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BACKGROUND: Three techniques have been described for aspirating the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, namely the wall mount suction (WMS), manual suction (MS), and manual suction with tubing (MST). However, there is no direct comparison among the 3 methods. METHODS: We randomized patients undergoing flexible bronchoscopy and BAL in a 1:1:1 ratio to one of the 3 arms. The primary outcome was to compare the optimal yield, defined as at least 30% return of volume instilled and <5% bronchial cells. The key secondary outcomes were the percentage of volume and total amount (in millimeters) return of BAL, as well as complications (hypoxemia, airway bleeding, and others). RESULTS: We randomized 942 patients [MST (n = 314), MS (n = 314), WMS (n = 314)]. The mean age of the study population [58.7% (n = 553) males] was 46.9 years. The most common indication for BAL was suspected pulmonary infection. Right upper lobes and middle lobes were the commonest sampled lobes. The optimal yield was similar in all the groups [MST (35.6%) vs MS (42.2%) vs WMS (36.5%); P = 0.27]. A significantly higher proportion of patients had BALF return >30% (P = 0.005) in the WMS (54.2%) and MS (54%) than in the MST arm (42.9%). The absolute and the percentage volume of BALF was also higher in WMS and MS than in the MST arm. There was no difference in the complication rate or other secondary outcomes across the groups. CONCLUSION: We found no difference in the optimal yield of BAL or complications using any one of the 3 methods for BAL fluid retrieval.
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Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid , Bronchoalveolar Lavage , Bronchoscopy , Humans , Bronchoscopy/methods , Male , Bronchoalveolar Lavage/methods , Female , Middle Aged , Suction/methods , Adult , AgedABSTRACT
Small-cell melanoma masquerading as an adrenal non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The index report illustrates the deceptive cytomorphologic features of a small cell type malignant melanoma metastatic to the adrenal gland. The diagnosis was confirmed by performing immunocytochemistry on the cell block sections. The key cytomorphologic mimics and their distinctive features have also been highlighted.
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Composite lymphoma (CL) is a rare cancer characterized by the concurrent occurrence of more than one type of lymphoma within the same organ or tissue in an individual. Its occurrence at extranodal sites is exceptional, with only a few cases documented in the literature. A 62-year-old gentleman presented with dystonia, dysphagia, and irregular enlargement of the right tonsil for the last three months. Based on a clinical suspicion of tonsillar malignancy, tonsillectomy was done. The histopathologic examination revealed effacement of the architecture by large irregular lymphoid nodules with interfollicular expansion. The nodules showed sheets of small atypical lymphoid cells, while the interfollicular areas showed large atypical lymphoid cells with scattered typical binucleate Reed-Sternberg cells. Immunohistochemistry confirmed mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) in the nodules and classical HL (cHL) in the interfollicular areas. Based on these features, a diagnosis of composite MCL with cHL was rendered. He was treated with bendamustine and rituximab chemotherapy and remained in complete remission for five years when he presented with significant right-sided neck swelling. Percutaneous fine needle aspiration and subsequent flow cytometry confirmed a relapse of the MCL component of the CL. The index report documents an exceptional case of CL, comprising MCL and cHL, presenting at an uncommon extranodal site. In addition, it also emphasizes the importance of adequate sampling and the simultaneous use of immunochemistry and/or flow cytometry to confirm the presence of more than a single type of lymphoma, which may be easily overlooked on microscopy alone.
