Recent natural selection conferred protection against schizophrenia by non-antagonistic pleiotropy.

Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychiatric disorder associated with a reduced fertility and decreased life expectancy, yet common predisposing variation substantially contributes to the onset of the disorder, which poses an evolutionary paradox. Previous research has suggested balanced selection, a mechanism by which schizophrenia risk alleles could also provide advantages under certain environments, as a reliable explanation. However, recent studies have shown strong evidence against a positive selection of predisposing loci. Furthermore, evolutionary pressures on schizophrenia risk alleles could have changed throughout human history as new environments emerged. Here in this study, we used 1000 Genomes Project data to explore the relationship between schizophrenia predisposing loci and recent natural selection (RNS) signatures after the human diaspora out of Africa around 100,000 years ago on a genome-wide scale. We found evidence for significant enrichment of RNS markers in derived alleles arisen during human evolution conferring protection to schizophrenia. Moreover, both partitioned heritability and gene set enrichment analyses of mapped genes from schizophrenia predisposing loci subject to RNS revealed a lower involvement in brain and neuronal related functions compared to those not subject to RNS. Taken together, our results suggest non-antagonistic pleiotropy as a likely mechanism behind RNS that could explain the persistence of schizophrenia common predisposing variation in human populations due to its association to other non-psychiatric phenotypes.

Training Psychiatry Residents in Descriptive Psychopathology: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: Descriptive psychopathology (DP, sometimes called psychopathology or phenomenology) is the language of psychiatry and is dedicated to the description of mental symptoms. Due to its importance, there is an ongoing case to put it back at the heart of psychiatry and its training. This study seeks to examine the literature on how to train psychiatry residents in DP, including reported educational interventions and educational methods. METHOD: The authors conducted a systematic review following the PRISMA and BEME guidelines to identify literature on how to train psychiatry residents in DP. In May 2019, they searched in Embase, ERIC, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science; of 7,199 initial results, 26 sources were finally included for analysis. The assessment tools were the CRAAP test, Kirkpatrick's 4 levels, and (when applicable) the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI). RESULTS: The mean CRAAP score was 38.885 of a possible 50 (SD 0.983; range: 36.859-40.910). Fourteen sources (53.8%) had some kind of training evaluation: Kirkpatrick's level 1 was present in nearly all (13) and was the highest in half of them (7). Regarding the educational interventions, the mean MERSQI score was 10.592 of a possible 18 (SD 2.371; range 9.085-12.098). Lectures were the most widely reported educational method (5); among those in clinical settings, the live supervised interview with feedback was the most usual (4). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its core importance as the language of psychiatry, the literature about training psychiatry residents in DP is scarce and heterogeneous. General lack of training evaluation and ongoing overemphasis on Kirkpatrick's levels 1-2 at the expense of levels 3-4 are causes for concern. During the review process, the authors identified a selection of educational interventions that could serve as the basis for the design of new training efforts in both clinical and nonclinical settings. Topics for future research are also suggested, such as the role of DP in competency-based training frameworks now in vogue and a series of neglected contents. Finally, the combined use of the CRAAP test and the MERSQI may be useful for future systematic reviews in medical education.

Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of reboxetine and citalopram as adjuncts to atypical antipsychotics for negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we assessed the efficacy of 2 pharmacodynamically different antidepressants, citalopram (a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) and reboxetine (a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor), as adjunctive therapy to risperidone and olanzapine for the treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. METHOD: We performed a 6-month, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The recruitment period was from November 2008 to December 2011.The sample comprised 90 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (DSM-IV criteria) who exhibited negative symptoms. The patients were recruited from 10 centers in different cities of the Spanish State. The primary efficacy measure was change in score on the negative subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) between baseline and 6-month assessment. Other efficacy measures were changes in the PANSS subscales and total score, as well as the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) subscales and total score. RESULTS: For statistical analysis, we employed mixed-effects models. We did not find statistically significant differences between the placebo group and the 2 treatment groups at 6-month assessments for the PANSS total (P=.6511), any PANSS subscale (negative [P=.5533], positive [P=.1723], or general psychopathology [P=.2083]), or the SANS (P= .5884). Cohen d measure showed a small effect size below the 0.5 threshold for all comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, our results do not support adjunctive use of citalopram or reboxetine with risperidone or olanzapine for the treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01300364.

[Relationship between insight, violence and diagnoses in psychotic patients]. / Relación entre insight, violencia y diagnóstico en pacientes con psicosis.

