Factors Associated with Mortality among Elderly People in the COVID-19 Pandemic (SARS-CoV-2): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the factors associated with the mortality of elderly Italians diagnosed with coronavirus who resided in institutions or who were hospitalized because of the disease. METHODS: A systematic review following the recommendations of The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) was carried out, utilizing the PEO strategy, i.e., Population, Exposure and Outcome. In this case, the population was the elderly aged over 65 years old, the exposure referred to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the outcome was mortality. The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI/PubMed), Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE) and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases were used until 31 July 2020. RESULTS: Five Italian studies were included in this meta-analysis, with the number of elderly people included varying between 18 and 1591 patients. The main morbidities presented by the elderly in the studies were dementia, diabetes, chronic kidney disease and hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: The factors associated with the mortality of elderly Italian people diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 who lived in institutions or who were hospitalized because of the disease were evaluated. It was found that dementia, diabetes, chronic kidney disease and hypertension were the main diagnosed diseases for mortality in elderly people with COVID-19.

Monitoring Public Perception of Health Risks in Brazil and Italy: Cross-Cultural Research on the Risk Perception of Choking in Children.

One of the most relevant public health issues among pediatric injuries concerns foreign body (FB) aspiration. The risk perception of choking hazards (CH) and risk perception, in general, are complex multifactorial problems that play a significant role in defining protective behavior. Risk prevention policies should take this aspect into account. A lack of scientific knowledge of FB injury risk perception may be evidenced in Brazil and other newly developed countries. This study aims to characterize the differences and peculiarities in risk perception of CH between Italian and Brazilian populations. The risk perception among adults in Italy and Brazil between September and October 2017 was investigated in a survey. A Multiple Correspondence Analysis was carried out to identify the latent components characterizing the risk perception in Italian and Brazilian population samples. The most relevant dimension characterizing risk perception is the "Professional-educational status and the related perception of Risk" (13% of factorial inertia). The Italians identify batteries and magnets as the most dangerous choking risks (20% of responses). On the other hand, Brazilian people, mainly manual laborers (22%) with secondary or primary education (94%), perceive coins as the most dangerous items (30% of responses, p < 0.001). Socio-economic issues characterize the subjective risk perception of Italian and Brazilian survey respondents. In this framework, data-driven prevention strategies could be helpful to tailor intervention strategies to the cultural context to which they are addressed.

Non-communicable chronic diseases: Mortality of older adult citizens in Brazil and Italy before the Covid-19 pandemic.

The purpose of this study was to outline the main non-communicable chronic diseases that led older people to death in Brazil and Italy before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic according to age gaps and region of residence. This study has identified that the highest mortality rate among Brazilian and Italian women took place in lower-income areas, potentially due to insufficient public policies to increase income and improve health, which would in turn reduce the risk of chronic diseases and increase life expectancy. Men showed higher mortality rates in different regions, and tended to die earlier. Our results highlight socioeconomic differences in the areas with the highest death rates due to non-communicable chronic diseases, emphasizing the relevance of public policies to meet the needs of the overall population.

Analysis of Unstructured Text-Based Data Using Machine Learning Techniques: The Case of Pediatric Emergency Department Records in Nicaragua.

Free-text information is still widely used in emergency department (ED) records. Machine learning techniques are useful for analyzing narratives, but they have been used mostly for English-language data sets. Considering such a framework, the performance of an ML classification task of a Spanish-language ED visits database was tested. ED visits collected in the EDs of nine hospitals in Nicaragua were analyzed. Spanish-language, free-text discharge diagnoses were considered in the analysis. Five-hundred random forests were trained on a set of bootstrap samples of the whole data set (1,789 ED visits) to perform the classification task. For each one, after having identified optimal parameter value, the final validated model was trained on the whole bootstrapped data set and tested. The classification accuracies had a median of 0.783 (95% CI [0.779, 0.796]). Machine learning techniques seemed to be a promising opportunity for the exploitation of unstructured information reported in ED records in low- and middle-income Spanish-speaking countries.

Paediatric emergencies and related mortality in Nicaragua: results from a multi-site paediatric emergency registry.

