ABSTRACT
Dengue virus (DENV) is an arbovirus transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes1. In the insect vector, the small interfering RNA (siRNA) pathway is an important antiviral mechanism against DENV2-5. However, it remains unclear when and where the siRNA pathway acts during the virus cycle. Here, we show that the siRNA pathway fails to efficiently silence DENV in the midgut of Aedes aegypti although it is essential to restrict systemic replication. Accumulation of DENV-derived siRNAs in the midgut reveals that impaired silencing results from a defect downstream of small RNA biogenesis. Notably, silencing triggered by endogenous and exogenous dsRNAs remained effective in the midgut where known components of the siRNA pathway, including the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding proteins Loquacious and r2d2, had normal expression levels. We identified an Aedes-specific paralogue of loquacious and r2d2, hereafter named loqs2, which is not expressed in the midgut. Loqs2 interacts with Loquacious and r2d2 and is required to control systemic replication of DENV and also Zika virus. Furthermore, ectopic expression of Loqs2 in the midgut of transgenic mosquitoes is sufficient to restrict DENV replication and dissemination. Together, our data reveal a mechanism of tissue-specific regulation of the mosquito siRNA pathway controlled by Loqs2.
Subject(s)
Aedes/metabolism , Carrier Proteins/metabolism , Dengue Virus/metabolism , Ectopic Gene Expression , RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism , RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism , RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Aedes/genetics , Aedes/virology , Animals , Animals, Genetically Modified , Antiviral Agents/metabolism , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Carrier Proteins/genetics , DNA Replication , Dengue/virology , Dengue Virus/drug effects , Dengue Virus/genetics , Dengue Virus/pathogenicity , Drosophila Proteins , Female , Gastrointestinal Tract/virology , Gene Silencing , Host-Pathogen Interactions , Mosquito Vectors/virology , RNA, Viral/metabolism , RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , RNA-Binding Proteins/pharmacology , Virus Replication , Zika Virus/metabolismABSTRACT
Understanding the mode of Schistosoma mansoni larval invasion and the mechanism of immune evasion utilized by larvae and adult worms is essential for a rational development of vaccines or drugs to prevent or cure the disease. This parasite has a very complex molecular organization in all parasite stages, and identifying the major parasite proteins would give clues to schistosome metabolism and to the interaction of the parasite with the host immune system. Our goal was the evaluation of the protein parasite repertoire using a proteomic approach, and the characterization of protein extracts from two different parasite stages of a Venezuelan isolate, such as cercariae and adult worms, previously performed by other authors in some other strains. A comparison among authors was made. Besides, we aimed to identify different isoforms of one of the vaccine candidates, the gluthation-S-transferase protein (Sm28GST), by 2D SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry, and to achieve its immunologic detection using sera from rabbits immunized with synthetic peptides derived from the Sm28GST protein. These techniques allowed the identification of some of the target molecules of the protective immune response that are being evaluated as potential members of a multi-component and multi-stage anti-S. mansoni vaccine and to clarify if the selected peptides induce antibodies that are able to recognize different isoforms of the Sm28GST.
Subject(s)
Antigens, Bacterial/genetics , Antigens, Bacterial/immunology , Glutathione Transferase/genetics , Glutathione Transferase/immunology , Helminth Proteins/genetics , Schistosoma mansoni/genetics , Schistosoma mansoni/immunology , Animals , Cercaria , Proteomics , Vaccines , VenezuelaABSTRACT
Understanding the mode of Schistosoma mansoni larval invasion and the mechanism of immune evasion utilized by larvae and adult worms is essential for a rational development of vaccines or drugs to prevent or cure the disease. This parasite has a very complex molecular organization in all parasite stages, and identifying the major parasite proteins would give clues to schistosome metabolism and to the interaction of the parasite with the host immune system. Our goal was the evaluation of the protein parasite repertoire using a proteomic approach, and the characterization of protein extracts from two different parasite stages of a Venezuelan isolate, such as cercariae and adult worms, previously performed by other authors in some other strains. A comparison among authors was made. Besides, we aimed to identify different isoforms of one of the vaccine candidates, the gluthation-S-transferase protein (Sm28GST), by 2D SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry, and to achieve its immunologic detection using sera from rabbits immunized with synthetic peptides derived from the Sm28GST protein. These techniques allowed the identification of some of the target molecules of the protective immune response that are being evaluated as potential members of a multi-component and multi-stage anti-S. mansoni vaccine and to clarify if the selected peptides induce antibodies that are able to recognize different isoforms of the Sm28GST.
Es esencial comprender la forma como las larvas de Schistosoma mansoni invaden y los mecanismos de evasión inmune utilizados por larvas y adultos, para el desarrollo racional de vacunas o drogas para prevenir o curar la esquistosomiasis. Este parásito tiene una organización molecular muy compleja en todos sus estadíos, por lo que la identificación de las proteínas más importantes es clave para investigar el metabolismo del esquistosoma y la interacción del parásito con el sistema inmune del hospedero. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el repertorio proteico del parásito utilizando una aproximación proteómica y la caracterización de extractos proteicos de dos estadios parasitarios diferentes de un aislado venezolano, como la cercaria y el verme adulto, previamente realizado por otros autores en otras aislados. Se realizó una comparación entre autores. Además, se identificaron diferentes isoformas de uno de los candidatos a vacuna, la glutation S transferasa (Sm28GST) por 2D SDS-PAGE y espectrometría de masas y se logró su detección inmunológica, usando sueros de conejos inmunizados con péptidos sintéticos derivados de la proteína Sm28GST. Estas técnicas permitieron identificar algunas de las moléculas blanco de la respuesta inmune protectora que están siendo evaluados como miembros potenciales de una vacuna multi-estadio y multi-componente y aclarar si los péptidos seleccionados indujeron anticuerpos capaces de reconocer diferentes isoformas de la Sm28GST.