Microbiological, immunological, and histological changes in the gut of Salmonella Enteritidis-challenged rats fed goat cheese containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus EM1107.

Cheeses are able to serve as suitable matrices for supplying probiotics to consumers, enabling appropriate conditions for bacteria to survive gastric transit and reach the gut, where they are assumed to promote beneficial processes. The present study aimed to evaluate the microbiological, immunological, and histological changes in the gut of Salmonella Enteritidis-challenged rats fed goat cheese supplemented with the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus EM1107. Thirty male albino Wistar rats were randomly distributed into 5 experimental groups with 6 animals each: negative (NC) and positive (PtC) control groups, control goat cheese (CCh), goat cheese added with L. rhamnosus EM1107 (LrCh), and L. rhamnosus EM1107 only (EM1107). All animals, except NC group were challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis (109 cfu in 1 mL of saline through oral gavage). Microbial composition was assessed with high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing by means of Illumina MiSeq (Illumina, San Diego, CA). Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) from the animal cecum tissue was determined by real-time PCR and interleukins (TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-10, and IFN-γ) by means of ELISA. Myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde levels were determined biochemically. The administration of the L. rhamnosus EM1107 probiotic strain, either as a pure culture or added to a cheese matrix, was able to reduce Salmonella colonization in the intestinal lumen and lessen tissue damage compared with rats from PtC group. In addition, the use of cheese for the probiotic strain delivery (LrCh) was associated with a marked shift in the gut microbiota composition toward the increase of beneficial organisms such as Blautia and Lactobacillus and a reduction in NF-κB expression. These findings support our hypothesis that cheeses might be explored as functional matrices for the efficacious delivery of probiotic strains to consumers.

Effects of storage time on the motility, mortality and calcium levels of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar spermatozoa.

This study estimates spermatozoa mortality, morphology, motility and intracellular calcium levels in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar milt after prolonged storage. Milt samples were preserved at 4° C for 25 days and then evaluated for mortality. Motility remained high for the first 3 days and the mortality was low during the first 5 days of storage. A decrease of >50% in calcium content was observed after 5 days of storage. When spermatozoa were activated, calcium levels increased >200% in relative fluorescence units (RFU); this rate of increase was lost when the samples were stored for extended periods of time and was only partially manifested in a zero calcium solution. The results suggest that in vitro storage of S. salar spermatozoa at 4° C for a period of 3 days preserves motility and limits mortality to levels similar to those of fresh spermatozoa. This method also maintains intracellular calcium storage critical for spermatozoa performance.

Consumo, digestibilidade e balanço de nitrogênio em ovinos alimentados com rações contendo torta de Crambe / Intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance in sheep fed with diets containing Crambe cake

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da utilização de torta de crambe na ração de ovinos sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino 4x4 com quatro animais, quatro períodos e quatro tratamentos. Os tratamentos avaliados foram rações com 30% de silagem de sorgo e 70% de torta de crambe (30:70) e rações com 70% de silagem de sorgo e 30% de torta de crambe (70:30) em cordeiros sob consumo voluntário e controlado. Os animais que receberam a ração com a relação 30:70 consumiram mais matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE) por kg/dia, % PV/dia e g/kg PV0,75. A relação 30:70 proporcionou maior coeficiente de digestibilidade de MS e FDN. Os animais no regime voluntário apresentaram maior consumo de MS, PB, EE por kg/dia, % PV/dia e g/kg PV0,75. A torta de crambe apresentou coeficientes de digestibilidade superiores à silagem de sorgo, independentemente do regime de consumo. A relação 30:70 apresentou diferença para o N-ingerido e N-absorvido. A torta de crambe apresenta alta digestibilidade dos nutrientes e aceitação pelos animais quando associada à silagem de sorgo.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of using crambe cake in diets for sheep on intake and digestibility. The experimental design was a 4x4 Latin square with four animals, four periods and four treatments. The treatments were diets with 30% sorghum silage and 70% crambe cake (30:70) and a diet with 70% sorghum silage and 30% crambe cake (70:30) in lambs under the voluntary and controlled intake. The animals who fed a diet with a 30:70 ratio consumed more dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE) per kg/day, %BW/day and g/kgPV0,75. The ration provided higher digestibility of DM and NDF. The animals in the voluntary regime presented higher consumption of DM, CP, EE per kg/day, %BW/day and g/kgPV0,75. The cake crambe presented digestibility coefficient higher than sorghum silage, regardless of the regime intake. The 30:70 ration presented a difference in N intake and N absorbed. The cake crambe has high nutrient digestibility and acceptance by animals when associated with sorghum silage.(AU)

Consumo, digestibilidade e balanço de nitrogênio em ovinos alimentados com rações contendo torta de Crambe / Intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance in sheep fed with diets containing Crambe cake

