+Ciencia: a training program to increase evidence-based science communication and literacy for Hispanic high school and undergraduate students.

Science misinformation represents a significant challenge for the scientific community. Hispanic communities are particularly vulnerable due to language barriers and the lack of accessible information in Spanish. We identified that a key step toward enhancing the accessibility of information for non-native English-speaking communities involves imparting science communication education and training to Hispanic youth. Our goal was to provide them with the skills to become science ambassadors who can effectively engage with their communities and bridge communication gaps. To address this, we developed the first science communication training program in Spanish for Hispanic high school and undergraduate students in Puerto Rico. The program called +Ciencia aims to provide training and education on science communication for Hispanic minorities through experiential and collaborative learning. In the short term, our multifaceted approach works to counter misinformation and promote science literacy within the broader community. Over the long term, our grassroots efforts with students will evolve into a generation of professionals equipped with strong engagement skills and comprehensive training in science communication with a specific focus on Hispanic audiences. Herein, we describe the components of this educational program and provide open access to educational materials and articles developed by three cohorts.

[Asociación de exposición a humo de camiones en adolescentes con asma de un centro de referencia del noreste de México].

Objective: To compare whether adolescents who are exposed to truck smoke have a higher prevalence of asthma symptomatology versus those who are not exposed. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive, and comparative study. Adolescents aged 13 and 14 years were included and completed a self-report questionnaire. Subjects were selected following the same methodology as in ISAAC phase III. They underwent an epidemiological survey for the presence of symptoms. Ex- posure to truck smoke was defined as passing trucks most of the day as perceived by the patient. The distribution was assessed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Comparisons with Chi-square or Student's t-test, as appropriate. A value of p³0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 492 patients were included. The demographic variables can be seen in Table 1. When performing the association between the groups of ad- olescents with asthma exposed to truck smoke, a significant difference was found in the prevalence of respiratory symptomatology and asthma (26.0% vs 9.6%, p=0.000) (Table 1). Conclusions: Adolescent patients with asthma who are exposed to truck smoke demonstrated a significant difference in the presence of respiratory symptom- atology and asthma compared to patients without exposure.

Objetivo: Comparar si los adolescentes que están expuestos a humo de camiones tienen mayor prevalencia de sintomatología de asma contra quienes no están expuestos. Métodos: Estudio transversal, descriptivo y comparativo. Se incluyeron adolescentes de 13 y 14 años de edad quienes completaron un cuestionario autoinfor- mado. Los sujetos se seleccionaron siguiendo la misma metodología que en la fase III de ISAAC. Se les realizó una encuesta epidemiológica para la presencia de síntomas. Exposición al humo de camiones se definió como el paso de camiones la mayoría del día a percepción del paciente. La distribución fue evaluada con la prueba de Kolmogórov-Smirnov. Comparaciones con prueba de Chi-cuadrada o T de Student, según corresponda. Un valor de p £ 0.05 fue considerado estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 492 pacientes. Las variables demográficas se pueden observar en la Tabla 1. Al realizar la asociación entre los grupos de adolescentes con asma que se encuentran expuestos a humo de camiones se encontró una diferencia significativa en la prevalencia de sintomatología respira- toria y asma (26.0% vs 9.6%, p = 0.000). Conclusiones: Los pacientes adolescentes con asma que se encuentran expuestos al humo de camiones demostraron tener diferencia significativa en la presencia de sintomatología respiratoria y asma en comparación con los pacientes sin exposición.

Cardiovascular health worsening in patients with autoimmune rheumatological diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Rheumatic autoimmune diseases are associated with a myriad of comorbidities. Of particular importance due to their morbimortality are cardiovascular diseases. COVID-19 greatly impacted the world population in many different areas. Patients with rheumatic diseases had to face changes in their healthcare, in addition to unemployment, a decrease in physical activity, social isolation, and lack of access to certain medications. This review summarizes the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on cardiovascular risk factors, comorbidities, and unhealthy behaviors in patients with rheumatic inflammatory autoimmune diseases, particularly focused on rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Searches were carried out in MEDLINE/PubMed and Scopus from August to December 2022. Four reviewers screened the title and abstract of retrieved records. Potentially eligible reports were then reviewed in full text. Differences were reconciled by either consensus or discussion with an external reviewer. During the COVID-19 pandemic, patients with rheumatic diseases showed an increase in the prevalence of mental health disorders (43.2-57.7%), reduced physical activity (56.8%), and a worsening in eating behaviors. Alcohol intake increased (18.2%), especially in early phases of the pandemic. Smoking prevalence decreased (28.2%). Dyslipidemia and hypertension showed no changes. The pandemic and lockdown affected rheumatic patients not only in disease-related characteristics but in the prevalence of their cardiovascular comorbidities and risk factors. Lifestyle changes, such as healthy eating, physical activity, and optimal management of their rheumatic diseases and comorbidities, are essential to manage the long-lasting consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak. Key Points • During the COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety, depression, sedentarism, obesity, and a worsening in eating behaviors increased. •Patients with rheumatic diseases and comorbidities have worse clinical outcomes and a higher cardiovascular disease burden than those without them. •Comparative studies are necessary to precisely elucidate the pandemic's impact on the prevalence of cardiovascular disease, risk factors, and comorbidities in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Nectary structure is not related to pollination system in Trichocereeae cactus from Northwest Argentina.