BACKGROUND: We aim to describe the characteristics and outcomes of the severe spectrum of paediatric emergency visits using a multi-site registry developed as part of an international cooperation project. METHODS: This observational registry-based study presented descriptive statistics of clinical and outcome data on urgent-emergency paediatric visits from 7 Nicaraguan hospitals, including the national referral paediatric hospital, between January and December 2017. Extensive piloting to ensure data collection feasibility, sustainability and accuracy was carried out in 2016 with substantial input and feedback from local stakeholders. RESULTS: Overall, 3521 visits of patients <15 years of age, of whom two-thirds <5 years, met predefined inclusion criteria of urgent-emergency visits. Respiratory (1619/3498; 46%), gastrointestinal (407/3498; 12%) and neurological (368/3498; 11%) complaints were the most common symptoms. Malnutrition was reported in 18% (610/3448) of presentations. Mortality was 7% (233/3521); 52% (120/233) of deaths occurred in the <1-year subgroup; 32% (71/3521) of deaths occurred within the first 24 hours of presentation. The most common immediate causes of death were septic shock (99/233; 43%), respiratory failure (58/233; 25%) and raised intracranial pressure (24/233; 10%). CONCLUSIONS: The mortality rate of urgent-emergency paediatric visits in Nicaragua is high, with younger children being most at risk and the majority of deaths being eventually caused by septic shock or respiratory failure. Our data provide useful information for the development of a Paediatric Emergency Care network to help direct training efforts, resources and logistic/organisational interventions to improve children's health in an emergency setting in Nicaragua.

Consumers' attitudes before and after the introduction of the Chilean regulation on food labelling.

The aim of the present study is to understand how the attitudes towards food labelling in the Chilean population have changed after the introduction of the Chilean law on food labelling and advertising. A computer-assisted telephone interview was conducted in 2012 and 2016, employing the same procedures. The difference in outcomes between 2012 and 2016 was assessed using a logistic regression model. One hundred and sixty-seven subjects responded to both the 2012 and 2016 survey editions (respondents). For both the unadjusted and adjusted analyses, the respondents in 2016 were more likely to be involved in a programme to lose weight and to consider food labelling the most effective intervention introduced to date to promote healthy nutrition. However, no significant differences were reported in both self-reported and objectively assessed understandings of front-of-pack-labelling. Evidence suggests a positive perception among Chileans regarding the effectiveness of the new law.

Obese children are thin in parents' eyes: A psychologically, socially, or culturally driven bias?

Although obesity presents a serious health problem in children, parents often underestimate their children's overweight and obesity status. Therefore, scientific literature was systematically screened through PubMed and PsycINFO to demonstrate the psychological, social, and cultural processes that underlie this evaluation bias. A total of 37 papers that focused on research conducted in different geopolitical contexts were taken into account. Furthermore, a lexicometric analysis of the papers' conclusions was performed. The findings showed that education plays a key role in promoting parents' awareness and their realistic recognition of their children's weight. Accordingly, adequate educational support for parents should be implemented in all healthcare policies addressing childhood obesity.

Is branding food promoting obesity? An investigation on children in San Luis Potosí

This study aims at assessing children's awareness towards branded food products in central Mexico. One-hundred and twenty children, aged 3-10 years and balanced by gender, were recruited in San Luis Potosí. Kids' heights and weights were measured in order to calculate their BMI. A cross-sectional questionnaire was administered to children's parents in order to gain socio-demographic information. Children's brand awareness was assessed using the IBAI (International Brand Awareness Inventory). Basic exploratory analyses were performed for samples' general characteristics, and ANOVA was adopted for investigating differences between the IBAI tasks. Results demonstrated that 50% of kids correctly associated the logo to the respective brand in more than 70% of the cases. About half of the sample recalled the right name of the food type in 50% of the cases. 50% of kids recognized the brand name in less than 20% of cases. Older children (7-10 y) showed a higher brand awareness when compared to younger ones (3-6 y). Children demonstrated a consistent knowledge of famous fast-food and snack products. Prevention through informative campaigns should make parents more aware of the TV contents, their kids are exposed to(AU)

Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la conciencia de los niños hacia los productos alimenticios de marca en México. Ciento veinte niños, de entre 3-10 años en grupos equitativos por sexos, fueron reclutados en San Luis Potosí. Se midieron la talla y los pesos de los niños con el fin de calcular sus IMC. A los padres de los niños se les entrego un cuestionario transversal a fines de obtener información socio-demográfica. El conocimiento de la marca de los niños se evaluó, mediante el uso del IBAI (Inventario Internacional de conocimiento de la marca). Se realizó un análisis exploratorio de base para obtener las características generales de la muestra y se adoptó un anova para investigar las diferencias entre las tareas ibai . Los resultados demostraron que el 50% de los niños había asociado correctamente el logotipo de la marca respectiva en más del 70% de los casos. Aproximadamente la mitad de la muestra recordaba el nombre correcto de marca de alimentos en el 50% de los casos. 50% de los niños reconocía el nombre de la marca en menos del 20% de los casos. Los niños mayores (7-10 años) mostraron una conciencia de marca más alta si se compara con los más jóvenes (3-6 años). Los niños demostraron consistentemente tener conocimiento de los productos de comida rápida y bocadillos más conocidos. La prevención a través de campañas informativas debería conscientizar a los padres sobre los contenidos de televisión a los que que sus hijos están expuestos(AU)