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da utilização de torta de crambe na ração de ovinos sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino 4x4 com quatro animais, quatro períodos e quatro tratamentos. Os tratamentos avaliados foram rações com 30% de silagem de sorgo e 70% de torta de crambe (30:70) e rações com 70% de silagem de sorgo e 30% de torta de crambe (70:30) em cordeiros sob consumo voluntário e controlado. Os animais que receberam a ração com a relação 30:70 consumiram mais matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE) por kg/dia, % PV/dia e g/kg PV0,75. A relação 30:70 proporcionou maior coeficiente de digestibilidade de MS e FDN. Os animais no regime voluntário apresentaram maior consumo de MS, PB, EE por kg/dia, % PV/dia e g/kg PV0,75. A torta de crambe apresentou coeficientes de digestibilidade superiores à silagem de sorgo, independentemente do regime de consumo. A relação 30:70 apresentou diferença para o N-ingerido e N-absorvido. A torta de crambe apresenta alta digestibilidade dos nutrientes e aceitação pelos animais quando associada à silagem de sorgo.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of using crambe cake in diets for sheep on intake and digestibility. The experimental design was a 4x4 Latin square with four animals, four periods and four treatments. The treatments were diets with 30% sorghum silage and 70% crambe cake (30:70) and a diet with 70% sorghum silage and 30% crambe cake (70:30) in lambs under the voluntary and controlled intake. The animals who fed a diet with a 30:70 ratio consumed more dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE) per kg/day, %BW/day and g/kgPV0,75. The ration provided higher digestibility of DM and NDF. The animals in the voluntary regime presented higher consumption of DM, CP, EE per kg/day, %BW/day and g/kgPV0,75. The cake crambe presented digestibility coefficient higher than sorghum silage, regardless of the regime intake. The 30:70 ration presented a difference in N intake and N absorbed. The cake crambe has high nutrient digestibility and acceptance by animals when associated with sorghum silage.(AU)

The use of alpha-1 adrenergic blockers in children with distal ureterolithiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Urinary lithiasis is the main urologic cause of emergency treatment in adult patient. In the past years, the incidence in children population has increased. However, literature about the use of alpha-1 adrenergic blockers in pediatric population with distal ureterolithiasis is still scarce. The drug acts by decreasing ureter contractions, especially in the distal portion, facilitating calculus expulsion. OBJECTIVE: This review has the objective to evaluate the use of alpha-1 adrenergic blockers as medical expulsive treatment in children with distal ureterolithiasis. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: An electronic literature search was performed using the MEDLINE, COCHRANE, and LILACS databases. We further searched manually the references of the primary studies. Searches were concluded on October 4th, 2014. Articles were selected, independently and in pairs, by the respective titles and summaries. Any divergence was resolved by consensus. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Alpha-1 adrenergic antagonists increased the probability of calculus expulsion by 27% (NNT=4). Calculi smaller than 5mm, increased by 33% (NNT=3). Larger than 5mm, increased by 34% (NNT=3). CONCLUSION: Alpha-1 adrenergic blocker use is related with a greater incidence of expulsion of ureteral calculi, smaller or greater than 5mm, and fewer episodes of pain when compared to ibuprofen. However it is necessary larger samples to enhance the power analysis of the expulsion of ureteral calculi larger than 5mm and the episodes of pain. PATIENT SUMMARY: This review analyzed the outcome of alpha adrenergic antagonist in children with ureteral calculi. We conclude that it is the best medicine for use, since it helps the expulsion of the stone.

The use of alpha-1 adrenergic blockers in children with distal ureterolithiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction: Urinary lithiasis is the main urologic cause of emergency treatment in adult patient. In the past years, the incidence in children population has increased. However, literature about the use of alpha-1 adrenergic blockers in pediatric population with distal ureterolithiasis is still scarce. The drug acts by decreasing ureter contractions, especially in the distal portion, facilitating calculus expulsion. Objective: This review has the objective to evaluate the use of alpha-1 adrenergic blockers as medical expulsive treatment in children with distal ureterolithiasis. Evidence Acquisition: An electronic literature search was performed using the MEDLINE, COCHRANE, and LILACS databases. We further searched manually the references of the primary studies. Searches were concluded on October 4th, 2014. Articles were selected, independently and in pairs, by the respective titles and summaries. Any divergence was resolved by consensus. Evidence Synthesis: Alpha-1 adrenergic antagonists increased the probability of calculus expulsion by 27% (NNT=4). Calculi smaller than 5mm, increased by 33% (NNT=3). Larger than 5mm, increased by 34% (NNT=3). Conclusion: Alpha-1 adrenergic blocker use is related with a greater incidence of expulsion of ureteral calculi, smaller or greater than 5mm, and fewer episodes of pain when compared to ibuprofen. However it is necessary larger samples to enhance the power analysis of the expulsion of ureteral calculi larger than 5mm and the episodes of pain. Patient Summary: This review analyzed the outcome of alpha adrenergic antagonist in children with ureteral calculi. We conclude that it is the best medicine for use, since it helps the expulsion of the stone.

Relación entre periodo de amamantamiento y la presencia de hábitos nocivos en niños Venezolanos / Relação entre período de aleitamento ea presença de hábitos nocivos em crianças Venezuelanas / Relationship between breast-feeding and the presence of harmful habits in Veneuelan children

Objetivo: Establecer la relación entre período de amamantamiento y la presencia de hábitos nocivos en niños entre 3 y 6 años. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal y observacional, con una muestra de 37 niños que acudieron a la consulta de niño sano en el Ambulatorio Docente del Hospital Universitario de Caracas durante el mes de agosto del año 2013. Bajo aprobación y firma del consentimiento informado se entrevistaron a las madres para determinar su nivel educativo, la duración del período de amamantamiento y presencia hábitos viciosos bucales como succión de dedo u objeto, alergias y problemas de otorrinolaringología, un examen clínico bucal para el análisis de hábitos de deglución atípica y respiración bucal. Resultados: Se observó que aquellos pacientes que fueron amamantados por un periodo mayor a 6 meses presentaron menos enfermedades alérgicas y de Otorrrinolaringología, así como menos presencia de hábitos viciosos bucales como: uso de chupete, biberón, deglución atípica y respiración bucal. Conclusión: Se observa en los niños estudiados la importancia del amamantamiento en los primeros meses de vida para lograr una maduración adecuada en las funciones del aparato bucal, sin presencia de hábitos viciosos bucales, así como también un crecimiento y desarrollo óptimo de su estructura cráneo facial.

