Rare sugars: metabolic impacts and mechanisms of action: a scoping review.

Food manufacturers are under increasing pressure to limit the amount of free sugars in their products. Many have reformulated products to replace sucrose, glucose and fructose with alternative sweeteners, but some of these have been associated with additional health concerns. Rare sugars are 'monosaccharides and their derivatives that hardly exist in nature', and there is increasing evidence that they could have health benefits. This review aimed to scope the existing literature in order to identify the most commonly researched rare sugars, to ascertain their proposed health benefits, mechanisms of action and potential uses and to highlight knowledge gaps. A process of iterative database searching identified fifty-five relevant articles. The reported effects of rare sugars were noted, along with details of the research methodologies conducted. Our results indicated that the most common rare sugars investigated are d-psicose and d-tagatose, with the potential health benefits divided into three topics: glycaemic control, body composition and CVD. All the rare sugars investigated have the potential to suppress postprandial elevation of blood glucose and improve glycaemic control in both human and animal models. Some animal studies have suggested that certain rare sugars may also improve lipid profiles, alter the gut microbiome and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. The present review demonstrates that rare sugars could play a role in reducing the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes and/or CVD. However, understanding of the mechanisms by which rare sugars may exert their effects is limited, and their effectiveness when used in reformulated products is unknown.

Deep Dive Into the Effects of Food Processing on Limiting Starch Digestibility and Lowering the Glycemic Response.

During processing of cereal-based food products, starch undergoes dramatic changes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of food processing on the starch digestibility profile of cereal-based foods using advanced imaging techniques, and to determine the effect of preserving starch in its native, slowly digestible form on its in vivo metabolic fate. Four different food products using different processing technologies were evaluated: extruded products, rusks, soft-baked cakes, and rotary-molded biscuits. Imaging techniques (X-ray diffraction, micro-X-ray microtomography, and electronic microscopy) were used to investigate changes in slowly digestible starch (SDS) structure that occurred during these different food processing technologies. For in vivo evaluation, International Standards for glycemic index (GI) methodology were applied on 12 healthy subjects. Rotary molding preserved starch in its intact form and resulted in the highest SDS content (28 g/100 g) and a significantly lower glycemic and insulinemic response, while the three other technologies resulted in SDS contents below 3 g/100 g. These low SDS values were due to greater disruption of the starch structure, which translated to a shift from a crystalline structure to an amorphous one. Modulation of postprandial glycemia, through starch digestibility modulation, is a meaningful target for the prevention of metabolic diseases.

Starch digestibility modulation significantly improves glycemic variability in type 2 diabetic subjects: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients, the reduction of glycemic variability and postprandial glucose excursions is essential to limit diabetes complications, beyond HbA1c level. This study aimed at determining whether increasing the content of Slowly Digestible Starch (SDS) in T2D patients' diet could reduce postprandial hyperglycemia and glycemic variability compared with a conventional low-SDS diet. METHODS AND RESULTS: For this randomized cross-over pilot study, 8 subjects with T2D consumed a controlled diet for one week, containing starchy products high or low in SDS. Glycemic variability parameters were evaluated using a Continuous Glucose Monitoring System. Glycemic variability was significantly lower during High-SDS diet compared to Low-SDS diet for MAGE (Mean Amplitude of Glycemic Excursions, p < 0.01), SD (Standard Deviation, p < 0.05), and CV (Coefficient of Variation, p < 0.01). The TIR (Time In Range) [140-180 mg/dL[ was significantly higher during High-SDS diet (p < 0.0001) whereas TIRs ≥180 mg/dL were significantly lower during High-SDS diet. Post-meals tAUC (total Area Under the Curve) were significantly lower during High-SDS diet. CONCLUSION: One week of High-SDS Diet in T2D patients significantly improves glycemic variability and reduces postprandial glycemic excursions. Modulation of starch digestibility in the diet could be used as a simple nutritional tool in T2D patients to improve daily glycemic control. REGISTRATION NUMBER: in clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03289494.

Design and Validation of a Diet Rich in Slowly Digestible Starch for Type 2 Diabetic Patients for Significant Improvement in Glycemic Profile.