Floral nectaries are essential for plant reproduction but little is known about the relationship between these secretory structures and pollination system in cacti. To test phenotypic patterns in nectaries associated with pollination syndromes and/or with its pollinators, we selected from evolutionarily related genera Cleistocactus, Denmoza, and Echinopsis, a set of species with bird-pollinated flowers and floral traits that may fit with ornithophily or with sphingophily, and other set of sphingophilous species with moths as effective pollinator. Observations were made under light microscope and scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Nectaries are located at the base of the filaments welded to the tube, forming a chamber. The nectary consists of the epidermis with distinctive features in each genus, a secretory parenchyma which may be vascularized and a non-secretory vascularized parenchyma. Anatomical variants observed in nectaries of different species are not consistent with the floral pollination syndromes neither with groups of pollinators. The basic structure of the nectar chamber is relatively conserved, a fact that may be explained by phylogenetic conservatism among the genera investigated. Our results revalue the role of anatomical traits for the systematics of Cactaceae.

Acrilamida en los alimentos: Valores de referencia, recomendaciones y acciones de mitigación

RESUMEN Diversas agencias internacionales han considerado que la acrilamida puede producir efectos dañinos en la salud de la población debido a una serie de estudios toxicológicos realizados en modelos animales, en los cuales se observan efectos cancerígenos, genotóxicos, neurotóxicos, inmunológicos y en la salud reproductiva. A pesar de la creciente preocupación en diversos países sobre los potenciales efectos en salud humana, los organismos encargados de determinar límites toxicológicos no han definido aún los límites máximos de acrilamida que pueden estar presente en los diferentes tipos de alimentos para que sean inocuos para la población. El objetivo de esta actualización es revisar las regulaciones existentes sobre la acrilamida y enfatizar la necesidad de establecer límites que la industria alimentaria pueda aplicar efectivamente, además de la necesidad de contar con valores máximos diarios tolerables para prevenir los efectos nocivos para la salud de la población.

ABSTRACT Several international agencies have considered that acrylamide can induce deleterious effects in human health due to a series of toxicological studies conducted in animal models, in which carcinogenic, genotoxic, neurotoxic, immunological and reproductive effects have been observed. Despite a growing concern about these effects on human health, agencies responsible for determining toxicological limits in various countries have not yet defined the maximum levels of acrylamide that may be present in the different types of food to be safe for the population. The objective of this updated review is to evaluate the existing regulations on acrylamide and emphasize the need to establish limits that the food industry can effectively apply, in addition to the need to have tolerable daily maximum values to prevent harmful effects on the population health.

Infecciones respiratorias no COVID / Non covid respiratory infections

Las infecciones respiratorias virales son patologías comunes y de las principales causantes de morbimortalidad; durante el año 2020 llegó a Chile la cepa de coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. A nivel nacional, hay escasa evidencia del impacto que las estrategias para la prevención de transmisión de SARS-CoV-2 ha tenido en la circulación de otros virus respiratorios. Objetivos: Dilucidar si ha existido un cambio epidemiológico en la incidencia y contagio de infecciones respiratorias virales no SARS-CoV-2 durante el desarrollo de la pandemia actual. Materiales y métodos: Se realizará un estudio ecológico descriptivo para determinar y comparar la incidencia de infecciones respiratorias de origen viral no SARS-CoV-2 (Influenza A, Influenza B, Metapneumovirus, VRS, Adenovirus, Parainfluenza) del año 2020 en relación con el período 2015-2019 en Chile. Se incluirán a todos los pacientes con confirmación de infección respiratoria viral no SARS-CoV-2, notificados durante las semanas 1 a 51 del año 2015 a 2020 en los informes de circulación viral del ISP. Resultados: En el año 2020 hubo 1035 casos de virus respiratorios no SARS- CoV-2 acumulados hasta la semana 51 con una positividad del 2,9%. En promedio el período 2015-2019 tuvo 15.054 casos anuales acumulados a la semana 51 con una positividad promedio anual de 31,8%. El peak del año 2020 ocurrió en la semana 13, mientras que en el periodo 2015-2019 entre las semanas 27-33. Conclusión: Durante el año 2020 se presentó una disminución mayor al 90% en la incidencia de todos los virus respiratorios no SARS-CoV-2 notificados por el ISP en comparación al mismo período 2015-2019 y quedó en evidencia, la ausencia de un patrón estacional para infecciones por virus respiratorios no SARS-CoV-2 durante el año 2020. La relación de causalidad entre este descenso con las medidas implementadas para la prevención de la diseminación de SARS- CoV-2 durante la actual pandemia permanecen inciertas.

Viral respiratory infections are common pathologies and are amongst the principal causes of morbidity and mortality; in 2020 the coronavirus strain SARS-CoV-2 arrived in Chile. At national level, there is little evidence of the impact of SARS-CoV-2 prevention strategies in the circulation of other respiratory viruses. Objectives: To elucidate whether there has been an epidemiological change in the incidence and contagion of non SARS- CoV-2 viral respiratory infections during the development of the current pandemic. A descriptive ecological study was carried out to determine and compare the incidences of non SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infections of viral origin (Influenza A, Influenza B, Metapneumovirus, RSV, Adenovirus, Parainfluenza) in the year 2020 with the period 2015-2019 in Chile. All patients with confirmed non SARS-CoV-2 notified during weeks 1 to 51 of 2015 to 2020 in the Institute of Public Health reports of viral circulation will be included. Results: By week 51 of 2020 there was a total of 1,035 cases of non SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses with a positivity of 2.9%. On average, in the period 2015 ­ 2019 there was a total of 15,054 cases by week 51 with an annual mean positivity of 31.8%. In 2020 The peak occurred in week 13 in the year 2020 and from weeks 27 -33 in the period 2015-2019. Conclusion: During 2020 there was a decrease of over 90% in the incidence of non SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses compared with the non SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses notified by the Institute of Public Health in the same period from 2015 to 2019, and the absence of a seasonal pattern for non SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses during 2020 was evident. The causal relationship between this decline and the measures implemented to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the pandemic remains uncertain.