Objetivo: estabelecer a relação entre período de aleitamento ea presença de hábitos nocivos em crianças entre 3 e 6 anos. Materiais e métodos: Estudo transversal, com uma amostra de 37 crianças que participaram da visita bem-criança no Ambulatório Docente do Hospital Universitário de Caracas em agosto de 2013. Após aprovação e ssinatura do consentimento informado, se entrevistou as mães para determinar seu nível de educação, a duração do aleitamento materno e a presença hábitos nocivos, como sucção de dedo ou objeto, alergias e problemas otorrinolaringológicos,e se realizou um exame oral para a análise dos hábitos bucais nocivos como uso de chupeta, mamadeira, deglutição atípica e respiração bucal. Resultados: Observou-se que os pacientes que foram amamentadas por mais de 6 meses e tinham menos doenças alérgicas e de Otorrrinolaringologia, bem como menor presença hábitos orais nocivos, tais como o uso de chupeta, mamadeira, deglutição atípica e respiração bucal. Conclusão: Foi observada nas crianças estudadas a importância da amamentação nos primeiros meses de vida para alcançar a maturação adequada das funções bucais, sem a presença de hábitos orais nocivos, bem como o crescimento e o desenvolvimento adequados da estrutura craniofacial.

Objetive: To establish the relationship between breast-feeding and the presence of harmful habits in children between 3 and 6 years. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study and observational, with a sample of 37 children who attended the consultation of healthy child in the Outpatient Clinic Teaching Hospital of the University of Caracas during the month of August 2013. Upon approval and signing of the informed consent is interviewed the mothers to determine their level of education, the duration of the suckling period and vicious habits presence as oral suction of finger or object, allergies, and problems in otolaryngology, a clinical examination to the oral analysis of habits of atypical deglutition and mouth breathing. Results: It was observed that patients who were breastfed for a period greater than 6 months were less allergic diseases and Otorrrinolaringologia, as well as less of a presence of vicious oral habits such as: use of a pacifier, bottle, atypical deglutition and mouth breathing. Conclusion: We observed in the children studied the importance of breastfeeding in the first few months of life to achieve a proper maturation in the functions of the mouthparts, without the presence of oral vicious habits, as well as a growth and optimum development of their facial skull structure.

Características postquirúrgicas dento-buco-maxilo-faciales de niños con hendidura de labio y paladar / Features postsurgical dento-coof maxillofacial of children with cleft lip and palate

La Hendidura de Labio y/o Paladar (HLP) es la anomalía congénita más común que afecta a la raza humana. Es de etiología multifactorial. Determinar las características bucales de niños con HLP post-quirúrgicas que acudieron al Centro de Investigación y atención a pacientes con mal formaciones Craneofaciales y Prótesis Maxilo Facial (CIAPA), durante el año 2013. La muestra estuvo formada por 25 niños venezolanos, entre 6 y 9 años con cirugía de HLP realizada, que acudieron por primera vez a recibir tratamiento odontológico. Se realizo un análisis descriptivo y transversal. El instrumento de evaluación constó de dos partes, un cuestionario de 12 preguntas a la madre para establecer variables sociodemográficas, antecedentes personales y familiares relacionados con HLP. Se realizó un examen bucal a los niños, para determinar sus características dento-buco-maxilo-faciales Del total de la muestra estudiada (25) 84% de las madres en edades entre 20 y 35 años de edad, 70% no termino la educación básica, 95% eran amas de casa, el 50% refirió que su embarazo fue deseado, 20% reportó antecedentes familiares de HLP, 75% de la madres rechazaron al niño/a al nacer,100% presento alguna alteración en las estructuras dento-buco-palatina-maxilar, ambos géneros estaban afectados casi en la misma proporción Lo más trascendente en el tratamiento de esta malformación es el manejo interdisciplinario por un grupo de especialistas entrenados en el tema con una gran interaccio?n en la toma de decisiones de manera individual en cual debe estar el odontopediatra.

The cleft lip and/or palate (HLP) is the most common birth defect that affects the human race .is multifactorial etiology. To determine the characteristics of children with oral HLP post-surgical who came to the Center of Research and care for patients with craniofacial and evil formations Maxillo Facial prosthesis (CIAPA), during the year 2013. The sample was formed by 25 Venezuelan children, between 6 and 9 years with HLP surgery performed, who came for the first time to receive dental treatment. A descriptive and cross-sectional analysis was conducted. The evaluation instrument consisted of two parts, a questionnaire of 12 questions to the mother to establish socio-demographic variables, personal and family history related to HLP. An oral examination was carried out to children, for dento-buco-maxilo-facial characteristics Of the total study sample (25) 84% of the mothers were between 20 and 35 years of months,70% did not finish the basic education, 95% were homemakers, 50% stated that her pregnancy was unwanted, 20% reported family history of HLP, 75% of the mothers refused to child at birth, 100% present some alteration in the dento-buco-palatine-maxillary structures both genders were affected almost in the same proportion. The most transcendent in the treatment of this malformation is the interdisciplinary management by a group of specialists trained in the subject with great interaction in decision-making individually in which must be the pediatric dentist.