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) in differentiating non-acute benign from malignant gallbladder wall thickening (GBWT). METHODS: This prospective study comprised consecutive adults with GBWT who underwent late arterial phase (LAP) and portal venous phase (PVP) DECT between January 2022 and May 2023. The final diagnosis was based on histopathology or 3-6 months follow-up imaging. DECT images in LAP and PVP were assessed independently by two radiologists. The demographic, qualitative, and quantitative parameters were compared between two groups Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine the association between the aforementioned factors and malignant GBWT. RESULTS: Seventy-five patients (mean age 56 ± 12.8 years, 46 females) were included. Forty-two patients had benign, and 33 had malignant GBWT. In the overall group, female gender (p = 0.018), lymphadenopathy (p = 0.011), and omental nodules (p = 0.044) were significantly associated with malignant GBWT. None of the DECT features differed significantly between benign and malignant GBWT in overall group. In the xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC, n = 9) vs. gallbladder cancer (GBC) (n = 33) subgroup, mean attenuation value at 140 keV LAP VMI was significantly associated with malignant GBWT [p = 0.023, area under curve 0.759 (95%CI 0.599-0.919)]. CONCLUSION: DECT-generated quantitative parameters do not add value in differentiating non-acute benign from malignant GBWT. However, DECT may have a role in differentiating XGC from GBC in a selected subgroup of patients. Further, larger studies may be necessary to confirm these findings. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: In patients with non-acute gallbladder wall thickening in whom there is suspicion of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC), DECT findings may allow differentiation of XGC from wall thickening type of gallbladder cancer. KEY POINTS: Differentiation of benign and malignant gallbladder wall thickening (GBWT) at CT is challenging. Quantitative dual energy CT (DECT) features do not provide additional value in differentiating benign and malignant GBWT. DECT may be helpful in a subgroup of patients to differentiate xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis from gallbladder cancer.
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INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) is a rare interstitial lung disease characterized by the accumulation of Langerhans cells within the lung tissue. The diagnosis of PLCH traditionally involves clinical, radiological, and lung biopsy histopathological evaluations. CASE PRESENTATION: We present 2 cases where the diagnosis of PLCH was confirmed through the analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cytology using immunoperoxidase technique, highlighting the significance of this minimally invasive technique in the diagnostic process. Clinical and radiological examination suggested advanced interstitial lung disease characterized by a fibrocystic pattern in both cases. The cytologic analysis of the BAL fluid revealed typical histiocytes with longitudinal grooves and eosinophils, which was better seen on liquid-based cytology (LBC) smears. ICC with CD1a, Langerin, and S-100 confirmed the diagnosis of PLCH. CONCLUSION: Detecting PLCH through the examination of BAL cytology poses challenges, yet it is achievable, particularly with the assistance of LBC and ICC.
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Ectopic pregnancy is a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in women of reproductive age group. Tubal ectopic in an unstable patient is a medical emergency. Tubal stump ectopic is a rare presentation. It is difficult to diagnose. Early diagnosis can prevent significant morbidity and mortality. Here, we present a case of ruptured tubal stump ectopic pregnancy in a 33-year-old female who had undergone salpingectomy previously for ectopic pregnancy.
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BACKGROUND: Extramedullary blast proliferations (EBPs) are known to occur in around 15% of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients in the blast phase. Immunophenotypically, the EBPs are commonly myeloid as compared to the lymphoid. Amongst the lymphoid EBPs, T-lymphoblastic type is considerably rare. Furthermore, the occurrence of EBPs at the initial clinical presentation is extremely rare and such presentations almost always portend the occurrence of an imminent hematological blast crisis shortly. CASE: A 25-year-old male presented with abdominal fullness for 1 month. There was no history of abdominal pain, vomiting, jaundice, weight loss, or night sweats. On clinical examination, the patient was found to have pallor and was febrile. There was hepatosplenomegaly and a single, firm, mobile, left posterior cervical lymph node measuring 1.5 × 1 cm was palpable. Routine blood counts revealed anemia, leukocytosis, and thrombocytopenia. A fine-needle aspiration (FNA) from the cervical revealed T-lymphoid EBP, confirmed by flow cytometry. Subsequently, his bone marrow examination revealed a diagnosis of CML with BCR::ABL1 fusion. Thus, a final diagnosis of CML with extramedullary T-lymphoid blast crisis localized to the cervical lymph node was rendered. CONCLUSIONS: The present report, besides highlighting the utility of FNA cytology in rendering such challenging diagnoses, also reiterates the significance of ancillary techniques, such as flow cytometry, which play a key role in early diagnosis and exact characterization of such rare and aggressive hematolymphoid neoplasms.