This study aimed at designing a-diet high in slowly digestible starch (SDS) by carefully selecting high-SDS starchy products and to validate its implementation, acceptance, and impact on the postprandial glycemic response in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Starchy products were screened and classified as being either high (high-SDS) or low (low-SDS) in SDS (in vitro SDS method). A randomized controlled cross-over pilot study was performed: Eight patients with T2D consumed randomly a high-SDS or a low-SDS diet for one week each, while their glycemic profile was monitored for 6 days. Based on 250 food product SDS analyses and dietary recommendations for patients with T2D, the high-SDS and low-SDS diets were designed. The high-SDS diet significantly increased SDS intake and the SDS/carbohydrates proportion compared to the low-SDS diet (61.6 vs. 11.6 g/day and 30% vs. 6%; p < 0.0001, respectively). Increasing the SDS/carbohydrate proportion to 50% of the meal was significantly correlated with a 12% decrease in tAUC0-120 min and a 14% decrease in the glycemic peak value (p < 0.001 for both). A high-SDS diet can be easily designed by carefully selecting commercial starchy products and providing relevant recommendations for T2D to improve their glycemic profile.

Inter-laboratory validation of the starch digestibility method for determination of rapidly digestible and slowly digestible starch.

The digestibility of starch in foods, which is influenced by the ingredients, formulation and preparation conditions, is a major determinant of glycaemic response. The terms rapidly digestible starch (RDS) and slowly digestible starch (SDS) along with the associated analytical methodology were developed by Englyst to characterise this nutritionally relevant food attribute. The measurement uncertainty of this starch digestibility method is evaluated here with an inter-laboratory trial. Six laboratories took part in the study testing ten cereal products with mean (range) contents of RDS: 48.4 g/100 g, (23.4-76·9) and, SDS: 10.9 g/100 g, (0.8-24.2). Based on the repeatability and reproducibility measurements, the calculated uncertainty was 3.6 g/100 g for RDS and 1.9 g/100 g for SDS. This trial has demonstrated acceptable measurement uncertainty and confirmed the transferability of the method between laboratories. The SDS content can identify foods rich in slow release carbohydrates with their associated health benefits.

The Effect of a Breakfast Rich in Slowly Digestible Starch on Glucose Metabolism: A Statistical Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Starch digestibility may have an effect on the postprandial blood glucose profile. The aim of this meta-analysis was to analyze the relationship between Slowly Digestible Starch (SDS) levels and plasma glucose appearance and disappearance rates, as well as other parameters of glucose metabolism, after healthy subjects consumed cereal products that differed in SDS content. Three randomized controlled clinical trials that included a total of 79 subjects were identified. Using binary classification for the variables (high versus low levels, more than 12 g of SDS per portion, and less than 1 g of SDS per portion, respectively), we found that there was a 15-fold higher chance of having a low rate of appearance of exogenous glucose (RaE) after consumption of a high-SDS product. A high SDS content was also associated with a 12-fold and 4-fold higher chance of having a low rate of disappearance of exogenous glucose (RdE) and rate of disappearance of total plasma glucose (RdT), respectively. The RaE kinetics were further analyzed by modeling the contribution of SDS content to the different phases of the RaE response. We show that the higher the SDS content per portion of cereal product, the higher its contribution to the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) of the RaE response after 165 min. Using the association rule technique, we found that glycemic iAUC and insulinemic iAUC values vary in the same direction. In conclusion, this meta-analysis confirms the effect of the SDS level in cereal products on the metabolic response, and shows for the first time that the degree to which SDS affects the RaE response differs depending on the SDS content of the food product, as well as the phase of the postprandial period.

Postprandial glycaemic response: how is it influenced by characteristics of cereal products?

Cereal products exhibit a wide range of glycaemic indexes (GI), but the interaction of their different nutrients and starch digestibility on blood glucose response is not well known. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate how cereal product characteristics can contribute to GI and insulinaemic index and to the parameters describing glycaemic or insulinaemic responses (incremental AUC, maximum concentration and Δpeak). Moreover, interactions between the different cereal products characteristics and glycaemic response parameters were assessed for the first time. Relationships between the cereal products characteristics and the glycaemic response were analysed by partial least square regressions, followed by modelling. A database including 190 cereal products tested by the usual GI methodology was used. The model on glycaemic responses showed that slowly digestible starch (SDS), rapidly digestible starch (RDS) and fat and fibres, and several interactions involving them, significantly explain GI by 53 % and Δpeak of glycaemia by 60 %. Fat and fibres had important contributions to glycaemic response at low and medium SDS contents in cereal products, but this effect disappears at high SDS levels. We showed also for the first time that glycaemic response parameters are dependent on interactions between starch digestibility (interaction between SDS and RDS) and nutritional composition (interaction between fat and fibres) of the cereal products. We also demonstrated the non-linear effect of fat and fibres (significant effect of their quadratic terms). Hence, optimising both the formula and the manufacturing process of cereal products can improve glucose metabolism, which is recognised as strongly influential on human health.

HDL proteome in hemodialysis patients: a quantitative nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry approach.