INTRODUCTION: Lack of insight is a common clinical problem in psichiatric patients, but few times has been properly studied until recently. Patients with good insight tend to show a better treatment adherence with a better prognosis and swow less hostility. This study aims to investigate whether there is a relationship between the hostility degree and insight or not and to anlalyze if there are insight quantitative differences between the patients regarding their diagnoses. METHOD: 168 psychotic patients were studied (including 86 patients with schizophrenia and 43 with bipolar disorder). PANNS P7 (hostility) item and G14 (poor impulse control) were analized in order to assess patients' violence and G12 in order to assess insight. All these data was correlated. It was also analyzed the PANSS results of schizophrenic vs bipolar patients regarding insight and hostility separately looking for a more homogenic pull of patients. RESULTS: Patients with greater hostility showed a worse impulse control and poorer insight than the rest. Schizophrenic patients showed a greater hostility and lower insight than bipolar patients. DISCUSSION: Lack of insight may lead to a greater hostility and worse impulse control. Therapeutic interventions adressed to improve insight could indirectly lower hostility and gain a better impulse control for psychotic patients.

Relación entre insight, violencia y diagnóstico en pacientes con psicosis / Relationship between insight, violence and diagnoses in psychotic patients

Introducción. En pacientes con trastornos psiquiátricos el déficit en la capacidad de introspección o insight es frecuentemente un problema clínico importante, pero ha sido pocas veces objeto de estudio formal. Los pacientes psicóticos con buen insight suelen cumplir mejor las pautas de medicación siendo un factor de buen pronóstico y muestran menor hostilidad. Con este estudio se pretende valorar si existe una relación entre el grado de hostilidad del paciente y la conciencia de enfermedad además de analizar si el grado de conciencia de enfermedad varía según el diagnóstico del paciente (esquizofrenia vs. trastorno bipolar). Metodología. Se estudiaron en 168 pacientes psicóticos (entre ellos 86 con esquizofrenia y 43 con trastorno bipolar) los ítems de la PANSS P7 (hostilidad) y G14 (control deficiente de impulsos) para valorar el grado de violencia y el ítem G12 (ausencia de juicio e introspección) correlacionándolos entre ellos. Para observar si había diferencias en cuanto a insight y hostilidad según el diagnóstico, se estudiaron los datos utilizando una muestra más reducida y homogénea comparando los pacientes diagnosticados de esquizofrenia con los diagnosticados de trastorno bipolar. Resultados. Los pacientes con mayor hostilidad presentaban un peor control de impulsos y una pobre conciencia de enfermedad. Los pacientes diagnosticados de esquizofrenia presentan una mayor hostilidad y un peor insight comparados con los diagnosticados de trastorno bipolar. Discusión. La ausencia de introspección supondría un mayor nivel de hostilidad y mayor déficit de control de impulsos. Las estrategias terapéuticas encaminadas a aumentar el grado de insight del paciente podrían disminuir indirectamente el grado de hostilidad y proporcionar un mejor control de los impulsos(AU)

Introduction. Lack of insight is a common clinical problem in psychiatric patients, but few times has been properly studied until recently. Patients with good insight tend to show a better treatment adherence with a better prognosis and show less hostility. This study aims to investigate whether there is a relationship between the hostility degree and insight or not and to analyse if there are insight quantitative differences between the patients regarding their diagnoses. Method. One hundred and sixty-eight psychotic patients were studied (including 86 patients with schizophrenia and 43 with bipolar disorder). PANNS P7 (hostility) item and G14 (poor impulse control) were analysed in order to assess patients’ violence and G12 in order to assess insight. All these data were correlated. It was also analysed the PANSS results of schizophrenic vs bipolar patients regarding insight and hostility separately looking for a more homogenic pull of patients. Results. Patients with greater hostility showed a worse impulse control and poorer insight than the rest. Schizophrenic patients showed a greater hostility and lower insight than bipolar patients. Discussion. Lack of insight may lead to a greater hostility and worse impulse control. Therapeutic interventions addressed to improve insight could indirectly lower hostility and gain a better impulse control for psychotic patients(AU)

Auditory hallucinations in anorexia nervosa.

The paper describes two case studies of patients with anorexia nervosa who suffer from auditory hallucinations as the only psychotic symptom. A review of the literature regarding clinical cases of anorexic patients with hallucinations is discussed. Hallucinations in anorexic patients are conceptualized according to different theoretical models which point to a dimensional view of eating disorders.