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Embryonal tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) are rare and aggressive malignancies accounting for less than 1% of all central nervous system tumors. The occurrence of metastasis to extracranial sites, especially the parotid region, is highly uncommon. We present a rare case of metastatic frontal embryonal tumor (ET) in the parotid region. A 9-year-old boy presented with a progressively enlarging left parotid mass. Past history revealed that he was a known case of a frontal lobe embryonal tumor. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) combined with immunocytochemistry from the parotid revealed a metastatic embryonal tumor. This case report highlights the importance of considering metastatic tumors in evaluating parotid masses, even in pediatric patients, and emphasizes the diagnostic potential of FNAC in diagnosing such rare and unusual tumors for prompt and appropriate patient management.
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Background: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is highly aggressive. Diagnosis of GBC is challenging as benign gallbladder lesions can have similar imaging features. We aim to develop and validate a deep learning (DL) model for the automatic detection of GBC at abdominal ultrasound (US) and compare its diagnostic performance with that of radiologists. Methods: In this prospective study, a multiscale, second-order pooling-based DL classifier model was trained (training and validation cohorts) using the US data of patients with gallbladder lesions acquired between August 2019 and June 2021 at the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and research, a tertiary care hospital in North India. The performance of the DL model to detect GBC was evaluated in a temporally independent test cohort (July 2021-September 2022) and was compared with that of two radiologists. Findings: The study included 233 patients in the training set (mean age, 48 ± (2SD) 23 years; 142 women), 59 patients in the validation set (mean age, 51.4 ± 19.2 years; 38 women), and 273 patients in the test set (mean age, 50.4 ± 22.1 years; 177 women). In the test set, the DL model had sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 92.3% (95% CI, 88.1-95.6), 74.4% (95% CI, 65.3-79.9), and 0.887 (95% CI, 0.844-0.930), respectively for detecting GBC which was comparable to both the radiologists. The DL-based approach showed high sensitivity (89.8-93%) and AUC (0.810-0.890) for detecting GBC in the presence of stones, contracted gallbladders, lesion size <10 mm, and neck lesions, which was comparable to both the radiologists (p = 0.052-0.738 for sensitivity and p = 0.061-0.745 for AUC). The sensitivity for DL-based detection of mural thickening type of GBC was significantly greater than one of the radiologists (87.8% vs. 72.8%, p = 0.012), despite a reduced specificity. Interpretation: The DL-based approach demonstrated diagnostic performance comparable to experienced radiologists in detecting GBC using US. However, multicentre studies are warranted to explore the potential of DL-based diagnosis of GBC fully. Funding: None.
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Extragonadal germ cell tumors (GCTs) are challenging to diagnose. We present a case of suprarenal GCT, with hepatic infiltration where differential diagnosis included neuroblastoma and hepatoblastoma. The positive positron emission tomography scan further obfuscated the situation. The diagnosis was clinched by fine-needle aspiration cytology and cell block immunohistochemistry.
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Introduction: Diagnosis of wall-thickening type gallbladder cancer (GBC) is challenging. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly utilized to evaluate gallbladder wall thickening. However, there is a lack of data comparing the performance of CT and MRI for the detection of wall-thickening type GBC. Aim: We aim to compare the diagnostic accuracy of CT and MRI in diagnosis of wall-thickening type GBC. Materials and methods: This prospective study comprised consecutive patients suspected of wall-thickening type GBC who underwent preoperative contrast-enhanced CT and MRI. The final diagnosis was based on the histopathology of the resected gallbladder lesion. Two radiologists independently reviewed the characteristics of gallbladder wall thickening at CT and MRI. The association of CT and MRI findings with histological diagnosis and the interobserver agreement of CT and MRI findings were assessed. Results: Thirty-three patients (malignancy, 13 and benign, 20) were included. None of the CT findings were significantly associated with GBC. However, at MRI, heterogeneous enhancement, indistinct interface with the liver, and diffusion restriction were significantly associated with malignancy (P = 0.006, <0.001, and 0.005, respectively), and intramural cysts were significantly associated with benign lesions (P = 0.012). For all MRI findings, the interobserver agreement was substantial to perfect (kappa = 0.697-1.000). At CT, the interobserver agreement was substantial to perfect (k = 0.631-1.000). Conclusion: These findings suggest that MRI may be preferred over CT in patients with suspected wall thickening type GBC. However, larger multicenter studies must confirm our findings.