El duelo en tiempos de pandemia: la muerte escrita / Grief in times of pandemic: written death

En tiempos de pandemia los rituales funerarios quedan alterados y en ciertos sitios, suprimidos. los alcances subjetivos de este impedimento no son todavía visibles. No obstante, la formas de despedida y acompañamiento no quedan canceladas. La palabra encuentra los modos de alojar al dolor mostrado su eficacia en el campo de lo humano. Es necesario acentuar estos modos vicarios de la despedida porque de ellos depende el destino del duelo mismo

In times of pandemic, funeral rituals are altered and, in certain places, suppressed. the subjective implications of this impediment are not yet visible. However, the forms of farewell and accompaniment are not canceled. The word finds ways to accommodate pain by showing its effectiveness in the field of the human. It is necessary to accentuate these vicarious ways of parting because the fate of the duel itself depends on them

Magnesium Salt, a Simple Strategy to Improve Methadone Analgesia in Chronic Pain: An Isobolographic Preclinical Study in Neuropathic Mice.

Analgesic efficacy of methadone in cancer and chronic non-cancer pains is greater than that of other opioids, probably because of its unique pharmacokinetics properties and also because it targets glutamatergic receptors in addition to µ-opioid receptors. However, methadone has drawbacks which are clearly related to dosing and treatment duration. The authors hypothesized that the antinociceptive efficacy of methadone could be synergistically potentiated by magnesium and copper salts in a preclinical mouse model of chronic pain, using the intraplantar formalin test as algesimetric tool. The spared nerve injury mice model was used to generate mononeuropathy. A low dose (0.25%) formalin was injected in the neuropathic limb in order to give rise only to Phase I response, resulting from direct activation by formalin of nociceptive primary afferents. Licking/biting of the formalin-injected limb was evaluated as nociceptive behavior during a 35-min observation period. Dose-response curves for intraperitoneal magnesium sulfate (10, 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg i.p.), copper sulfate (0.1, 0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg i.p.) and methadone (0.1, 0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg i.p.) allowed to combine them in equieffective doses and to determine their interaction by isobolographic analysis. Magnesium sulfate, copper sulfate and methadone dose-dependently decreased the nociceptive response evoked by formalin injection, the respective ED50 being 76.38, 1.18, and 0.50 mg/kg i.p. Isobolographic analysis showed a superadditive interaction for magnesium and methadone. Indeed, despite that both ED50 are obviously equieffective, the ED50 for the MgSO4/methadone combination contained less than one third of the methadone having the ED50 for methadone alone. For the CuSO4/methadone combination, the interaction was only additive. Extrapolated to clinical settings, the results suggest that magnesium salts might be used to improve synergistically the efficacy of methadone in neuropathy, which would allow to reduce the dose of methadone and its associated side effects.

Atrial Dyssynchrony Measured by Strain Echocardiography as a Marker of Proarrhythmic Remodeling and Oxidative Stress in Cardiac Surgery Patients.

Aging leads to structural and electrophysiological changes that increase the risk of postoperative atrial arrhythmias; however, noninvasive preoperative markers of atrial proarrhythmic conditions are still needed. This study is aimed at assessing whether interatrial dyssynchrony determined using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography relates to proarrhythmic structural and functional remodeling. A cohort of 45 patients in sinus rhythm referred for cardiac surgery was evaluated by echocardiography and surface electrocardiogram the day before the intervention. Transmembrane potential, connexin, and potassium channel distribution, inflammatory, and nitrooxidative markers were measured from right atrial tissue obtained from patients. A difference greater than 40 milliseconds between right and left atrial free wall contraction confirmed the presence of interatrial dyssynchrony in 21 patients. No difference in relation with age, previous diseases, and 2-dimensional echocardiographic findings as well as average values of global longitudinal right and left atrial strain were found between synchronic and dyssynchronic patients. Postoperative atrial fibrillation incidence increased from 8.3% in the synchronic group to 33.3% in the dyssynchronic ones. P wave duration showed no difference between groups. Action potentials from dyssynchronous patients decreased in amplitude, maximal rate of depolarization, and hyperpolarized. Duration at 30% of repolarization increased, being markedly shorter at 90% of repolarization. Only the dyssynchronous group showed early and delayed afterdepolarizations. Atrial tissue of dyssynchronous patients displayed lateralization of connexin 40 and increased connexin 43 expression and accumulation of tumor necrosis factor-α in the intercalated disc. Tumor necrosis factor-α did not colocalize, however, with lateralized connexin 40. Nitroxidative marks and KATP channels increased perivascularly and in myocytes. Our results demonstrate that, as compared to a traditional surface electrocardiogram, the novel noninvasive echocardiographic evaluation of interatrial dyssynchrony provides a better identification of nonaged-related proarrhythmic atrial remodeling with increased susceptibility to postoperative atrial fibrillation.

Intensive Imaging Surveillance of Survivors of Breast Cancer May Increase Risk of Radiation-induced Malignancy.