Food advertising on TV and energy intake in children: results from the OBEY-AD Mexico

Food advertising on TV is a common marketing practice, and it is suspected of promoting obesogenic behaviours. The study aimed at evaluating if gadgets (toys) packaged with food increase food consumption, and if contemporary exposure to TV and/or advertising is a further promoting factor. Onehundred and twenty children (balanced according to gender and age groups, 3-6 and 7-10 years old) were randomised in an experimental setting designed as a 2x5 full factorial ad libitum eating study. The first factor was represented by the exposure to gadgets, organized on two levels, "food with gadget" (TOY) and "food alone" (NoTOY). The second one consisted in the exposure to TV and advertising along five levels (no exposure to TV, exposure to TV without advertising, exposure to TV and 1, 2, or 3 advertsements). Our results showed no significant differences when considering the groups even after taking into account the dependent variables. The medium spot group showed the lowest energy intake, but the difference between the other groups was not significant. TV advertising and the presence of gadgets (toys) do not influence caloric intake in children(AU)

La publicidad de alimentos en la televisión es una práctica común de comercialización, y se cree que puede promover comportamientos obesogénicos. El estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar si los gadgets (juguetes) empaquetados con alimentos aumentan el consumo de alimentos y si la exposición contemporánea a la televisión y / o la publicidad es un factor promotor adicional. Ciento veinte niños (agrupados por sexo y edad, 3-6 y 7-10 años de edad) fueron asignados al azar en una escuela de San Luis Potosí -México. Los niños fueron asignados al azar en el contexto experimental de un estudio de diseño factorial completo 2x5 de consumo de alimentos ad libitum. El primer factor estuvo representado por la exposición a juguetes y estuvo organizado en dos niveles: "alimento con juguetes" (TOY) y "alimento solo" (NoTOY). El segundo consistía en la exposición a la televisión y a publicidad televisiva a lo largo de cinco niveles (sin exposición a TV, exposición a TV sin publicidad, exposición a TV y a 1, 2 o 3 anuncios publicitarios). Nuestros resultados no mostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos, incluso teniendo en cuenta las variables dependientes. Sólo en el grupo mediano al que se mostraron dos publicidades se observó el consumo de energía más bajo. La diferencia entre los otros grupos no fue significativa(AU)

Does food advertising influence snacks consumption in Chilean children? Results from an experimental ad libitum study

The present study aimed at assessing the impact of food advertising on snack consumption in Chilean children using an experimental, ad libitum, design. Forty children were enrolled in urban, middle class, school setting. They underwent anthropometric assessment, brand awareness evaluation, and their lifestyle and habits were recorded through a validated questionnaire administered to their parents. A 5-arm design was adopted, consisting in the exposure to five different levels of TV spots and advertising. No significant differences were identified in caloric intake among children randomized to different levels of TV spots and commercials exposure. No significant effects on caloric intake, caloric intake per BMI, and or glycemic load were detected, even after adjustment for confounding factors. This study suggests the need for a better analysis of the contribution of non-traditional factors to obesity onset in children, which can provide high-quality evidence in order to develop effective public health strategies to face childhood obesity epidemic(AU)

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el impacto de la publicidad de alimentos en el consumo colaciones en los niños chilenos mediante la utilización de un diseño experimental basado en la voluntad de los participantes (ad libitum). Se realizó la inscripción de cuarenta niños en el contexto de una escuela urbana de clase media. Se les realizó una evaluación antropométrica, un examen de reconocimiento de marca y se procedió a registrar información sobre su estilo de vida y hábitos mediante un cuestionario validado que fue entregado a los padres y firmado por los mismos. Se adoptó un diseño de 5 grupos, que consistía en evaluar la exposición a cinco niveles diferentes de publicidad y clips televisivos. No se identificaron diferencias significativas en cuanto a la ingesta calórica entre los niños asignados aleatoriamente a diferentes niveles de exposición a clips televisivos y a anuncios publicitarios. No se detectaron efectos significativos en tanto a la ingesta calórica, ingesta calórica por IMC, o la carga glucémica, incluso después de realizar el ajuste por factores de confusión. El presente estudio sugiere la necesidad de un mayor análisis respecto de la incidencia de factores no tradicionales en la aparición de la obesidad en los niños, que proporcione evidencia de alta calidad con el fin de desarrollar estrategias eficaces en materia de salud pública ante la epidemia de obesidad infantil(AU)

