ABSTRACT
The food and beverage industries in Mexico generate substantial effluents, including nejayote, cheese-whey, and tequila vinasses, which pose significant environmental challenges due to their extreme physicochemical characteristics and excessive organic load. This study aimed to assess the potential of Chlorella vulgaris in bioremediating these complex wastewaters while also producing added-value compounds. A UV mutagenesis treatment (40 min) enhanced C. vulgaris adaptability to grow in the effluent conditions. Robust growth was observed in all three effluents, with nejayote identified as the optimal medium. Physicochemical measurements conducted pre- and post-cultivation revealed notable reductions of pollutants in nejayote, including complete removal of nitrogen and phosphates, and an 85 % reduction in COD. Tequila vinasses exhibited promise with a 66 % reduction in nitrogen and a 70 % reduction in COD, while cheese-whey showed a 17 % reduction in phosphates. Regarding valuable compounds, nejayote yielded the highest pigment (1.62 mg·g-1) and phenolic compound (3.67 mg·g-1) content, while tequila vinasses had the highest protein content (16.83 %). The main highlight of this study is that C. vulgaris successfully grew in 100 % of the three effluents (without additional water or nutrients), demonstrating its potential for sustainable bioremediation and added-value compound production. When grown in 100 % of the effluents, they become a sustainable option since they don't require an input of fresh water and therefore do not contribute to water scarcity. These findings offer a practical solution for addressing environmental challenges in the food and beverage industries within a circular economy framework.
Subject(s)
Biodegradation, Environmental , Chlorella vulgaris , Waste Disposal, Fluid , Wastewater , Chlorella vulgaris/metabolism , Wastewater/chemistry , Mexico , Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods , Beverages , Food Industry , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Industrial Waste/analysisABSTRACT
Resumen Los fructanos son carbohidratos de estructura química diversa distribuidos en diferentes taxa. En las plantas, además de constituir una importante fuente de carbono, han sido asociados con la tolerancia a diferentes tipos de estrés. La biosíntesis de estos compuestos se lleva a cabo por la acción de las enzimas fructosiltransferasas, mientras que su degradación es mediada por las exohidrolasas fructosílicas, ambos tipos forman parte de la familia 32 de las enzimas hidrolasas glicosídicas. Las exohidrolasas fructosílicas son exoenzimas que liberan secuencialmente residuos de fructosa terminales de los fructanos para hacerlos disponibles como fuente de carbono en diferentes procesos celulares o bien moléculas de señalización. En esta revisión se hace una descripción de los fructanos y las exohidrolasas fructosílicas en algunas plantas importantes para el consumo humano y para el aprovechamiento industrial, con un enfoque particular en el género Agave, específicamente en A. tequilana. Concluimos, que el estudio de las exohidrolasas fructosílicas en agaves podría ser útil en varias aplicaciones biotecnológicas como en la hidrólisis de estructuras de fructanos no digeridos durante la etapa de cocción del agave en el proceso de producción de tequila. Sin embargo, el primer paso es conocer la funcionalidad de estas enzimas, lo que podría facilitar su incorporación en diferentes procesos biotecnológicos.
Abstract Fructans are carbohydrates of diverse chemical structure that are distributed in different taxa. In plants, in addition to be an important source of carbon, they have been associated with tolerance to different types of stress. The biosynthesis of these compounds is carried out by the action of enzymes called fructosyltransferases, while their degradation is mediated by fructan exohydrolases, both types are part of the 32 family of glycosidic hydrolase enzymes. Fructan exohydrolases are exo-enzymes that sequentially release terminal fructose residues from fructans to make them available as carbon sources for different cellular processes or as signaling molecules. In this review, a description is made of fructans, y of fructosyl exohydrolases in some plants important for human consumption or for industrial use, such as the Agave genus, specifically in A. tequilana. We conclude that the study of fructan exohydrolases in agaves could be useful in various biotechnological applications, for example, in the hydrolysis of undigested fructan structures during the agave cooking stage in the tequila production process. However, the first step is to determinate the enzymatic activity in which they are involved, for its posterior inclusion in biotechnology processes.
Resumo Os frutanos são carboidratos de estrutura química diversificada distribuídos em diferentes táxons. Nas plantas, além de serem uma importante fonte de carbono, eles têm sido associados à tolerância a diferentes tipos de estresse. A biossíntese desses compostos é realizada pela ação das enzimas fructosiltransferases, enquanto sua degradação é mediada por frutossil exohidrolases, ambos os tipos fazem parte da família 32 de enzimas glicosídicas da hidrolase. As exo-hidrolases de frutossil são exo-enzimas que liberam seqüencialmente resíduos terminais de frutose dos frutanos para torná-los disponíveis como fonte de carbono em diferentes processos celulares, ou como sinalizadores. Nesta revisão, é feita uma descrição dos frutanos e das frutossil exohidrolases em algumas plantas importantes para o consumo humano ou para uso industrial, como o gênero Agave, especificamente no A. tequilana. Concluímos que o estudo de frutossil exo-hidrolases em agaves pode ser útil em várias aplicações biotecnológicas, por exemplo, na hidrólise de estruturas de frutano não digeridas durante a fase de cozimento da agave no processo de produção de tequila. Para isso, o primeiro passo é conhecer o tipo de atividade enzimática que eles desempenham, para sua posterior inclusão no campo da biotecnologia.