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Sertoli-Leydig cell tumours (SLCTs) are rare, mixed sex-cord stromal tumours composed of varying proportions of both Sertoli and Leydig cells, which account for <0.5% of all ovarian tumours. The cytomorphologic features of SLCTs are not well described in literature. Herein, we describe the cytomorphologic features of an SLCT at an uncommon metastatic site in a young female. Sertoli-Leydig cell tumours (SLCTs) are rare, mixed sex-cord stromal tumours composed of varying proportions of both Sertoli and Leydig cells, which account for <0.5% of all ovarian tumours. The cytomorphologic features of SLCTs are not well described in literature. Herein, we describe the cytomorphologic features of an SLCT at an uncommon metastatic site in a young female.
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Ovarian Neoplasms , Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor , Humans , Female , Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology , Ovarian Neoplasms/diagnosis , Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor/pathology , Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor/diagnosis , AdultABSTRACT
Objective: This article aims to evaluate the intrareader and interreader agreement of ultrasound (US) gallbladder reporting and data system (GB-RADS) and validate the risk of malignancy in each GB-RADS category. Materials and methods: This retrospective study comprised consecutive patients with nonacute gallbladder wall thickening who underwent US evaluation between January 2019 and December 2022. Three radiologists independently read the static US images and cine-loops for GB-RADS findings and assigned GB-RADS categories. The intraobserver (static images) and interobserver (static images and cine-loops) agreement was calculated using kappa statistics and Krippendorff's alpha. Another radiologist assigned a consensus GB-RADS category. The percentage of malignancy in each GB-RADS category was calculated. Results: Static US images of 414 patients (median age, 56 years; 288 women, benign = 45.6% and malignant = 54.4%) and cine-loops of 50 patients were read. There was weak to moderate intrareader agreement for most GB-RADS findings and moderate intrareader agreement for the GB-RADS category for all readers. On static images, the interreader agreement was acceptable for GB-RADS categories. On cine-loops, the interreader agreement for GB-RADS findings and categories was better than static images. The percentage of malignancy was 1.2%, 37%, 71.1%, and 89.1% in GB-RADS 2, 3, 4, and 5 categories. Conclusion: GB-RADS has moderate intrareader for GB-RADS categories. As originally proposed, the risk of malignancy is negligible in GB-RADS 2 category and highest in GB-RADS 5 category. However, the discriminatory performance of GB-RADS 3 and 4 categories is low. Larger multicenter studies with more readers must assess the reader agreement and validate the GB-RADS systems for wider clinical utilization.
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Background: Mucormycosis is a fungal infection that can affect multiple organs. The role of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in its diagnosis is not well documented. Aim: The objective of this study was to describe the detailed cytomorphologic features of mucormycosis on FNAC samples. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of all cases diagnosed as mucormycosis on FNAC between January 2014 and July 2021 was performed for detailed cytomorphological evaluation and correlation to clinical data and microbiological studies wherever available. FNA was computed tomography-guided (n = 38), ultrasonography-guided (n = 31) or palpation-guided (n = 12), and slides were reviewed in two cases. Results: A total of 83 cases of mucormycosis were evaluated. An immunocompromised setting was observed in 48 cases. The most common site of FNA was the lung (n = 57) followed by liver, soft tissue, palate, mediastinum, orbital/ocular region, and lymph node. Isolated renal involvement, a unique feature, was seen in seven cases. The aspirates were necrotic to pus-like or blood-mixed particulate. Broad, nonseptate, foldable, ribbon-like fungal hyphae showing right-angled branching were seen. The tissue reaction was predominantly necro-inflammatory (n = 36), bland necrotic (n = 22), mixed inflammatory (n = 16), suppurative (n = 5), necrotizing granulomatous (n = 3), and granulomatous (n = 1). Immunocompromised patients showed mixed inflammatory responses more frequently. Fungal culture was positive for Rhizopus species in 2/13 cases and molecular testing in two additional cases corresponding to Rhizopus and Syncephalastrum spp. Conclusion: FNA provides quick and conclusive diagnosis of mucormycosis from varied anatomic sites enabling prompt institution of therapy. The tissue response is variable and to some extent dependent on the immune status of the patient.