Is brand visibility on snacks packages affecting their consumption in children? Results from an experimental ad-libitum study

The aims of the study were to assess the effects of the brand when snacking in children 6-11 years old and to evaluate the effect of different levels of brand awareness on children's intake. A 3x2 factorial design was adopted, and 96 children were randomized based on their brand awareness scores, assessed using the IBAI instrument and the study was conducted over two experimental sessions. First, 11 snacks were presented to the half of children laying on their own branded packages, whilst to the other half unbranded. In a second afternoon break, on a different day, the condition of branded/unbranded was crossed-over. Children were randomized in three groups based on combinations of concomitant TV and advertising exposure. Caloric intake (Kcal) of snacks eaten during sessions was taken as the main study outcome. No significant differences in energy intake were recorded according to brand visibility, both in children with high and low brand awareness. Exposure to TV and advertising showed no significant association with energy intake in the different groups and with the likelihood of being a high consumer. The present study suggested that brand visibility did not promote a higher caloric intake in 6-11 years old children during a snacking occasion(AU)

Los objetivos del estudio fueron el evaluar los efectos de las marcas comerciales durante una merienda en niños de entre 6 y 11 años de edad, así como analizar el efecto de diferentes niveles de conciencia de marca en el consumo de los niños. Se utilizó un diseño factorial 3x2, y se asignó al azar a 96 niños según sus puntuaciones de conciencia de marca, que fueron evaluados mediante el instrumento IBAI. El estudio se realizó en dos sesiones experimentales. En primer lugar, se presentaron 11 bocadillos (alimentos), a la mitad de los niños colocando en sus propios paquetes de marca, mientras que a la otra mitad sin marca. En un segundo recreo de la tarde, otro día, se realizó un cruce en la condición de bocadillos de marca y sin marca. Los niños fueron asignados al azar en tres grupos, según combinaciones concomitantes de exposición a la televisión y a pautas publicitarias. La ingesta calórica (Kcal) de bocadillos consumidos durante las sesiones se adoptó como principal resultado del estudio. No se registraron diferencias significativas en el consumo de energía dependiendo de la visibilidad de la marca, ni en los niños con un alto o bajo reconocimiento de marcas. La exposición a la televisión y a la publicidad no mostró una asociación significativa con el consumo de energía en los diferentes grupos y ni con la probabilidad de ser un gran consumidor. El presente estudio sugiere que la visibilidad de las marcas no promueve una mayor ingesta calórica en niños de entre 6 y 11 años de edad en el contexto de una merienda(AU)

Dietary patterns in Mexico and obesity in children

his cross-sectional study aims to investigate food habits, socio-economic status and blood lipids profile in schoolchildren (10-11 years of age) living in a low-income area of Mexico (the city of Montemorelos), characterizing lipid concentrations among children obese and evaluating the impact of socio-economic factors and dietary habits on blood lipids profile of these children. Complete data were available for 156 children (78 boys and 78 girls), food habits and socio economic status were assessed using a questionnaire developed from the one previously used from the enKid study conducted on Spanish children. Food reported in the questionnaire was classified in four food groups (animal source food/legumes, grains/tubers, fruits/vegetables, fats/sweets), beverages were classified separately. Blood samples were analyzed to determine concentrations of: total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose. Children were found to eat fats and sweets more frequently than other food groups. The 59 children, found to be obese and overweight, presented significant higher blood lipid levels (except to glucose levels) than normal weight kids. Using random forests, we found out that food and beverage consumption plays a key role in influencing blood lipids profile in children overweight and obese. Given these observations, it's crucial to develop health care policies promoting healthy eating habits among schoolchildren taking into account the specific characteristics of this geographical area in Mexico(AU)