Intervención odontosanitaria, para controlar caries en dentición primaria en hijos de madres VIH/SIDA / Odontosanitaria, intervention to control dental caries in primary denticion in children of mothers HIV/AIDS

Desarrollar una estrategia de intervención odontosanitaria, integral, educativa y preventiva para controlar la caries en dentición primaria en los hijo/as de las madres VIH/SDA Estudio de casos y controles. La muestra fue de 30 embarazadas VIH/SIDA y sus hijos, que acudieron al Centro de Atención a Pacientes con Enfermedades Infectocontagiosas ¨Dra. Elsa La Corte¨ del Facultad de odontología de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, desde enero 2006. Se elaboraron tres instrumentos de recolección de datos para estudiar las variables sociodemográficas, condiciones de salud bucal de la madre y el niño. Se entrenó a las madres individualmente en técnicas de higiene bucal de acuerdo a la edad del niño, se realizó intervención preventiva con barnices de fluoruro al de sodio al 5%. El grupo control fue de 45 niños expuestos que no tuvieron la oportunidad de ser intervenidos. Estadísticamente se compararon grupos por medio de la prueba exacta de Fisher, la distribución t de Student. Se calculó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson para establecer asociación entre las variables. Las edad materna fue entre 14 y 40 años, el 40% no perciben ningún ingreso.En las embarazadas el índice fue CPOD: 15,40 ± 4,4. Al completar la dentición primaria de sus hijos el índice ceo = 0, en contraste, con el grupo control cuyo promedio de índice ceo = 9.54 ± 4.81. La estrategia Odontosanitaria: educativa con tratamiento preventivo en las embarazadas VIH/SIDA, permitió reconocer la importancia de su cuidado bucal durante el embarazo, el auto examen bucal y el entrenamiento en el reconocimiento lesiones cariosas en ellas y sus hijos, así como la importancia del los controles bucales desde el nacimiento y la asistencia a las aplicaciones de barnices de fluoruro se logró prevenir la caries en sus hijos.

To develop an intervention strategy sanitary in dental health, comprehensive, educational and preventive to control caries in primary teeth in the son of the mothers HIV/SDA. A study of cases and controls. The sample was composed of 30 pregnant HIV/AIDS and their son/ace, in CAPEI/UCV, since January 2006. Three instruments were developed to collect data to study the sociodemographic variables, conditions of oral health of the mother and the child. Trained mothers individually in techniques of oral hygiene children according to age, preventive measures were applied with varnishes of the sodium fluoride to 5 %. The control group 45 children exposed without intervention. Groups were compared statistically by means of Fisher's exact test, the Student-t distribution. We calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient to establish an association between the variables. RESULTS: The maternal age was between 14 and 40 years, the 40% does not receive any income, pregnant women in the DMFT index was: 15.40 ± 4.4. To complete the primary dentition of their son/as the index ceo = 0, in contrast, with the control group whose average ceo index = 9.54 ± 4.81. The strategy in dental health educational with preventive treatment in pregnant HIV/AIDS, enabled us to recognize the importance of oral health during pregnancy, the auto oral exam and training in the recognition carious lesions, the importance of the oral controls from the birth, as well as the applications of fluoride varnish prevented caries in their children.

The effect of fetal androgen metabolism-related gene variants on external genitalia virilization in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

The 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) is caused by CYP21A2 mutations resulting in severe or moderate enzymatic impairments. 21OHD females carrying similar genotypes present different degrees of external genitalia virilization, suggesting the influence of other genetic factors. Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in the CYP3A7 gene and in its transcription factors, related to fetal 19-carbon steroid metabolism, could modulate the genital phenotype. To evaluate the influence of the 21OHD genotypes and the CYP3A7, PXR and CAR SNVs on the genital phenotype in 21OHD females. Prader scores were evaluated in 183 patients. The CYP3A7, PXR and CAR SNVs were screened and the 21OHD genotypes were classified according to their severity: severe and moderate groups. Patients with severe genotype showed higher degree of genital virilization (Prader median III, IQR III-IV) than those with moderate genotype (III, IQR II-III) (p < 0.001). However, a great overlap was observed between genotype groups. Among all the SNVs tested, only the CAR rs2307424 variant correlated with Prader scores (r(2) = 0.253; p = 0.023). The CYP21A2 genotypes influence the severity of genital virilization in 21OHD females. We also suggest that the CAR variant, which results in a poor metabolizer phenotype, could account for a higher degree of external genitalia virilization.

