ABSTRACT
We surveyed the diversity of cultivable fungi isolated from cold and hot volcanic soils of Deception Island, Antarctica. Seventy-four fungal isolates were identified; these belonged to 17 taxa in the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Pseudogymnoascus, Purpureocillium, and Mortierella. The fungal assemblages showed low diversity, richness, and dominance indices. The Aspergillus taxa were dominant in the soils at 0 °C, 50 °C, and 100 °C. Aspergillus lacticoffeatus, Aspergillus cf. ruber, Penicillium citrinun, and Purpureocillium sodanum were present only in soils having a temperature of 100 °C. Aspergillus calidoustus was present in all thermal soils and displayed the highest densities. The majority of fungi displayed mesophilic behavior; however, different isolates of Aspergillus lacticoffeatus and Aspergillus niger were able to grow at 50 °C; these are phylogenetically close to the causative agents of aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals. Deception Island perhaps represents one of the most visited regions in Antarctica and the tourism there has increased over the last 20 years, especially by elderly tourists, probably with weak immune systems, come in contact with the resident microorganisms, including the thermo-resistant opportunistic Aspergillus species.
Subject(s)
Soil , Aged , Antarctic Regions , Ascomycota , Fungi , Humans , Islands , Soil MicrobiologyABSTRACT
We surveyed the diversity and capability of producing bioactive compounds from a cultivable fungal community isolated from oligotrophic soil of continental Antarctica. A total of 115 fungal isolates were obtained and identified in 11 taxa of Aspergillus, Debaryomyces, Cladosporium, Pseudogymnoascus, Penicillium and Hypocreales. The fungal community showed low diversity and richness, and high dominance indices. The extracts of Aspergillus sydowii, Penicillium allii-sativi, Penicillium brevicompactum, Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium rubens possess antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antitumoral, herbicidal and antiprotozoal activities. Bioactive extracts were examined using (1)H NMR spectroscopy and detected the presence of secondary metabolites with chemical shifts. Our results show that the fungi present in cold-oligotrophic soil from Antarctica included few dominant species, which may have important implications for understanding eukaryotic survival in cold-arid oligotrophic soils. We hypothesize that detailed further investigations may provide a greater understanding of the evolution of Antarctic fungi and their relationships with other organisms described in that region. Additionally, different wild pristine bioactive fungal isolates found in continental Antarctic soil may represent a unique source to discover prototype molecules for use in drug and biopesticide discovery studies.
Subject(s)
Bioprospecting , Extreme Cold , Fungi/isolation & purification , Microbiota , Soil Microbiology , Aedes/drug effects , Animals , Antarctic Regions , Anti-Infective Agents/isolation & purification , Anti-Infective Agents/toxicity , Biological Products/isolation & purification , Biological Products/toxicity , Cytotoxins/isolation & purification , Cytotoxins/toxicity , Fungi/chemistry , Fungi/classification , Humans , Insecticides/isolation & purification , Insecticides/toxicity , Lactuca/drug effects , MCF-7 CellsABSTRACT
La medicina personalizada es la última corriente médica del momento y podría imponerse en la práctica médica a partir del 2010. La medicina personalizada se caracteriza por la utilización de datos derivados principalmente de la genómica, con el fin de escoger terapias hechas a la medida para cada paciente. Si bien las grandes corrientes de pensamiento representan, con frecuencia, una revolución con respecto al modo de pensamiento precedente, se insertan, sin embargo, en un continuum que busca establecer la unión entre ciencia y medicina. Los promotores de la medicina personalizada consideran que se logrará la alianza y, al mismo tiempo, garantizará el devenir de una medicina eficaz y segura. A pesar de las grandes promesas de la medicina personalizada y sus próximas aplicaciones en diferentes especialidades médicas como la cardiología y la oncología, es necesario superar numerosos retos y obstáculos para su aplicación real en clínica. También es importante evaluar de manera ética y crítica esta nueva forma de medicina que pretende ser a la vez más científica y más individualizada. De una parte, la refl exiónética obliga a afrontar los retos generalmente asociados a la genómica y a cuestionar realmente el aporte de nuevos datos científicos a la medicina. De otra parte, esta reflexión también obliga a evaluar la paradoja de la medicina personalizada que intenta fundamentarse sobre datos científi cos sólidos, ciertos y generalizables, con el fin de adaptarse a la situación única e incierta de un paciente.
Subject(s)
Bioethics , Medical Care , Medicine , Patients , ScienceABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Although there is evidence that endometriosis results from basal endometrium dislocation, the underlying biology is not fully understood. One protein that plays an important role in regulating epithelial proliferation and differentiation is the 63-kDa membrane protein (p63), which is also a marker of basal and reserve cells in the female genital tract. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether p63 is expressed differently in peritoneal endometriosis, endometriomas, and adenomyosis, as well as in deep endometriotic nodules of the rectovaginal septum and abdominal wall. DESIGN: This study includes a prospective series of consecutive patients (Canadian Task Force classification II-2) from a tertiary care university hospital. Specimens collected from 83 patients (15 peritoneal endometriosis specimens, 22 endometrioma specimens, 36 adenomyosis specimens, and 10 rectovaginal septum/abdominal wall specimens) were evaluated. Diagnostic and operative laparoscopies or laparotomies were performed, and tissue samples were obtained. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate p63 expression. RESULTS: Positivity for p63 was detected in 93.3% of the peritoneal endometriosis specimens, 81.8% of the endometrioma specimens, 36.1% of the adenomyosis specimens, and none of the rectovaginal/abdominal wall endometriosis specimens (P < .001). Distribution of p63 immunostaining in the positive specimens was homogeneous. CONCLUSIONS: Endometriotic lesions express p63 differently, and some retain the basal/reserve cell immunophenotype. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether the lack of p63 expression in some lesions is related to the extent of the disease, to its clinical behavior, or to exacerbation of the accompanying symptoms.