Este estudio transversal tiene como objetivo investigar los hábitos alimentarios, el nivel socioeconómico y el perfil de lípidos sanguíneos en niños en edad escolar que viven en una zona de bajos recursos en México, caracterizando las concentraciones de lípidos en niños obesos/sobrepeso y evaluar el impacto de los factores socioeconómicos y hábitos dietéticos en el perfil de lípidos de estos niños. Mediante un cuestionario utilizado previamente en el estudio enKid realizado con niños españoles lo realizaron en forma completa 156 niños (78 niños y 78 niñas), se evaluó los hábitos alimentarios y el estado socioeconómico. Los alimentos reportados en el cuestionario se clasifica en cuatro grupos de alimentos (alimentos fuente animal / legumbres, granos / tubérculos, frutas / verduras, grasas / dulces), las bebidas fueron clasificadas por separado. Se analizaron muestras de sangre para determinar las concentraciones de: colesterol total, LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol, triglicéridos, glucosa. Los 59 niños, obesos/sobrepeso, presentaron niveles de lípidos en sangre significativamente más altos que los niños de peso normal. Usando Selvas Aleatorias nos enteramos de que los alimentos y el consumo de bebidas juegan un rol clave para influir en el perfil de lípidos en la sangre en niños obesos/sobrepeso. Teniendo en cuenta estas observaciones, es crucial desarrollar políticas de salud que promueven hábitos alimenticios saludables entre los escolares, teniendo en cuenta las características específicas de esta área geográfica en México(AU)

Long term interaction between dietary patterns and disease incidence: evidence from serbia

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between dietary pattern and incidence of nutrition-related non-communicable diseases in Serbia, a country which has experienced a significant shift in nutrition and lifestyle habits, guided by its particular historical background and its rapid transition to liberal economy. Data was collected from annual reports published by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia and the Institute of Public Health. It provides a focus on the timeframe of 1997-2014, in order to capture any changing pattern after the year 2000, in which the process of complete trade liberalization started.The results have shown a striking growing trend in both disease incidence on the one hand and processed food items such as processed meat, fruit juices, chocolate and biscuits and on the other hand. Granger causality test suggests that there exists causality that goes beyond spurious relationship between the disease of blood and blood-forming organs and immune system disorders and average per capita consumption of fruit and vegetables, poultry, processed meat, chocolates and biscuits and fruit juices. Also, we find evidence of long-term relationship between fish consumption and endocrine, metabolic and digestive diseases(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre los patrones de dieta y la incidencia de las enfermedades no transmisibles relacionadas con la nutrición en Serbia, un país que ha experimentado un cambio significativo en los hábitos de nutrición y estilo de vida, guiado por sus antecedentes históricos particulares y su rápida transición hacia una economía liberal. Se recogieron datos de los informes anuales publicados por la Oficina de Estadística de la República de Serbia y el Instituto de Salud Pública. Se hizo foco en el período de 1997 a 2014, con el fin de poder detectar cualquier cambio en los patrones a partir del año 2000, cuando comenzó el proceso de liberalización total del comercio. Los resultados han mostrado llamativamente una tendencia creciente tanto en la incidencia de enfermedades como en la proliferación de alimentos procesados, tales como carne procesada, jugos de frutas, chocolate y galletas. La prueba de causalidad de Granger sugiere que existe una relación de causalidad que va más allá de la relación espuria entre las enfermedades hematológicas, las afecciones de los órganos hematopoyéticos y del sistema inmunológico y el consumo promedio per cápita de frutas y hortalizas, productos avícolas, carne procesada, chocolates, galletas y jugos de frutas. Parece evidente también la existencia de una relación a largo plazo entre la aparición de enfermedades endocrinas, metabólicas y digestivas y el consumo de pescado(AU)

What is breakfast for Mexican children?

In order to face with the concerning rising prevalence of overweight and obesity in childhood, Mexican government has implemented Nutritional Indications (NI) for preschool and schoolchildren. The aim of our study is to investigate what Mexican children have for breakfast and if they meet NI, which recommends that daily breakfast should include one food from each of the three recommended food groups (grains and tubers, animal source food and legumes, fruits and vegetables). We considered a sample of 120 male children aged 3-14 years, their mothers were asked to complete a questionnaire and to fill a breakfast diary for one week. Food was grouped in the three recommended food groups and a further group including fats and sweets was considered. Only 32 children met NI at least once a week (compliant children) and nobody followed NI throughout the week. The analysis on breakfast records showed a low intake of the fruits and vegetables food group. Children were more likely to follow NI when they had breakfast with family members. We show that children do not meet breakfast's NI, but further researches are needed to investigate the long-term impact of NI on Mexican children eating patterns(AU)