Prevalencia de hendiduras de labio y/o palatinas en los pacientes que acudieron al Centro de Investigación y Atención a Pacientes con Malformaciones Craneofaciales y Prótesis Maxilofacial durante los años 2000-2012 / Prevalence of clefts of lip and/or palatine in patients that attended the Center for Research and Care for Patients with Craniofacial Malformations and Maxillofacial Prosthesis during 2000-2012

La Hendidura de labio y paladar (HLP), es la malformación más común, y afecta un niño por cada 700 nacidos vivos. Se produce por la falta de fusión de los procesos maxilares con el proceso nasomediano, dando origen a la fisura de labio uni o bilateral. Y a nivel del paladar, es la falta de fusión de los procesos maxilares, la cual puede presentarse solo en la parte anterior o paladar duro, o total incluyendo paladar blando. Reportar la prevalencia en niño/as con HLP en una población venezolana, desde el año 2000-2012, que acudieron al Centro de Investigación y Atención a Pacientes con Malformaciones Craneofaciales y Prótesis Maxilofacial (CIAPA) de un total de 1.759 historias clínicas que se revisaron en el CIAPA, de la Facultad de Odontología de la U.C.V se seleccionaron los casos con diagnóstico de HLP. La muestra estuvo formada por los 329 pacientes con HLP que asistieron al CIAPA entre 2000 y 2012.Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y transversal. La población fue de 329 niño/as, el 51,1% (168) varones y el 48,9% (161) niñas. En edades, 0-5 años 89,1% (293), el 9,4% (31) 6-10 años y el 1,5% (5) 11-15 años. "Tipo de hendidura" el 21,3% (70) HLP completa, 17,3% (57) HLP unilateral completa izquierda, 15,5% (51) HLP unilateral completa derecha, 14,3% (47) Hendidura de Paladar Secundario incompleta y el 31,6% cualquiera de los otros tipos de hendidura. La hendidura que predomino en esta muestra fue de HLP bilateral completa

Cleft lip and palate, is the most common malformation and affects a child for every 700 live births. It is caused by the lack of fusion of the maxillary processes with the nasomediano process, giving rise to the fissure of lip uni or bilateral. And at the level of the palate, it is the lack of fusion of the maxillary processes, which can occur only in the anterior part or total or hard palate including soft palate. To report prevalence in children with Cleft lip and palate in a Venezuelan population, since the year 2000-2012, who came to the Center for research and care for patients with craniofacial malformations and maxillofacial prosthesis. A total of 1.759 records reviewed in this Center, of the Faculty of Dentistry of the U.C.V were selected cases with a diagnosis of HLP. The sample was formed by 329 patients with Cleft lip and palate who attended the Center between 2000 and 2012.Se conducted a descriptive and cross-sectional analysis. RESULTS: The population was 329 children, 51.1% (168) male and 48.9% (161) girls. In ages 0-5 years old 89.1% (293), 9.4% (31) 6-10 years and 1.5% (5) 11-15 years. "Type of cleavage" 21.3% (70) complete HLP, 17.3% (57) complete left unilateral HLP, 15.5% (51) right complete unilateral HLP, 14.3% (47) incomplete secondary palate cleft and 31.6% any of the other types of cleavage. The Groove I predominance in this sample was complete bilateral Cleft lip and palate

Involvement of the glutamatergic system in the nociception induced intrathecally for a TRPA1 agonist in rats.

The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is expressed in peripheral and spinal terminals of sensory neurons, jointly to the vanilloid receptor (TRPV1). A relevant peripheral role of TRPA1 receptor has been implicated in a variety of processes, including the detection of noxious cold, and diverse painful stimulus, but the functional role of TRPA1 receptor in nociceptive transmission at spinal cord in vivo is poorly known. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether the glutamatergic system is involved in the transmission of nociceptive stimulus induced for a TRPA1 agonist in the rat spinal cord. We observed that cinnamaldehyde, a TRPA1 agonist, on spinal cord synaptosomes leads to an increase in [Ca(2+)](i) and a rapid release of glutamate, but was not able to change the specific [(3)H]-glutamate binding. In addition, spinally administered cinnamaldehyde produced heat hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in rats. This behavior was reduced by the co-injection (i.t.) of camphor (TRPA1 antagonist) or MK-801 (N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist) to cinnamaldehyde. Besides, the pretreatment with resiniferatoxin (RTX), a potent TRPV1 agonist, abolished the cinnamaldehyde-induced heat hyperalgesia. Here, we showed that intrathecal RTX results in a decrease in TRPA1 and TRPV1 immunoreactivity in dorsal root ganglion. Collectively, our results demonstrate the pertinent participation of spinal TRPA1 in the possible enhancement of glutamatergic transmission of nociceptive signals leading to increase of the hypersensitivity, here observed as heat hyperalgesia. Then the modulation of spinal TRPA1 might be a valuable target in painful conditions associated with central pain hypersensitivity.

First Report of Stewart's Wilt of Maize in Argentina Caused by Pantoea stewartii.