BACKGROUND: Current clinical guidelines recommend mammography as the only imaging method for surveillance in asymptomatic survivors of early breast cancer (EBC). However, non-recommended tests are commonly used. We estimated the imaging radiation-induced malignancies (IRIM) risks in survivors of EBC undergoing different imaging surveillance models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We built 5 theoretical models of imaging surveillance, from annual mammography only (model 1) to increasingly imaging-intensive approaches, including computed tomography (CT) scan, positron emission tomography-CT, bone scan, and multigated acquisition scan (models 2 through 5). Using the National Cancer Institute's Radiation Risk Assessment Tool, we compared the excess lifetime attributable cancer risk (LAR) for hypothetical survivors of EBC starting surveillance at the ages of 30, 60, or 75 years and ending at 81 years. RESULTS: For all age groups analyzed, there is a statistically significant increase in LAR when comparing model 1 with more intensive models. As an example, in a patient beginning surveillance at the age of 60 years, there is a 28.5-fold increase in the IRIM risk when comparing mammography only versus a schedule with mammography plus CT scan of chest-abdomen and bone scan. We found no differences when comparing models 2 through 5. LAR is higher when surveillance starts at a younger age, although the age effect was only statistically significant in model 1. CONCLUSION: Non-recommended imaging during EBC surveillance can be associated with a significant increase in LAR. In addition to the lack of survival benefit, additional tests may have significant IRIM risks and should be avoided.

Hispanic Ethnicity and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the United States: The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2013 / Riesgo cardiovascular entre Hispano-Americanos residiendo en los Estados Unidos: El sistema conductual de vigilancia de factores de riesgo 2013

ABSTRACT Background: Although the leading cause of death among Hispanics living in the United States (US) is cardiovascular disease (CVD), the association between Hispanic ethnicity and CVD has been scarcely explored. Objective: To examine whether being Hispanic is associated with an increased risk of CVD compared with the non-Hispanic US adult population in 2013. Methods: Secondary data analysis of a cross-sectional 2013 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey in 2013 (n=486,905). The main exposure variable was Hispanic ethnicity (Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban or Spanish origin) and the main outcome variable was self-reported CVD (myocardial infarction/coronary artery disease/angina). The main covariates were sex, age, education, income, healthcare access, exercise, body mass index, current smoking, heavy drinking, diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regressions were used to assess the effect between ethnicity and self-reported CVD. Odds ratios (OR) and 99% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results: In total, 12% of the study participants were Hispanic (n=57,257). Approximately 24% of Hispanics were 25-34 y/o while (21%) of non-Hispanic were >65 y/o. After adjustment, Hispanics were 30% less likely to report CVD compared with non-Hispanics (OR=0.7; 99%; CI=0.6-0.8). Compared with men, women had a 40% decreased risk of having CVD (OR=0.60; 99% CI=0.5-0.6). Advanced age, lower educational attainment, income <$15,000/year, lack of exercise, smoking, non-heavy drinking, diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia increased statistically significantly the likelihood of reporting CVD. Conclusion: The findings suggest that, in general, Hispanics residing in the US are significantly less likely to self-declare if they had a CVD compared with non-Hispanic Americans. These data suggest that although Hispanics are generally poorer and have less access to education and health services, their self-perceived health is better than in non-Hispanic residents of the US.

Resumen Introducción: Aunque la enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) es una de las mayores causas de defunción entre los hispanos que viven en los EE. UU, la asociación entre la etnia hispana y la ECV apenas se ha explorado. Objetivo: Examinar si ser hispano se asocia con un mayor riesgo de padecer ECV en comparación con la población adulta no Hispana de los EE. UU, basados en los datos de la encuesta nacional sobre factores de riesgo conductuales del 2013. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis de datos secundario de la información obtenida del Sistema de Vigilancia del Factor de Riesgo Conductual (BRFSS) para estudiar la asociación entre origen étnico (hispanos: mexicano, puertorriqueño, cubano o de origen español vs. no hispanos) y la ECV en los encuestados a través del sistema BRFSS. Utilizamos una regresión logística para obtener modelos ajustados y no ajustados para evaluar el efecto de las características de la población seleccionada en participantes que informaron tener o no ECV. Resultados: En este estudio se incluyeron 486905 adultos, (48% hombres) y 57257 (11,8%) que se autodefinieron como hispanos. Aproximadamente el 24% de los hispanos tenían entre 25 y 34 años, mientras que un 21% de los no hispanos tenían más de 65 años. Después del ajuste de variables, los hispanos tenían un 30% menos de probabilidades de reportar una ECV en comparación con los no hispanos (OR = 0.7, 99% CI = 0.6-0.8); las mujeres mostraron un 40% menos de probabilidades de presentar una ECV (OR = 0,60; IC del 99% = 0,5-0,6). Tener más edad, menos nivel de educación formal, ganar menos de <$ 15000 / año, el sedentarismo, el tabaquismo, el consumo excesivo de alcohol, la diabetes, la hipertensión y la hiperlipidemia aumentaron significativamente la probabilidad de presentar una ECV. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos sugieren que en general, los hispanos que residen en los EE. UU, especialmente mujeres, tuvieron una probabilidad significativamente menor de autoreportar que tuvieron una ECV en comparación con los norteamericanos no hispanos.

Efecto in vitro antimicrobiano de commiphora myrrha mirra frente a streptococcus mutans / Antimicrobial in vitro effect of commiphora myrrha myrrh against streptococcus mutans

La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) en los últimos años ha impulsado el uso de la medicina tradicional como una alternativa en la salud primaria y sobre todo en áreas rurales donde se dificulta el acceso a la atención médica oportuna. Esta investigación plantea tres fases: Estudio etnofarmacológico realizado en la ciudad de Guayaquil, donde se obtuvo un 20% de nivel de uso significativo para Commiphora myrrha (mirra) con índice de valor de uso 0,022. Los metabolitos secundarios presentes en la mirra son Furanoeudesma-1,3-diene, Curzerene, ß-elemene, 2-O-acetyl-8,12epoxigermacrama1-1(10)-4,7,11-tetraene, además de polisacáridos, aminoácidos y flavonas. La actividad antimicrobiana in vitro del aceite esencial y extracto etanólico Commiphora myrrha fue investigada sobre Streptococcus mutans, utilizando como control blanco agua destilada y control positivo clorhexidina al 2%. Los valores promedios más altos de halo inhibitorio fueron en la concentración al 100%, presentando 12mm y 10mm para el aceite esencial y extracto etanólico respectivamente; acorte a la escala de Duraffourd se encuentran en sensibilidad límite. Los resultados obtenidos fueron evaluados por medio de la prueba ANOVA (Análisis de varianza) donde el valor de P es < 0,001 rechazando la no existencia de actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial y extracto etanólico. (AU)

Floral nectaries in Sapindaceae s.s.: morphological and structural diversity, and their systematic implications.