Para hacer frente al aumento de la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en la infancia, el Gobierno Mexicano ha implementado las indicaciones nutricionales (IN) para niños en etapas preescolar y escolar. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es investigar los componentes del desayuno en la dieta de niños Mexicanos, además del cumplimiento con las IN, que recomiendan que el desayuno diario debe incluir un alimento de cada uno de los tres grupos alimenticios recomendados (granos y tubérculos, alimentos de origen animal, y legumbres, frutas y verduras). Se consideró una muestra de 120 niños (de género masculino) con edades entre 3 y 14 años. Se solicitó a sus madres completar un cuestionario y realizar un registro diario de los componentes del desayuno durante una semana. Los alimentos se agruparon según dictan las IN; además, un grupo que incluye grasas y dulces fue también considerado. Sólo 32 niños cumplieron con las IN al menos una vez a la semana (los niños que cumplen) y ninguno siguió las IN durante toda la semana. El análisis sobre los registros diarios mostró un bajo consumo del grupo de alimentos compuesto por frutas y verduras. El justo seguimiento de las IN ha sido más probable cuando el desayuno se ha realizado con miembros de la familia. Se demuestra que los niños no cumplen el IN del desayuno, pero se necesitan más investigaciones para investigar el impacto a largo plazo de IN sobre los hábitos alimenticios de los niños mexicanos(AU)

Eating patterns in mexico and obesity in children: results from the nutrirun project

This study aims to compare obesity rates, physical activity levels and compliance with Nutritional Indications (NI), provided by the Estrategia contra el sobrepeso y la obesidad, between three consecutive years (2011, 2012, 2013) in children enrolled in the NutriRun project. Data were collected during the race Carrera Kinder Generación en Movimiento held in Mexico City in 2011, 2012 and 2013. A medical-dietetic questionnaire was administered to parents, investigating what kind of food their children usually had for breakfast, lunch and dinner, physical activity levels and family medical history. Children were weighed and measured and BMI was calculated. In order to evaluate compliance with NI, food reported in the medical-dietetic questionnaire for breakfast and dinner was classified in four main food groups and in other four main food categories for lunch, according to NI. The analysis of overweight/obesity in 2011, 2012 and 2013 revealed a significant reduction (p-value 0.001) of children overweight/obese and an increase of normal weight ones. However, in all the three considered years, they were found to not follow NI because of a poor consumption of fruits and vegetables and of salad. Therefore, further health care policies promoting fruits and vegetables consumption among Mexican families are needed(AU)

Este estudio tiene como objetivo comparar las tasas de obesidad, los niveles de actividad física y el cumplimiento de las Indicaciones Nutricionales (IN), proporcionada por la Estrategia contra el sobrepeso y la obesidad, entre los tres años consecutivos (2011, 2012, 2013) en los niños que participaron en el proyecto NutriRun. Los datos fueron recolectados durante la carrera Kinder Generación en Movimiento, celebrada en la Ciudad de México en 2011, 2012 y 2013. Un cuestionario médico-dietético se administró a los padres, investigando qué tipo de alimentos por lo general tenían sus hijos para el desayuno, el almuerzo y la cena, los niveles de actividad física y el historial médico de la familia. Los niños fueron pesados y medidos y se calculó el IMC. Con el fin de evaluar el cumplimiento de las NI, la comida reportada en el cuestionario médico-dietético se clasificó, para el desayuno y la cena, en cuatro grupos de alimentos principales y en otros cuatro principales categorías de alimentos para el almuerzo, de acuerdo con las NI. El análisis de las tendencias de sobrepeso/obesidad en 2011, 2012 y 2013 demostró una reducción significativa (p-valor de 0,001) de los niños obesos/sobrepeso y un aumento de peso normal. Sin embargo, en los tres años considerados, se encontró que los niños no siguen las IN, debido a un pobre consumo de frutas y verduras y de la ensalada. Por lo tanto se necesitan nuevas políticas de atención a la salud que promuevan el consumo de frutas y verduras entre las familias mexicanas(AU)

Recomendaciones sobre la prevención de la aspiración de cuerpos extraños orgánicos / Recommendations for the prevention of organic foreign bodies aspiration

La aspiración de un cuerpo extraño sigue siendo un problema pediátrico frecuente y potencialmente grave. La mayoría de los cuerpos extraños en la vía aérea son orgánicos. La educación de los padres y cuidadores sobre los riesgos de asfixia y cómo evitarla es un elemento crucial para reducir la incidencia de estos eventos. El rol del pediatra es clave para promover la prevención. Se señalan las características principales de los alimentos peligrosos y se presentan recomendaciones sobre comidas apropiadas para la edad, formas adecuadas de preparación de los alimentos y hábitos de alimentación seguros con el fin de disminuir su aspiración.