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INTRODUCTION: Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a rare, aggressive, primary intrathoracic malignancy typically seen in infancy and early childhood. Accurate distinction from congenital cystic lung lesions is crucial due to significant prognostic and therapeutic differences. Cytologic features have rarely been described. Establishing a cytodiagnosis is challenging owing to its rarity, lack of awareness, and multiple morphologic mimics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study conducted over 8 years. The histopathology and cytopathology databases were searched for all pediatric PPB cases. The corresponding cytologic samples were reviewed to identify characteristic features that can help distinguish PPB from its mimics. RESULTS: There was a total of six cases of pediatric PPB reported during the study period. Of these, four (66.7%) presented as intrathoracic, and two (33.3%) as pleural-based masses. Cytology smears showed discretely scattered and perivascular arrangements of round-oval tumor cells with background eosinophilic stromal material. The tumor cells were mildly pleomorphic (n = 3) with round nuclei, fine chromatin, inconspicuous nucleoli, and scanty cytoplasm; however, three cases showed marked anaplasia, and one each showed necrosis and rhabdoid differentiation. On immunocytochemistry (4/6), these were positive for vimentin and desmin and negative for WT1, chromogranin, SALL4, cytokeratin, CD45, and CD99. FISH (1/6) did not show N-Myc amplification. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the characteristic cytomorphological and immunocytochemical features of PPB is vital to establish a prompt and accurate cytodiagnosis with appropriate clinicoradiologic correlation.
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Lung Neoplasms , Pleural Neoplasms , Pulmonary Blastoma , Humans , Child , Child, Preschool , Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Retrospective Studies , Pleural Neoplasms/pathology , Pulmonary Blastoma/diagnosis , Pulmonary Blastoma/pathologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To describe the radiopathological characteristics of a new morphological "combined type" of gallbladder cancer (GBC) and compare it with the mass replacing gallbladder and thickening types of GBC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The imaging and pathological details of consecutive patients with GBC between August 2020 and December 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. Two radiologists reviewed computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging in consensus for the morphological type of GBC. The radiologists classified GBC as mass replacing gallbladder, wall thickening, and combined type. The combined type was defined as a mass arising from the thickened wall of an adequately distended gallbladder that extended exophytically into the adjacent liver parenchyma. The presence of calculi, site, and size of lesion, biliary/portal vein involvement, liver, lymph node, and omental metastases was compared among the various types. The pathological characteristics were also compared. RESULTS: Of the 481 patients (median age 55 years, 63.2% females) included in the study, mass replacing gallbladder, wall thickening, and combined-type GBC were seen in 42.8% (206/481), 40.5% (195/481), and 16.6% (80/481) of patients, respectively. In the combined type of GBC, biliary/portal vein involvement was seen in 63.7% (51/80) and 7.5% (6/80) of patients. Liver, lymph node, and omental metastases were seen in 67.5% (54/80), 40% (32/80), and 41.2% (33/80) patients, respectively. Liver metastases were significantly more common in the combined type (p = 0.002). There were no significant differences in pathological characteristics among the various types. CONCLUSION: Combined-type GBC is less common than the mass replacing gallbladder and thickening types and is associated with a higher risk of liver metastases.
Subject(s)
Gallbladder Neoplasms , Liver Neoplasms , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Male , Gallbladder Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Retrospective Studies , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methodsABSTRACT
Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the liver is a rare, highly aggressive primary hepatic malignancy occurring primarily in infants. Establishing a definitive diagnosis is challenging due to its rarity, non-specific clinicoradiologic findings, and overlapping morphologic features. Herein, we present the cytomorphologic and immunocytochemical characteristics of a rare case of primary hepatic Malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) in an infant. A 5-month-old female child presented with progressively increasing firm mass in the upper abdomen, progressive pallor, sudden onset respiratory distress, and difficulty feeding. On examination, the child had massive, firm nodular hepatomegaly. Ultrasonography of the abdomen revealed a heterogeneously hypoechoic lesion in the left lobe of the liver. Serum alpha-fetoprotein levels were within normal limits. An ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) from the liver mass showed predominantly dispersed large, markedly pleomorphic tumor cells with round to oval eccentrically placed nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and moderate cytoplasm. On immunocytochemistry, tumor cells showed positivity for vimentin, cytokeratin, and EMA and demonstrated a loss of INI1, confirming the diagnosis of MRT. The index report highlights the distinctive clinicopathological features of a hepatic malignant rhabdoid tumor along with the key differential diagnoses, which may pose a diagnostic conundrum. A high index of clinical suspicion and a thorough understanding of its cytomorphological and immunochemical characteristics are crucial for an accurate diagnosis.