We investigated the morphology and structure of the floral nectary in 11 Neotropical genera belonging to the subfamilies Dodonaeoideae and Paullinioideae (Sapindaceae) from southern South America representing three tribes (Dodonaeaeae, Paullinieae, and Melicocceae), in relation to other floral traits in species with contrasting morphological flower characteristics. Nectary organization was analyzed under light, stereoscopic, and scanning electron microscopes; Diplokeleba floribunda N.E. Br. was also observed using transmission electron microscopy. Our comparative data may contribute to the understanding of floral nectary evolution and systematic value in this family. The nectaries were studied in both staminate and pistillate flowers. All the floral nectaries are typical of Sapindaceae: extrastaminal, receptacular, structured, and persistent. The anatomical analysis revealed a differentiated secretory parenchyma and an inner non-secretory parenchyma; the nectary is supplied by phloem traces and, less frequently, by phloem and xylem traces. Nectar is secreted through nectarostomata of anomocytic type. The anatomical analysis showed the absence of nectary in the three morphs of Dodonaea viscosa flowers. Nectary ultrastructure is described in D. floribunda. In this species, the change in nectary color is related to progressive accumulation of anthocyanins during the functional phase. We found relatively small variation in the nectary structural characteristics compared with large variation in nectary morphology. The latter aspect agreed with the main infrafamilial groupings revealed by recent phylogenetic studies, so it is of current valuable systematic importance for Sapindaceae. In representatives of Paullinieae, the reduction of the floral nectary to 4-2 posterior lobes should be interpreted as a derived character state.

Preventing the recovery of extinguished ethanol tolerance.

There is substantial evidence that drug-paired cues become associated with drug effects. From a Pavlovian perspective, these cues act as conditioned stimuli and elicit conditioned compensatory responses that contribute to drug tolerance. Here we report two experiments with rats in which we studied the extinction of the associative tolerance to the ataxic effect of ethanol. Experiment 1 evaluated whether changes in the temporal and physical contexts after extinction training provoke recovery of the extinguished tolerance. The results showed successful extinction, spontaneous recovery and renewal of the extinguished tolerance, but no summation of renewal and spontaneous recovery. Experiment 2 evaluated whether using massive extinction trials and delivering extinction in multiple contexts attenuates the renewal effect. The results showed that both manipulations reduced renewal of the extinguished tolerance to the ataxic effect of ethanol; however, these manipulations used in combination did not appear to be more effective in reducing recovery than each by itself. The present results may help guide further research that evaluates behavioral ploys to prevent the recovery of extinguished responses.

Modification of Docosahexaenoic Acid Composition of Milk from Nursing Women Who Received Alpha Linolenic Acid from Chia Oil during Gestation and Nursing.

α-Linolenic acid (ALA) is the precursor of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in humans, which is fundamental for brain and visual function. Western diet provides low ALA and DHA, which is reflected in low DHA in maternal milk. Chia oil extracted from chia (Salvia hispanica L.), a plant native to some Latin American countries, is high in ALA (up to 60%) and thereby is an alternative to provide ALA with the aim to reduce DHA deficits. We evaluated the modification of the fatty acid profile of milk obtained from Chilean mothers who received chia oil during gestation and nursing. Forty healthy pregnant women (22-35 years old) tabulated for food consumption, were randomly separated into two groups: a control group with normal feeding (n = 21) and a chia group (n = 19), which received 16 mL chia oil daily from the third trimester of pregnancy until the first six months of nursing. The fatty acid profile of erythrocyte phospholipids, measured at six months of pregnancy, at time of delivery and at six months of nursing, and the fatty acid profile of the milk collected during the first six months of nursing were assessed by gas-chromatography. The chia group, compared to the control group, showed (i) a significant increase in ALA ingestion and a significant reduction of linoleic acid (LA) ingestion, no showing modification of arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA; (ii) a significant increase of erythrocyte ALA and EPA and a reduction of LA. AA and DHA were not modified; (iii) a increased milk content of ALA during the six months of nursing, whereas LA showed a decrease. AA and EPA were not modified, however DHA increased only during the first three months of nursing. Consumption of chia oil during the last trimester of pregnancy and the first three months of nursing transiently increases the milk content of DHA.