Foreign body aspiration remains a common and potentially serious pediatric problem. Most aspirated foreign bodies are food. The education of parents and caregivers about choking hazards and how to avoid them is critical to reduce the incidence of these events. The pediatricians play a key role in promoting injury prevention. We indicate the main characteristics of hazardous food and we present recommendations on age-appropriate meals, adequate forms of food preparation and behavioral rules at mealtimes in order to reduce food choking.

Predictors of water intake among Mexican children and adolescents

Patterns of water consumption among children and adolescents are not widely analyzed. The aim of the study is to assess predictors (including dietary habits, anthropometric and physical activity frequency) of water consumption in Mexican children and adolescents. The NutriRun is an International study started in 2011. Subjects' anthropometrics, health status and behaviours were assessed during the race Carrera Kinder Generación en Movimiento, which has taken place in Mexico City every April between 2011 and 2013. The analysis of factors associated with water consumption showed that, age (p-value 0.025), male gender (p-vale 0.011), to be overweight/obese (p-value 0.013) and beverages consumption (p-value 0.014) were significant predictors of water intake. Particularly, age, male gender and weight status were found to be in a positive relationship with water intake, while a higher level of beverages consumption was a predictor of lower levels of water intake. These findings might be taken into account in the development of public health policies targeting on increasing water consumption (which has been demonstrated to have beneficial effects on health) among kids and their families(AU)

Los patrones de consumo de agua entre los niños y adolescentes no se han analizado ampliamente. El objetivo del estudio consiste en evaluar las tendencias y los factores predictivos (incluyendo hábitos dietéticos, antropométricos y frecuencia de la actividad física) de consumo de agua en niños y adolescentes mexicanos. El Nutri Run es un estudio internacional iniciado en 2011. La antropometría, el estado de salud y el comportamientos, fueron evaluados durante la Carrera Kinder Generación en Movimiento, que ha tenido lugar en la Ciudad de México cada mes de abril entre 2011 y 2013. El análisis de los factores asociados con el consumo de agua mostró que la edad (p-valor de 0,025), el sexo masculino (p-valor de 0,011), para estar en sobrepeso/obeso (p-valor de 0,013) y consumo de bebidas (p-valor de 0,014) fueron predictores significativos de la ingesta de agua. En particular, se encontró que la edad, el sexo masculino y el peso estaba en una relación positiva con la ingesta de agua, mientras que un mayor nivel de consumo de bebidas estaba un predictor de los niveles más bajos de consumo de agua. Estos resultados podrían ser tenidos en cuenta en el desarrollo de políticas de salud pública dirigidas a aumentar el consumo de agua (que se ha demostrado que tienen efectos beneficiosos sobre la salud) entre los niños y sus familias(AU)

Cooking with alcohol: a matched case-control study in Italy and germany assessing the risk of alcoholism due to an early exposure to alcohol in childhood

The study aims at understanding the role of early exposure to ethanol during childhood, in particular in the form of alcohol used in food preparation. A matched case control study was conducted in Italy and Germany. 300 cases were selected from the lists of the Alcoholics Anonymous Associations and 300 controls were matched from the general population. A CATI system was used for collecting information on drinking habits, family risk factors, age at first ethanol consumption, binge drinking episodes and alcohol ingestion as a food ingredient during childhood. Association of variables with the status of case were analysed using a multivariable conditional logistic regression. In the multivariable model four variables were selected: education, father drinking status, age at first ethanol consumption and binge drinking during adolescence. Consumption of food containing alcohol in common recipes was not associated with an increased risk of alcoholism in older ages. Drinkers having their first contact directly with alcoholic beverage before age 13 were more likely to suffer from alcohol dependence at some time during their life. On the contrary, using alcohol in food preparation during childhood does not appear to be related with subsequent risk for alcohol abuse(AU)