Aside from a decrease in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, qualitative abnormalities of HDL can contribute to an increase in cardiovascular (CV) risk in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis (HD). Dysfunctional HDL leads to an alteration of reverse cholesterol transport and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of HDL. In this study, a quantitative proteomics approach, based on iTRAQ labeling and nanoflow liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis, was used to generate detailed data on HDL-associated proteins. The HDL composition was compared between seven chronic HD patients and a pool of seven healthy controls. To confirm the proteomics results, specific biochemical assays were then performed in triplicate in the 14 samples as well as 46 sex-matched independent chronic HD patients and healthy volunteers. Of the 122 proteins identified in the HDL fraction, 40 were differentially expressed between the healthy volunteers and the HD patients. These proteins are involved in many HDL functions, including lipid metabolism, the acute inflammatory response, complement activation, the regulation of lipoprotein oxidation, and metal cation homeostasis. Among the identified proteins, apolipoprotein C-II and apolipoprotein C-III were significantly increased in the HDL fraction of HD patients whereas serotransferrin was decreased. In this study, we identified new markers of potential relevance to the pathways linked to HDL dysfunction in HD. Proteomic analysis of the HDL fraction provides an efficient method to identify new and uncharacterized candidate biomarkers of CV risk in HD patients.

Polyphenols prevent lipid abnormalities and arterial dysfunction in hamsters on a high-fat diet: a comparative study of red grape and white persimmon wines.

SCOPE: We compared the effects of two dealcoholized wines, persimmon (P) and Merlot (M), in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. METHODS AND RESULTS: Four groups of hamsters received a standard (ST) or an atherogenic diet (AT) for 12 weeks. AT animals received either dealcoholized persimmon wine (AT + P) or Merlot wine (AT + M) by gavage, while controls received water (AT and ST). Plasma cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose and paraoxonase activity were measured. Oxidative stress was assessed by aortic O(2)°(-) production, and vascular function was evaluated in aortic rings. The atherogenic diet led to higher plasma triglycerides (246%), total cholesterol (142%), LDL-cholesterol (91%) and HDL-cholesterol (49%). Aortic production of O(2)°(-) also increased (207%) and vascular reactivity was modified with altered endothelial function as assessed by acetylcholine-dependent vasorelaxation. The two wines partially prevented these alterations, reducing O(2)°(-) production and improving vascular reactivity without altering endothelial function. There was no difference between the P and M groups, although the procyanidin composition of the two dealcoholized fractions differed significantly, and only dimer concentrations were similar. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that polyphenols are responsible, at least in part, for the antiatherogenic/antioxidant effects of wines.

ß-Adrenergic receptors desensitization is not involved in exercise-induced cardiac fatigue: NADPH oxidase-induced oxidative stress as a new trigger.

Prolonged strenuous exercise (PSE) induces transient left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Previous studies suggest that ß-adrenergic pathway desensitization could be involved in this phenomenon, but it remains to be confirmed. Moreover, other underlying mechanisms involving oxidative stress have been recently proposed. The present study aimed to evaluate the involvement of both the ß-adrenergic pathway and NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzyme-induced oxidative stress in myocardial dysfunction in rats following PSE. Rats were divided into 4 groups: controls (Ctrl), 4-h exercised on treadmill (PSE), and 2 groups in which Nox enzyme was inhibited with apocynin treatment (Ctrl APO and PSE APO, respectively). We evaluated cardiac function in vivo and ex vivo during basal conditions and isoproterenol stress. GSH/GSSG ratio, cardiac troponin I (cTnI) release, and lipid peroxidation (MDA) were evaluated. PSE induced a decrease in LV developed pressure, intrinsic myocardial contractility, and relaxation associated with an increase in plasma cTnI release. Our in vivo and ex vivo results demonstrated no differences in myocardial response to isoproterenol and of effective dose 50 between control and PSE rats. Interestingly, the LV dysfunction was reversed by apocynin treatment. Moreover, apocynin prevented cellular oxidation [GSH/GSSG ratio: PSE APO rats vs. PSE rats in arbitrary units (au): 1.98 ± 0.07 vs. 1.35 ± 0.10; P < 0.001]. However, no differences in MDA were observed between groups. These data suggest that myocardial dysfunction observed after PSE was not due to ß-adrenergic receptor desensitization but could be due to a signaling oxidative stress from the Nox enzyme.

NADPH oxidase activity is associated with cardiac osteopontin and pro-collagen type I expression in uremia.