Subject(s)
Liver Neoplasms , Rhabdoid Tumor , Female , Humans , Infant , Abdomen/pathology , Biopsy, Fine-Needle , Liver Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Liver Neoplasms/pathology , Rhabdoid Tumor/diagnostic imaging , Rhabdoid Tumor/pathologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has proposed a reporting system for pancreaticobiliary cytopathology. We applied this classification for pancreatic lesion samples by fine needle aspiration (FNA) and compared the results to the previous classification of the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology (PSC) system for risk stratification. METHODS: The computerized database was searched for all pancreatic endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) and transabdominal ultrasound-guided FNA (TUS-FNA) samples from 2016 to 2020 and cases were reassigned as per the PSC and the WHO diagnostic categories. Cases with follow-up, clinicoradiological, and/or histopathology were included in the study. The risk of malignancy (ROM) was calculated across all diagnostic categories based on clinical data, imaging data, and histopathology wherever available. RESULTS: There were a total of 625 pancreatic FNA. In 230 cases, follow-up information was available which included 116 EUS and 114 TUS-FNA samples. The ROM for PSC categories I-VI was 40%, 19.7%, 28.6%, 57.1%, 94.7%, and 97.9% and for the WHO categories (I-VII), it was 60%, 21.3%, and 35.7%, not representative, not applicable, 94.7% and 94.9%. The overall sensitivity and specificity of PSC was 68.2% and 96.2% when categories V and VI were taken as positive and 78.9% and 93.3% for WHO when categories VI and VII were taken as positive. CONCLUSIONS: Pancreatic FNA samples reported as per the WHO system showed better sensitivity as compared to the PSC system resulting in better risk stratification and consequently better patient management. The overall high specificity and moderate sensitivity reaffirm the utility of FNA in pancreatic lesions.
Subject(s)
Pancreatic Neoplasms , Humans , Pancreatic Neoplasms/diagnosis , Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology , Pancreas/pathology , Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration/methods , Pancreatectomy , Risk AssessmentABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The radiological differentiation of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) and gallbladder cancer (GBC) is challenging yet critical. We aimed at utilizing the deep learning (DL)-based approach for differentiating XGC and GBC on ultrasound (US). METHODS: This single-center study comprised consecutive patients with XGC and GBC from a prospectively acquired database who underwent pre-operative US evaluation of the gallbladder lesions. The performance of state-of-the-art (SOTA) DL models (GBCNet-convolutional neural network [CNN] and RadFormer, transformer) for XGC vs. GBC classification in US images was tested and compared with popular DL models and a radiologist. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients with XGC (mean age, 57 ± 12.3, 17 females) and 55 patients with GBC (mean age, 54.6 ± 11.9, 38 females) were included. The performance of GBCNet and RadFormer was comparable (sensitivity 89.1% vs. 87.3%, p = 0.738; specificity 72% vs. 84%, p = 0.563; and AUC 0.744 vs. 0.751, p = 0.514). The AUCs of DenseNet-121, vision transformer (ViT) and data-efficient image transformer (DeiT) were significantly smaller than of GBCNet (p = 0.015, 0.046, 0.013, respectively) and RadFormer (p = 0.012, 0.027, 0.007, respectively). The radiologist labeled US images of 24 (30%) patients non-diagnostic. In the remaining patients, the sensitivity, specificity and AUC for GBC detection were 92.7%, 35.7% and 0.642, respectively. The specificity of the radiologist was significantly lower than of GBCNet and RadFormer (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: SOTA DL models have a better performance than radiologists in differentiating XGC and GBC on the US.