El estudio tiene como objetivo comprender el papel de la exposición temprana al etanol durante la infancia, en particular, la forma en la que se utiliza el alcohol en la preparación de alimentos. Este estudio de emparejamiento de casos y controles se llevó a cabo en Italia y Alemania. Se seleccionaron 300 casos de las listas de las Asociaciones de Alcohólicos Anónimos y se los emparejó con 300 controles obtenidos de la población general. Se utilizó el sistema CATI para la recolección de información sobre hábitos de consumo, factores de riesgo de la familia, edad del primer consumo de etanol, episodios de consumo excesivo de alcohol, e ingesta de alcohol como ingrediente alimentario durante la infancia. Se analizó la asociación de las variables con la situación de cada caso mediante una regresión logística condicional multivariable. En el modelo multivariable se seleccionaron cuatro factores: educación, relación del padre con el alcohol, edad del primer consumo de etanol y episodios de consumo excesivo de alcohol durante la adolescencia. El consumo de alimentos que contienen alcohol en las recetas comunes no se asoció con un mayor riesgo de alcoholismo en edades más avanzadas. Aquellos bebedores que han tenido su primer contacto directo con bebidas alcohólicas antes de los 13 años eran más propensos a sufrir de dependencia al alcohol en algún momento de su vida. Por el contrario, el uso de alcohol en la preparación de alimentos durante la infancia no parece estar relacionado con un riesgo posterior de abuso en el consumo de alcohol(AU)

[Recommendations for the prevention of organic foreign bodies aspiration]. / Recomendaciones sobre la prevención de la aspiración de cuerpos extraños orgánicos.

Foreign body aspiration remains a common and potentially serious pediatric problem. Most aspirated foreign bodies are food. The education of parents and caregivers about choking hazards and how to avoid them is critical to reduce the incidence of these events. The pediatricians play a key role in promoting injury prevention. We indicate the main characteristics of hazardous food and we present recommendations on age-appropriate meals, adequate forms of food preparation and behavioral rules at mealtimes in order to reduce food choking.

La aspiración de un cuerpo extraño sigue siendo un problema pediátrico frecuente y potencialmente grave. La mayoría de los cuerpos extraños en la vía aérea son orgánicos. La educación de los padres y cuidadores sobre los riesgos de asfixia y cómo evitarla es un elemento crucial para reducir la incidencia de estos eventos. El rol del pediatra es clave para promover la prevención. Se señalan las características principales de los alimentos peligrosos y se presentan recomendaciones sobre comidas apropiadas para la edad, formas adecuadas de preparación de los alimentos y hábitos de alimentación seguros con el fin de disminuir su aspiración.

Peligro de asfixia: conocimiento de los padres sobre la aspiración de cuerpos extraños en niños / Choking hazard: parental knowledge on foreign body aspiration in children / Perigo de asfixia: o conhecimento dos pais sobre aspiração de corpos estranhos em crianças

La aspiración de un cuerpo extraño es una causa importante y prevenible de morbimortalidad en la infancia. Uno de los factores de riesgo principales de la asfixia es la falta de conocimiento de los padres y cuidadores acerca de los objetos peligrosos, las situaciones de riesgo y los signos clínicos de un cuerpo extraño en la vía aérea. Para evitar eventos de asfixia y realizar diagnósticos oportunos para el manejo adecuado, el conocimiento en la comunidad acerca de esta problemática debe aumentar. Evaluamos el conocimiento de los padres sobre la aspiración de cuerpos extraños en niños a fin de proponer estrategias de prevención y evitar nuevos accidentes.

The aspiration of a foreign body is an important and preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in childhood. One of the major risk factors of asphyxia is that parents or caregivers may lack knowledge of the dangerous nature of many objects, risk situations, and clinical signs of a foreign body in the airway. To avoid choking events and make an early and adequate diagnosis for the proper management of this unfortunate event, community awareness should be increased. We evaluate how much parents know about the aspiration of foreign bodies in children in order to propose prevention strategies as well as to avoid further accidents.

A aspiração de corpo estranho é uma causa importante e evitável de morbidade e mortalidade na infância. Um dos principais fatores de risco de asfixia é a falta de conhecimento dos pais e cuidadores sobre objetos perigosos, situações de risco e sinais clínicos de um corpo estranho na via aérea. Para evitar a asfixia eventos e fazer diagnósticos atempados para a correcta gestão, o conhecimento da comunidade sobre este problema deve aumentar. Nós avaliar o conhecimento dos pais sobre aspiração de corpo estranho em crianças, a fim de propor estratégias para a prevenção e evitar novos acidentes.