Abstract Cardiovascular disease is a frequent complication inducing mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, which can be determined by both traditional risk factors and non-traditional risk factors such as malnutrition and oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the role of oxidative stress in uremia-induced cardiopathy in an experimental CKD model. CKD was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by a 4-week diet supplemented in adenine, calcium and phosphorous and depleted in proteins. CKD was associated with a 3-fold increase in superoxide anion production from the NADPH oxidase in the left ventricle, but the maximal activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes was not different. Although manganese mitochondrial SOD activity decreased, total SOD activity was not affected and catalase or GPx activities were increased, strengthening the major role of NADPH oxidase in superoxide anion output. Superoxide anion output was associated with enhanced expression of osteopontin (×7.7) and accumulation of pro-collagen type I (×3.7). To conclude, the increased activity of NADPH oxidase during CKD is associated with protein modifications which could activate a pathway leading to cardiac remodelling.

Oriented mesoporous organosilica films on electrode: a new class of nanomaterials for sensing.

We have recently reported the possible fabrication of highly ordered mesoporous silica thin films with mesopore channels oriented perpendicularly to the underlying substrate, by means of novel electroassisted self-assembly (EASA) method (Nature Mater. 6, 602 (2007)). Such films deposited on an electrode surface can be of great interest in sensing applications if one could introduce organo-functional groups likely to interact with target analytes in a regular environment ensuring great accessibility and fast mass transfer rates. We demonstrate here that aminopropyl-functionalized mesoporous silica films can be electrogenerated in one step by the sol-gel co-condensation route using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as template. The orientation of the pore is maintained up to 10% aminopropyltriethoxysilane precursor in the starting sol. The presence of amine functions into the film affects its permeability to external reagents, as studied using various redox probes (Ru(bpy)3(2+), FcEtOH, I(-), Fe(CN)6(3-)), and the lack of mesostructuration was found to hinder dramatically mass transport processes. When applied to the voltammetric detection of copper(II) subsequent to open-circuit accumulation, the response of the electrode was greatly affected by the functionalization level, the optimal sensor sensitivity being defined from the best compromise between an amount of amine groups high enough while maintaining mesostructural order.

The reaction mechanism of p-toluenediamine anodic oxidation: an in situ ESR-UV/Vis/NIR spectroelectrochemical study.

In situ ESR-UV/Vis spectroelectrochemistry is applied to obtain new insights into the intermediates and reaction products of the anodic oxidation of p-toluenediamine in aqueous solution at different pH values. A strong pH dependence of the stability of the cation radical is found. While the absence of a stable radical was proved by ESR spectroscopy at pH 2 and 10, this radical is detected at medium pH values and assigned to the semiquinonediimine structure. The UV/Vis absorption of the radical is observed at these pH values as well. The p-toluenediimine intermediate and the trimeric reaction product were followed during the electrode reaction by UV/Vis spectroscopy at all pH values.

Mechanistic study of the electrodeposition of nanoporous self-assembled ZnO/Eosin Y hybrid thin films: effect of eosin concentration.

ZnO films prepared by one-step electrodeposition in the presence of dissolved eosin molecules present an internal nanoporous hybrid structure resulting from self-assembling processes occurring in solution between ZnO and eosin components. This study aims to better understand the underlying growth mechanism, which is still unexplained. The films were deposited by cathodic electrodeposition from an oxygen-saturated aqueous zinc chloride solution. The effects of the addition of 10 to 100 micromol.L(-1) eosin Y, as a sodium salt, on the growth rate and film properties, were systematically studied while all other parameters remained constant (concentrations of zinc salt and supporting electrolyte, applied potential of -1.4 V versus the mercurous sulfate electrode (MSE), temperature of 70 degrees C, rotating disk electrode at 300 rotations per min, and a glass-coated tin oxide electrode). It is shown that the addition of eosin provokes the formation of a nanoporous "cauliflower" structure whose nodule size and composition depend on the eosin concentration in the bath. The growth rate of the hybrid films increases markedly with the eosin concentration. The ZnO and eosin contents of the films are determined for each concentration by chemical analysis. Comparing with thickness determinations, it is shown that the total porosity increases up to 60-65% in volume fraction toward an eosin concentration of 100 micromol.L(-1). The empty pore volume fraction increases up to about 30% at an eosin concentration of about 20 micromol.L(-1) and then decreases. These correlations have been precisely established for the first time. It is shown that the global composition is fixed by the relative rate of deposition for zinc oxide, which is constant, and for the relative rate of eosin inclusion, which is proportional to the concentration in solution. This is explained on the basis of different steps in the growth mechanism, in particular, a diffusion effect limitation for both oxygen and eosin. This variation explains part of the increase in the growth rate. Another contribution is related by the structural effect on the nanoscale leading to the formation of the interpenetrated porous network. Competition between empty and eosin-filled parts of the pore network is evidenced. The formation of the porous network structure could be governed by a diffusion-limited aggregation mechanism. The system may represent a reference case of competing reactions in the electrochemical self-assembly of hybrid nanostructures.