ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Staphylococcus aureus is considered one of the most important human pathogens, and its levels of resistance to methicillin have increased even in strains isolated from people without nosocomial risk factors. Molecular analysis is essential for understanding the patterns of dissemination. The objective of this study was to identify community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) clones that infected Paraguayan children patients in two periods of time. METHODOLOGY: An observational, descriptive study was designed to determine the genetic variability of 115 isolates of CA-MRSA recovered from children who attended four reference centers in Paraguay between 2009-2010 and 2012-2013. RESULTS: The combined use of Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), Multi-Locus Sequencing Typing, Multi-Locus Variable Analysis (MLVA) and Spa typing techniques allowed the identification of two dominant clones: ST30-IV-t019 (77%) and ST5-IV-t311 (10%), and the establishment of the former as the leading cause of CA-MRSA infections in children during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study that provides epidemiological information as well as microbiological and molecular characteristics of CA-MRSA isolates recovered from children from Asunción and the Central Department of Paraguay.
Subject(s)
Community-Acquired Infections/epidemiology , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification , Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology , Adolescent , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Child , Child Health Services , Child, Preschool , Community-Acquired Infections/drug therapy , Community-Acquired Infections/microbiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/genetics , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/pathogenicity , Multilocus Sequence Typing , Paraguay/epidemiology , Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology , Virulence FactorsABSTRACT
Staphylococcus aureus es un patógeno capaz de causar infecciones con amplio rango de severidad y adaptarse a diferentes tejidos. Su epidemiología es compleja, por circulación de cientos de clones a nivel mundial, lo que requiere de métodos moleculares reproducibles y de alto poder discriminatorio para la identificación de los mismos. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo principal la estandarización del análisis multi-locus de número variable de repeticiones en tándem (MLVA) para análisis de variabilidad genética de aislados de S. aureus previamente tipificados por electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado (PFGE), gold standard para tipificación de aislados. La MLVA se realizó por amplificación de 7 locus VNTR (clfA, clfB, sdrC, sdrD, sdrE, sspA y spA) por PCR. Se alcanzó un alto nivel de reproducibilidad. El empleo de cepas previamente tipificadas por análisis de secuencias multi-locus (MLST), PFGE, locus spa y cassette SCCmec, permitió validar de forma comparativa el agrupamiento generado por MLVA. Los aislados que fueron agrupados como idénticos por MLVA presentaron resultados congruentes con la totalidad de las otras técnicas moleculares y esta demostró ser más sensible que PFGE para distinguir entre aislados que presentaron patrones PFGE idénticos. La MLVA cumple todos los criterios de un método de tipificación útil.
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that can produce several infections with a wide range of severity and it has the ability to adapt to different tissues. The epidemiology is complex, due to circulation of many different clones worldwide, so the analysis for its identification requires reproducible and high discriminatory power molecular methods. The aim of this study was to standardize the molecular technique multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) for the genetic variability analysis of S. aureus isolates, previously characterized by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The MLVA was made by PCR amplification of seven VNTR locus (clfA, clfB, sdrC, sdrD, sdrE, sspA y spA). A high level of reproducibility has been reached in the study. The use of isolates previously typified by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), PFGE, locus spa and cassette SCCmec, allowed to validate the MLVA clusters comparatively. The isolates that were clustered by MLVA as the same isolate, showed the same results by other molecular techniques, and the MLVA can distinguish isolates with identical PFGE patterns. This technique meets all the criteria of a useful molecular typification technique.