODS: Retrospective single-centre review of patients diagnosed with visceral and peripheral artery pseudoaneurysms at a tertiary hospital (2010-2020). RESULTS: There were 285 patients included in this study. A total of 86 patients were diagnosed with a visceral artery pseudoaneurysm, and 49 of these (57%) were caused by trauma. A total of 199 patients were identified with a peripheral pseudoaneurysm; 76 of these (38%) were caused by trauma and 69 (35%) were due to access site complication during an endovascular procedure. Initial technical success was achieved in 266 patients (93.3%) with 19 requiring an additional treatment to achieve success. Conservative treatment (100% success), endovascular treatment (98.1%) and surgery (100%) were more successful than ultrasound-guided compression (63.6%) and thrombin injection (83.8%). The median time from diagnosis to intervention was <9 h for visceral artery pseudoaneurysms and 24 h for peripheral artery pseudoaneurysms. There was no change in survival outcomes with respect to time from diagnosis and intervention. CONCLUSION: In this study, pseudoaneurysms were treated with a high degree of success by observation or by using an endovascular approach, and those requiring endovascular intervention did not need to be treated immediately in an emergent setting.

Occupational radiation exposure to the lens of the eye in interventional radiology.

INTRODUCTION: Cataract formation is a tissue reaction effected by radiation exposure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occupational exposure to the lens of the eye of interventional radiologists (IR's) and interventional radiology staff, with and without lead glasses. METHODS: Ethical approval was provided by the hospital research and ethics committee. A prospective cohort study was performed over 1 year, doses recorded, lifetime dose (estimated at working 5 days in angiography, for 30 years) was estimated and dose compared to current guidelines. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs; Landauer, Glenwood, USA) Hp(3) were placed on both the exterior and interior side of the personal lead glasses worn by three interventional radiologists and two radiographers. They were monitored during all procedures performed within 1 year. Lead glasses (AttenuTech® Microlite® , Florida, USA) with specifications were 0.75 mm lead equivalent front shield, and Side shield 0.3 mm Pb equivalent. A control TLD was placed in the storage location of the lead glasses when not in use. Yearly dose was measured and lifetime dose was calculated from the data obtained. Calculation of dose received per day(s) spent performing procedures for both annual and lifetime exposure was performed. In addition a record of occurrence of splashes on glasses was made after each case. RESULTS: Eye doses without protection were double the recommended limits for both annual and lifetime dose. For interventional radiologists working between 3 and 4 or more days in the lab per week, annual dose thresholds would be exceeded (20 mSv/year averaged over 5 years, no more than 50 mSv in 1 year). If interventional radiologists worked between 3 and 4 or more days in the lab, lifetime dose thresholds would be exceeded (500 mSv lifetime dose). Lead glasses reduced radiation exposure by an average of 79%. If lead glasses were worn no interventional radiologists would exceed annual or lifetime dose thresholds to the eyes even if working 5 days per week as the primary operator. Radiographers would not exceed annual or lifetime dose thresholds even without lead glasses. Splash incidents occurred for all interventional radiologists and one radiographer. CONCLUSION: The use of lead glasses even in this small study resulted in a decreased dose of radiation to the lens of the eye. Regular use of radiation protection eyewear will reduce eye dose for primary proceduralists to well below yearly and lifetime thresholds.

Proximal splenic embolisation versus distal splenic embolisation for management of focal distal arterial injuries of the spleen.

INTRODUCTION: To compare the outcomes of proximal (pSAE) versus distal (dSAE) splenic artery embolisation for management of focal distal arterial splenic injuries secondary to blunt splenic trauma. METHOD: Ethical approval was granted by the hospital research and ethics committee, Project 389/19. All patients who underwent splenic artery embolisation secondary to blunt abdominal trauma from 1 January 2009 to 1 January 2019 were reviewed. Patients with a tandem embolisation (both proximal and distal embolisations) or those with no acute vascular injury on angiography were excluded. Patient demographics, injury type/ AAST grade (2018 classification), technique of embolisation and outcomes were collected. Complications and splenectomy rates up to 30 days were recorded. RESULTS: 136 out of 232 patients had an embolisation performed for a distal vascular injury including active arterial bleeding, pseudoaneurysm or arteriovenous fistula. Mean age was 41 (range 16-84). Mean AAST grade was 4 (range 3-5). Mean Injury Severity Score was 22. pSAE was performed in 79.4% (n = 108) and dSAE in 20.6% (n = 28). Major complications occurred in 12 patients (pSAE n = 12, 11.1%; dSAE n = 0, P > 0.05); 6 pSAE required splenectomy (n = 6, 5.6%). There was no significant difference in outcomes between the two groups or when based on AAST grading. CONCLUSION: No significant difference was observed between proximal and distal embolisation techniques for blunt trauma patients with a distal vascular injury in terms of technical and clinical success.

Risk stratification of emergency department patients with acute pulmonary thromboembolism: Is chest pain a reason to investigate?

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to risk-stratify chest pain as a presenting symptom in patients with a diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism (PE) to assess for any association. In addition, this study aimed to assess traditionally acknowledged PE risk factors in an Australian population. METHODS: This was a retrospective single-centre cohort study assessing patients who presented to our emergency department during the period of 1 January 2019 to 1 January 2020. 730 consecutive patients who went on to computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) examination after presentation were included. RESULTS: The rate of CTPA being positive in this study was 11.6% (85/730). Chest pain was associated with a non-significant reduction in the odds of PE (OR 0.774, P = 0.327). Univariate analysis showed significantly increased odds of a diagnosis of PE with presentation for leg pain/swelling (OR 6.670, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed increasing age (OR 1.018, 95% CI 1.002-1.034, P = 0.024), clinical signs of a DVT (OR 3.194, 95% CI 1.803-5.657, P < 0.001) and positive D-dimer (OR 1.762, 95% CI 1.011-3.071, P = 0.046) were associated with increased odds of PE. CONCLUSION: In this study, Emergency Department presentation with chest pain, whilst the most common reason to perform a CTPA, resulted in reduced odds with regard to the diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism. The use of CTPA in this setting may be rationalised according to other factors such as localised leg pain as a symptom, signs of DVT, increasing age or positive D-dimer.