Stewart's wilt is a serious disease of corn (Zea mays L.) caused by the bacterium Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (Pss). Typical symptoms of infected fields and dent corn are longitudinal streaks with irregular or wavy margins, which are parallel to the veins and may extend the length of the leaf. These pale to green yellow lesions become dry and brown as the disease progresses producing a leaf blight (4). During the growing seasons 2010 to 2011 and 2011 to 2012, symptoms of bacterial leaf blight of corn were observed in central Argentina maize fields, with an incidence of 54% in Córdoba province. To identify the pathogen, leaves from 10 symptomatic maize plants per field were collected from 15 fields covering a representative geographical area. High populations of morphologically uniform bacteria were isolated from leaf tissues by conventional methods using King's medium B agar (2). Ten representative facultatively anaerobic gram-negative, non-fluorescing, non-motile, catalase positive and oxidase negative rod-shaped and yellow-pigmented bacterial isolates were evaluated further. The biochemical profile obtained was: fermentative metabolism, negative indol, acetoin and hydrogen sulfide production, negative gelatin hydrolysis (22°C), positive acid production from D-glucose and lactose, negative gas production from D-glucose, and negative nitrate reduction (1). All the isolates produced a 300-bp band with PCR using the species specific primer pair PST3581/PST3909c (3). The Pss ATCC 8199 and Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 13525 strains were used as positive and negative controls for the PCR assays, respectively. The pathogenicity test was performed by stem inoculation of five to ten P2069 YR maize plants (one to two leaf growth stage) grown in growth chamber. Plants were inoculated by syringe with a 107 to 108 cell/ml bacterial suspension and kept in a humid chamber at 25 to 27°C. Plants inoculated with Pss ATCC 8199 or with sterile water were used as positive and negative control treatments, respectively. The development of symptoms similar to those originally found in the field was observed on all the plants inoculated with the different isolates at 7 to 10 days post inoculation. In addition, symptoms on inoculated plants were similar to those observed for the positive control treatment. No symptoms were found on negative controls. Koch's postulates were fulfilled since bacteria isolated from symptomatic tissue had identical characteristics to isolates used to inoculate plants and to the reference Pss strain for biochemical tests and PCR reaction mentioned above. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. stewartii subsp. stewartii isolated from diseased maize in Argentina. References: (1) J. G. Holt et al. Page 179 in: Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 1994. (2) OEPP/EPPO. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 36: 111, 2006. Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii diagnostic. (3) A. Wensing et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76:6248, 2010. (4) D. G. White Page 4 in: Compendium of corn disease. The American Phytopathology Society, 1999.

Growth hormone pharmacogenetics: the interactive effect of a microsatellite in the IGF1 promoter region with the GHR-exon 3 and -202 A/C IGFBP3 variants on treatment outcomes of children with severe GH deficiency.

Insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF1) is a mediator of growth hormone (GH) action, and therefore, IGF1 is a candidate gene for recombinant human GH (rhGH) pharmacogenetics. Lower serum IGF1 levels were found in adults homozygous for 19 cytosine-adenosine (CA) repeats in the IGF1 promoter. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of (CA)n IGF1 polymorphism, alone or in combination with GH receptor (GHR)-exon 3 and -202 A/C insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) polymorphisms, on the growth response to rhGH therapy in GH-deficient (GHD) patients. Eighty-four severe GHD patients were genotyped for (CA)n IGF1, -202 A/C IGFBP3 and GHR-exon 3 polymorphisms. Multiple linear regressions were performed to estimate the effect of each genotype, after adjustment for other influential factors. We assessed the influence of genotypes on the first year growth velocity (1st y GV) (n=84) and adult height standard deviation score (SDS) adjusted for target-height SDS (AH-TH SDS) after rhGH therapy (n=37). Homozygosity for the IGF1 19CA repeat allele was negatively correlated with 1st y GV (P=0.03) and AH-TH SDS (P=0.002) in multiple linear regression analysis. In conjunction with clinical factors, IGF1 and IGFBP3 genotypes explain 29% of the 1st y GV variability, whereas IGF1 and GHR polymorphisms explain 59% of final height-target-height SDS variability. We conclude that homozygosity for IGF1 (CA)19 allele is associated with less favorable short- and long-term growth outcomes after rhGH treatment in patients with severe GHD. Furthermore, this polymorphism exhibits a non-additive interaction with -202 A/C IGFBP3 genotype on the 1st y GV and with GHR-exon 3 genotype on adult height.

Alternativas de atención odontológica en niños y adolescentes con discapacidad intelectual / Alternativas de tratamento odontológico em crianças e adolescentes com deficiência mental / Dental care alternatives in children and adolescents with intellectual disability

La discapacidad intelectual, representa alrededor 3 al 5% de la población mundial, calculándose aproximadamente 400.000 casos en Venezuela. Gran parte de la cual no recibe atención odontológica, a pesar de tener una mayor predisposición a desarrollar caries y enfermedad periodontal. Objetivo: Compartir las herramientas y alternativas para que el odontopediatra pueda abordar de forma individualizada al paciente y tomar en cuenta el grado de discapacidad intelectual. Materiales y métodos: Fuentes de carácter documental de seis países de los cuales 3 son latinoamericanos: España, Estados Unidos, Egipto, Argentina, Colombia y Venezuela entre los años 1992 y 2012. Resultados: Las alternativas de atención odontológica en niños y adolescentes con discapacidad intelectual según lo observado y analizado en la literatura de España, Egipto, Estados Unidos y países latinoamericanos, se basan en técnicas para el acondicionamiento a la consulta odontológica, restricción física, premedicación oral, sedación y anestesia general. Conclusiones: La atención odontológica de niños y adolescentes con discapacidad intelectual se observa con profundas deficiencias ya que son muy pocos los especialistas capacitados y con vocación para atender a este tipo de pacientes, por lo cual se hace necesario la motivación para establecer las alternativas de atención odontológica que servirán de ayuda para los profesionales que deseen profundizar o iniciarse en la adecuada y correcta atención de este tipo de pacientes.