Análisis de sobrevida según perfil biológico de pacientes uruguayas con cáncer de mama / Survival data analysis by biological profile of uruguayan patients with breast cancer

Introducción: el cáncer de mama (CM) constituye una enfermedad heterogénea reconociéndose subtipos con diferentes características mediante, entre otras técnicas, el estudio del nivel de expresión tumoral de los receptores hormonales (RRHH) y del HER2. Previamente reportamos la relación entre estos subtipos y características clínico-patológicas en pacientes uruguayas. Objetivo:analizar la sobrevida libre de enfermedad (SVLE) de pacientes uruguayas con cáncer de mama de acuerdo a su subtipo biológico, definido en base a la expresión tumoral de HER2 y RRHH evaluada mediante inmunohistoquímica. Material y método:se revisaron historias clínicas de pacientes intervenidas quirúrgicamente por CM estadios I-III en un período de dos años, realizándose el cálculo de SVLE para todas las pacientes y según subtipo biológico. Resultados:con seguimiento mediano de 40 meses, la SVLE a dos años para el total de las pacientes fue de 92,3%; 94% para las pacientes RRHH+/HER2-, 91% para las triple negativas (TN) y 71,4% para las HER2+. La comparación de las curvas de SVLE, según los diferentes subtipos, mostró menor SVLE para las pacientes HER2+ (p = 0,03) y similar SVLE de las pacientes RRHH+/HER2- y TN (p = 0,86). Conclusiones: las pacientes uruguayas con CM presentan una SVLE a dos años acorde a los reportes internacionales. Las pacientes HER2+ presentan una mayor tasa de recidivas,lo cual también es coincidente a lo reportado. La similar SVLE a dos años de las pacientes RRHH+/HER 2- y de las TN no se explicaría por diferencias en características clínico-patológicas, planteándose como hipótesis una mayor proporción de pacientes del subtipo luminal B entre las pacientes RRHH+/ HER 2-. (AU)

Introduction: breast cancer constitutes an heterogeneous disease. Two sub-types have been distinguished through the study of the tumor expression level of hormone receptors tumors, and level of HER2 expression, among other techniques. We previously reported therelation between these sub-types and the clinical and pathological characteristics of Uruguayan women.Objective: to analyse the disease-free survival (DFS) of Uruguayan patients with breast cancer, according to their biological sub-type, defined based on the tumor expression of hormone receptors and HER2 expression which were assessed by immune-histologicalchemistry staining. Method: all clinical records of patients who had undergone breast cancer surgery (Stages I-III) during a two year period were reviewed. The disease-free survival rate was calculated for all patients and according to their biological profile.Results: forty months follow up revealed disease-free survival upon two years of 92.3% for all patients;94% for hormone receptor positive /HER2 negative patients, 91% for triple negative patients, and 71.4% for hormone receptor positive patients.Comparing the DFS curves, for the different sub-types, evidenced a lower DFS for HER2+ patients (p = 0.03), and similar DFS for hormone receptor positive/HER2 negative and triple negative (p = 0.86). Conclusions:uruguayan patients with breast cancershow a two-year-DFS that matches international reports. HER2+ patients evidence a higher relapse rate, also consistent with international reports. Similar DFS upon two years, between hormone receptor positive/HER2 negative patients and triple negative patients cannot be due to differences in the clinical-pathologicalcharacteristics, thus a hypothesis is considered: there is a larger proportion of patients of the luminal B breast cancer sub-type among hormone receptor positive/HER2 negative patients.

Introduçäo: o câncer de mama (CM) é uma patologia heterogênea, apresentando subtipos com diferentes características determinadas, entre outras técnicas, pelo estudo do nível de expressäo tumoral dos receptoreshormonais (RRHH) e do HER2. Em um artigo anterior descrevemos a relaçäo entre esses subtipos e as características clínico-patológicas em pacientes uruguaias. Objetivo: analisar a sobrevida livre de enfermidade(SVLE) de pacientes uruguaias com CM de acordo a seu subtipo biológico, definido pela expressäo tumoral deHER2 e RRHH avaliada por imunohistoquímica. Material e método:foram revisados os prontuários de pacientes operadas por cirurgia por CM estadios I-III em um período de dois anos; realizou-se o cálculo de SVLE de todas as pacientes e de acordo com o subtipo biológico. Resultados: o seguimento com uma mediana de 40meses mostrou uma SVLE aos dois anos para todas as pacientes de 92,3%; 94% para as pacientesRRHH+/HER2-, 91% para a triple negativa (TN) e 71,4% para as HER2+.A comparaçäo das curvas de SVLE, segundo os diferentes subtipos, mostrou uma menor SVLE para as pacientes HER2+ (p = 0,03) e similar SVLE para as pacientes RRHH+/HER2- y TN (p = 0,86). Conclusões: as pacientes uruguaias com CM apresentam uma SVLE a dois anos compatível com resultados internacionais. As pacientes HER2+ apresentaram uma taxa maior de recidivas, resultados que coincidemcom resultados internacionais. A SVLE aos dois anos similar para pacientes RRHH+/HER2- e TN näo pode serexplicada pelas diferenças nas características clínico-patológicas, considerando-se como hipótese umaproporçäo maior de pacientes do subtipo luminal B entre as pacientes RRHH+/HER2-.

Análisis de sobrevida según perfil biológico de pacientes uruguayas con cáncer de mama / Survival data analysis by biological profile of uruguayan patients with breast cancer

Introducción: el cáncer de mama (CM) constituye una enfermedad heterogénea reconociéndose subtipos con diferentes características mediante, entre otras técnicas, el estudio del nivel de expresión tumoral de los receptores hormonales (RRHH) y del HER2. Previamente reportamos la relación entre estos subtipos y características clínico-patológicas en pacientes uruguayas. Objetivo:analizar la sobrevida libre de enfermedad (SVLE) de pacientes uruguayas con cáncer de mama de acuerdo a su subtipo biológico, definido en base a la expresión tumoral de HER2 y RRHH evaluada mediante inmunohistoquímica. Material y método:se revisaron historias clínicas de pacientes intervenidas quirúrgicamente por CM estadios I-III en un período de dos años, realizándose el cálculo de SVLE para todas las pacientes y según subtipo biológico. Resultados:con seguimiento mediano de 40 meses, la SVLE a dos años para el total de las pacientes fue de 92,3%; 94% para las pacientes RRHH+/HER2-, 91% para las triple negativas (TN) y 71,4% para las HER2+. La comparación de las curvas de SVLE, según los diferentes subtipos, mostró menor SVLE para las pacientes HER2+ (p = 0,03) y similar SVLE de las pacientes RRHH+/HER2- y TN (p = 0,86). Conclusiones: las pacientes uruguayas con CM presentan una SVLE a dos años acorde a los reportes internacionales. Las pacientes HER2+ presentan una mayor tasa de recidivas,lo cual también es coincidente a lo reportado. La similar SVLE a dos años de las pacientes RRHH+/HER 2- y de las TN no se explicaría por diferencias en características clínico-patológicas, planteándose como hipótesis una mayor proporción de pacientes del subtipo luminal B entre las pacientes RRHH+/ HER 2-.