A deficiência mental, representa de 3 al 5% da população mundial, calculando-se aproximadamente 400.000 casos na Venezuela. Grande parte não recebe atenção odontológica, apesar de terem uma maior predisposição a desenvolver cáries e enfermidade periodontal. Objetivo: Compartilhar os recursos e alternativas para que o odontopediatra possa abordar de forma individualizada o paciente e considerar o grau de deficiência mental. Materiais e métodos: Dados de documentos de seis países dos quais três são latinoamericanos: Espanha, Estados Unidos, Egito, Argentina, Colombia e Venezuela entre os anos de 1992 a 2012. Resultados: As alternativas de tratamento odontológico em crianças e adolescentes com deficiência mental de acordo com o observado e analizado na literatura de Espanha, Egito, Estados Unidos e países latinoamericanos, se baseam em técnicas para manejo e adaptação a consulta odontológica, contenção física, premedicação oral, sedação e anestesia geral. Conclusões: Nos tratamento odontológico em crianças e adolescentes com deficiência mental se observa profundas deficiencias uma vez que são poucos os especialistas preparados e com disposição para atender a este tipo de pacientes, pelo qual é necessário motivação para establecer as alternativas de tratamento odontológico que servirão de base para los professionais que desejam se aprofundar ou iniciar de forma adequada e correta no tratamento destes tipos de pacientes.

The Intellectual disability, representing about 3 to 5% of the world's population, estimated approximately 400,000 cases in Venezuela. Much of which do not receive dental care, despite having a higher predisposition to develop caries and periodontal disease. Objective: Share tools and alternatives to the dentist can treat the patient individually, taking into account the degree of intellectual disability. Materials and methods: Documentary sources in six countries of which three are in Latin America: Spain, United States, Egypt, Argentina, Colombia and Venezuela between 1992 and 2012. Results: The dental care alternatives for children and adolescents with intellectual disability as observed and analyzed in the literature of Spain, Egypt, United States and Latin American countries, are based on techniques for conditioning, physical restraint, oral premedication, sedation and general anesthesia. Conclusions: The dental care for children and adolescents with intellectual disability suffers from deep flaws that very few specialists trained and vocation to serve these patients, so it is necessary to establish dental care alternatives that will serve help for professionals who wish to develop or start in the right and proper care for these patients.

OCT4 immunohistochemistry may be necessary to identify the real risk of gonadal tumors in patients with Turner syndrome and Y chromosome sequences.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of gonadal tumors among patients with Turner syndrome (TS) carrying Y-derivative sequences in their chromosomal constitution. METHODS: Six out of 260 patients with TS were selected based on mosaicism of the entire Y chromosome; 10 were included because Y-derivative sequences have been detected by PCR with specific oligonucleotides (sex-determining region on the Y, testis specific-protein, Y and DYZ3) and further confirmed by FISH. The 16 patients were subjected to bilateral gonadectomy at ages varying from 8.7 to 18.2 years. Both histopathological investigation with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical analysis with anti-octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) antibody were performed. RESULTS: Gonadal neoplasia was not detected in any of the 32 gonads evaluated by H&E; however, four gonads (12%) from three patients (19%) had positive OCT4 staining in 50-80% of nuclei, suggesting the existence of germ cell tumors (gonadoblastoma or in situ carcinoma). CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of the real risk of development of gonadal tumors in TS patients with Y-derivative sequences in their chromosomal constitution may require a specific histopathological study, such as immunohistochemistry with OCT4.

Effects of growth hormone on body proportions in Turner syndrome compared with non-treated patients and normal women.

BACKGROUND: The majority of anthropometric assessments in Turner syndrome (TS) patients has focused on height. AIM: To analyze body proportions in young adult TS patients either treated or not treated with rhGH, and to compare them with a group of age-matched healthy women. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Standing height, sitting height, weight, foot and leg lengths, arm span, head circumference, biliac and biacromial diameters were measured in 52 non-treated TS patients, 30 treated with rhGH and 133 healthy women. RESULTS: Age at the start of rhGH therapy varied from 7.8 to 15.1 yr (10.0±1.3 yr), the duration of treatment from 2.8 to 8.2 yr (3.7±1.5 yr) and the mean recombinant human GH (rhGH) dose was 0.42 mg/kg/week (from 0.32 to 0.50 mg/kg/week). Nontreated patients did not show any difference in anthropometric variables when compared with the treated ones, except for hand length (p=0.02) and height (p=0.05), which were increased in the treated group. All anthropometric variables, except head circumference, were different when comparing TS patients (either treated or not) with age-matched healthy women. CONCLUSION: Brazilian TS patients either treated or not with rhGH showed almost no differences in terms of their body proportions. This result is probably due to the late age at the start of treatment, and/or the short period of rhGH administration. Hand length was different between the groups, showing the importance of including the extremities in body proportion assessment during rhGH treatment of TS patients.

Sensibilidad Corneal y retinopatía diabética Fundación Boliviana de Oftalmología gestión 2009

Objetivo: Determinar si existe correlación entre la sensibilidad corneal y el grado de retinopatía diabética (RD) en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 de la Fundación Boliviana de Oftalmología durante la gestión 2009. Material y Métodos Estudio analítico, de corte transversal, comparativo entre pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 y pacientes sanos, en la que se determina la sensibilidad corneal con el estesiometro mecánico modificado en 5 puntos corneales y se correlaciona los resultados con las variables de la RD de acuerdo al ETDRS. Resultados: Fueron examinados 164 pacientes, 82 pacientes diabéticos y 82 pacientes sanos, con una edad media de 62 y 60 respectivamente, cada ojo fue evaluado de forma independiente. La sensibilidad fue menor a mayor edad, no hubo diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres. La sensibilidad corneal promedio en los 5 puntos estudiados fue de 46mm y el grupo diabético y 56mm en el grupo sano. De acuerdo al ETDRS, solo el 33% de los pacientes diabéticos presentó retinopatía diabética.

Síndrome del niño sacudido en Chile: una forma más de maltrato infantil / Shaken baby syndrome in Chile: another form of child abuse

Introduction: The shaken baby syndrome is the most common cause of death and severe neurological damage in abused children. Characterized by acute encephalopathy with sub dural and retinal hemorrhages, which occur in inappropriate situations or an inconsistent story The lesions are due to the increased size of the child's head, weak neck musculature and the abundance of non-myelinated brain tissue that allows excessive stretching of blood vessels associated with the mechanism of injury that involves application of rotational forces of acceleration slowdown. Our goal is to present the clinical features of children admitted to four hospitals in Chile in order to alert the clinician to the suspicion and search box. Methods: Clinical and imaging analysis of six patients with clinical criteria for shaken baby syndrome, as defined by the presence of intracranial or intraocular injury as a result of shocks, in the context of physical abuse in children under two years. Results: Six cases, four children, two girls. Ages 3 months to 16 months. The first symptom in one child was ophthalmoparesis, four with seizures, one of which was admitted in severe coma until he died. All had retinal hemorrhages. Brain Magnetic Resonance showed subdural collections in all of them with different data. The coagulation study was negative in all. Conclusion: The shaken baby syndrome is a reality in Chile and its high morbidity and mortality should place emphasis on prevention at all levels of health care.

Introducción: El síndrome del niño sacudido es la causa más común de muerte y daño neurológico severo en niños maltratados. Caracterizado por encefalopatía aguda con hemorragias subduralesy retinianas, que ocurren en un contexto inadecuado o en una historia inconsistente. Las lesiones se explican por el mayor tamaño de la cabeza del niño, la debilidad de la musculatura cervicaly la abundancia de tejido encefálico no mielinizado que permite un excesivo estiramiento de los vasos sanguíneos asociado al mecanismo de injuria que implica aplicación de fuerzas rotacionales de aceleración-desaceleración. Nuestro objetivo es presentar las características clínicas de niños ingresados a cuatro hospitales de Chile para así alertar al clínico hacia la sospecha y búsqueda del cuadro. Método: Análisis clínico e imagenológico de seis pacientes con criterios clínicos para síndrome del niño sacudido, definido por la presencia de lesiones intracraneales o intraoculares como resultado de sacudidas, en el contexto de maltrato físico, en niños menores de dos a±os. Resultados: Seis casos, cuatro niños, dos niñas. Edades entre 3 meses y 16 meses. Uno debutó con oftalmoparesia, cuatro con crisis convulsivas de los cuales uno ingresó en coma evolucionando grave hasta fallecer. Todos presentaban hemorragias retinianas. La Resonancia Magnética cerebral mostró en todos ellos colecciones subdurales de distinta data. El estudio de coagulopatías fue negativo en todos. Conclusión: El síndrome del niño sacudido es una realidad en Chile y por su alta morbimortalidad se debiera insistir en la prevención de éste a todo nivel de la atención en salud.

Factors and outcomes associated with the induction of labour in Latin America.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of labour induction, together with its risk factors and outcomes in Latin America. DESIGN: Analysis of the 2005 WHO global survey database. SETTING: Eight selected Latin American countries. POPULATION: All women who gave birth during the study period in 120 participating institutions. METHODS: Bivariate and multivariate analyses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Indications for labour induction per country, success rate per method, risk factors for induction, and maternal and perinatal outcomes. RESULTS: Of the 97,095 deliveries included in the survey, 11,077 (11.4%) were induced, with 74.2% occurring in public institutions, 20.9% in social security hospitals and 4.9% in private institutions. Induction rates ranged from 5.1% in Peru to 20.1% in Cuba. The main indications were premature rupture of membranes (25.3%) and elective induction (28.9%). The success rate of vaginal delivery was very similar for oxytocin (69.9%) and misoprostol (74.8%), with an overall success rate of 70.4%. Induced labour was more common in women over 35 years of age. Maternal complications included higher rates of perineal laceration, need for uterotonic agents, hysterectomy, ICU admission, hospital stay>7 days and increased need for anaesthetic/analgesic procedures. Some adverse perinatal outcomes were also higher: low 5-minute Apgar score, very low birthweight, admission to neonatal ICU and delayed initiation of breastfeeding. CONCLUSIONS: In Latin America, labour was induced in slightly more than 10% of deliveries; success rates were high irrespective of the method used. Induced labour is, however, associated with poorer maternal and perinatal outcomes than spontaneous labour.