Introduction: breast cancer constitutes an heterogeneous disease. Two sub-types have been distinguished through the study of the tumor expression level of hormone receptors tumors, and level of HER2 expression, among other techniques. We previously reported therelation between these sub-types and the clinical and pathological characteristics of Uruguayan women.Objective: to analyse the disease-free survival (DFS) of Uruguayan patients with breast cancer, according to their biological sub-type, defined based on the tumor expression of hormone receptors and HER2 expression which were assessed by immune-histologicalchemistry staining. Method: all clinical records of patients who had undergone breast cancer surgery (Stages I-III) during a two year period were reviewed. The disease-free survival rate was calculated for all patients and according to their biological profile.Results: forty months follow up revealed disease-free survival upon two years of 92.3% for all patients;94% for hormone receptor positive /HER2 negative patients, 91% for triple negative patients, and 71.4% for hormone receptor positive patients.Comparing the DFS curves, for the different sub-types, evidenced a lower DFS for HER2+ patients (p = 0.03), and similar DFS for hormone receptor positive/HER2 negative and triple negative (p = 0.86). Conclusions:uruguayan patients with breast cancershow a two-year-DFS that matches international reports. HER2+ patients evidence a higher relapse rate, also consistent with international reports. Similar DFS upon two years, between hormone receptor positive/HER2 negative patients and triple negative patients cannot be due to differences in the clinical-pathologicalcharacteristics, thus a hypothesis is considered: there is a larger proportion of patients of the luminal B breast cancer sub-type among hormone receptor positive/HER2 negative patients.

Introdução: o câncer de mama (CM) é uma patologia heterogênea, apresentando subtipos com diferentes características determinadas, entre outras técnicas, pelo estudo do nível de expressão tumoral dos receptoreshormonais (RRHH) e do HER2. Em um artigo anterior descrevemos a relação entre esses subtipos e as características clínico-patológicas em pacientes uruguaias. Objetivo: analisar a sobrevida livre de enfermidade(SVLE) de pacientes uruguaias com CM de acordo a seu subtipo biológico, definido pela expressão tumoral deHER2 e RRHH avaliada por imunohistoquímica. Material e método:foram revisados os prontuários de pacientes operadas por cirurgia por CM estadios I-III em um período de dois anos; realizou-se o cálculo de SVLE de todas as pacientes e de acordo com o subtipo biológico. Resultados: o seguimento com uma mediana de 40meses mostrou uma SVLE aos dois anos para todas as pacientes de 92,3%; 94% para as pacientesRRHH+/HER2-, 91% para a triple negativa (TN) e 71,4% para as HER2+.A comparação das curvas de SVLE, segundo os diferentes subtipos, mostrou uma menor SVLE para as pacientes HER2+ (p = 0,03) e similar SVLE para as pacientes RRHH+/HER2- y TN (p = 0,86). Conclusões: as pacientes uruguaias com CM apresentam uma SVLE a dois anos compatível com resultados internacionais. As pacientes HER2+ apresentaram uma taxa maior de recidivas, resultados que coincidemcom resultados internacionais. A SVLE aos dois anos similar para pacientes RRHH+/HER2- e TN não pode serexplicada pelas diferenças nas características clínico-patológicas, considerando-se como hipótese umaproporção maior de pacientes do subtipo luminal B entre as pacientes RRHH+/HER2-.

Expresión tumoral de HER-2, receptores de estrógenos y de progesterona y su relación con características clínico-patológicas en pacientes uruguayas con cáncer de mama / Tumor expression of HER-2, estrogen and progesterone receptors and their relationship with clinical-pathological characteristics in Uruguayan patients with breast cancer

Introducción: el cáncer de mama (CM), principal causa de muerte por cáncer en la mujer uruguaya, constituye una enfermedad heterogénea. El estudio de la expresión tumoral del receptor del factor de crecimiento epidérmico-2 (HER2), el receptor de estrógenos (RE) y el receptor de progesterona (RP) permite reconocer subtipos con diferentes características clínico-patológicas y evolutivas. Objetivos: conocer el perfil de expresión tumoral de HER2, RE y RP y su relación con características clínico-patológicas en pacientes uruguayas con CM. Material y método: se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes intervenidas quirúrgicamente por CM invasivo en un período de dos años, seleccionándose las que contaban con la determinación de RE, RP y HER2 mediante inmunohistoquímica. Se comparó el perfil de expresión de estos marcadores con la edad al diagnóstico, tipo y grado histológico (GH) y estadio patológico (TNM). Resultados: se seleccionaron 197 pacientes cuyas características fueron edad media: 55 años, carcinoma ductal: 85%, GH 1-2: 59%, estadio: I-II: 75%, metástasis axilares: 51%, RE/RP+: 78%, HER2+: 10%. Se definieron tres subtipos: HER2- RE/RP+ (73%), HER2+ (10%) y triple negativo (TN) (17%). Los subtipos TN y HER2+ se asociaron con mayor grado histológico (p<0,05) y el TN con menor edad al diagnóstico (p<0,05) que el subtipo HER2-, RE/RP+. Conclusiones: el porcentaje de pacientes con CM invasivo subtipo HER2+ (10%) es menor que el reportado por otros estudios (17%-28%). En concordancia con estudios previos, los subtipos TN y HER2+ se correlacionaron con tumores más indiferenciados y el TN se presentó en pacientes más jóvenes

Summary Introduction: breast cancer, the main cause of death of Uruguayan women, is an heterogeneous disease. Study of the tumoral expression of the Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor-2 (HER2), the estrogen receptor and the progesterone receptor enables the recognition of sub-types with different clinical, and pathological characteristics and evolution. Objectives: to learn about the HER2, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor tumoral expression profile and their relationship with clinical-pathological characteristics in Uruguayan patients with breast cancer. Method: we reviewed the medical record of patients who underwent surgery for invasive breast cancer within a two year period, and we selected those who had determination of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and HER2 through immune-histochemestry. We compared the expression profile of these markers with the age at the time of diagnosis, the histological type and degree and the pathological status. Results: we selected 197 patients with the following characteristics: average age: 55 years old, ductal carcinoma: 85%, histological degree 1-2: 59%; stage I-II: 75%, axillary metastasis: 51%, progesterone receptor/estrogen receptors+ (RE/RP+): 78%, HER2+: 10%. Three subtypes were defined: HER2- RE/RP+ (73%), HER2+ (10%) and triple negative (TN) (17%). Subtypes TN and HER2+ were associated with a greater histological degree (GH) (p<0,05) and the TN with lower age at the time of diagnosis than the HER2-, RE/RP+ subtype. Conclusions: the percentage of patients with HER2+ subtype invasive breast cancer (10%) is lower than the one reported in others studies. In accordance with previous studies, TN and HER2+ subtypes correlated with less differentiated tumors and TN subtype occurred in younger patients

Résumé Introduction: le cancer de sein (CS), principal responsable de mort par cancer des uruguayennes, est une maladie hétérogène. L’étude de l’expression tumorale du récepteur du facteur de croissance épidermique 2 (HER-2), le récepteur d’oestrogène (RE) et le récepteur de progestérone (RP) permet de reconnaître des sous-types à caractéristiques cliniques pathologiques et évolutives variées. Objectif: connaître le profil de expression tumorale de HER-2, RE et RP et leur lien avec des données cliniques pathologiques chez des patientes uruguayennes atteintes de cancer de sein. Matériel et méthode: on fait la révision clinique des patientes atteintes de CS ayant subi une intervention chirurgicale pour une période de deux ans, choisissant celles portant la détermination de HER-2, RP et RE par immunohistochimie. On compare le profil de manifestation de ces marqueurs à l’âge au diagnostic, type et degré histologique (GH) et stade pathologique (TNM). Résultats: 197 patientes furent sélectionnées dont voici les caractéristiques: 55 ans (moyenne), 85% carcinome ductal, 59% GH 1-2; 75% stade I- II; 51% métastase axillaire; 78% RE-RP +; 10% HER2+; trois sous-types furent définis: HER2- RE/RP+ (73%), HER2+ (10%) et triple négatif (TN) (17%). Les sous-types TN et HER2+ furent associés à un degré histologique plus grand (p<0,05) et le TN à un âge plus bas au diagnostic (p<0,05) que le sous-type HER2-, RE/RP+. Conclusions: le pourcentage de patientes avec CM invasif sous-type HER2+ (10%) est inférieur à celui reporté par d’autres études (17%-28%). En concordance avec des études préalables, les sous-types TN y HER2+ ont été mis en relation avec des tumeurs plus indifférenciées et le TN a été présent chez des patientes plus jeunes.

Resumo Introdução: o câncer de mama (CM), principal causa de morte por câncer em mulheres uruguaias, é uma doença heterogênea. O estudo da expressão tumoral do receptor do fator de crescimento epidérmico-2 (HER2), do receptor de estrógeno (RE) e do receptor de progesterona (RP) permite reconhecer subtipos com diferentes características clínico-patológicas e de evolução. Objetivos: conhecer o perfil de expressão tumoral de HER2, RE e RP e sua relação com as características clínico-patológicas em pacientes uruguaias com CM. Material e método: os prontuários de pacientes submetidas a cirurgia por CM invasivo em um período de dois anos foram revisados. Foram selecionadas as que incluíam a determinação de RE, RP e HER2 por imuno-histoquímica. O perfil de expressão destes marcadores foi comparado com a idade no momento do diagnóstico, tipo e grau histológico (GH) e estádio patológico (TNM). Resultados: foram selecionadas 197 pacientes cujas características eram idade media: 55 anos, carcinoma ductal: 85%, GH 1-2: 59%, estádio: I-II: 75%, metástases axilares: 51%, RE/RP+: 78%, HER2+: 10%. Foram definidos três subtipos: HER2- RE/RP+ (73%), HER2+ (10%) e triplo negativo (TN) (17%). Os subtipos TN e HER2+ estavam associados a um maior grau histológico (p<0,05) e o TN com menor idade no momento do diagnóstico (p<0,05) que o subtipo HER2-, RE/RP+. Conclusões: a porcentagem de pacientes com CM invasivo subtipo HER2+ (10%) é menor que o informado por outros estudos (17%-28%). No entanto houve concordância com estudos anteriores nos quais os subtipos TN e HER2+ estavam correlacionados com tumores mais indiferenciados e o TN em pacientes más jovens.