Effects of mixing ratio on physicochemical, structural properties and application in lycopene-loaded emulsions of blends of whey protein and pea protein.

Physicochemical, structural properties and application in lycopene-loaded emulsions of blends of whey protein isolate (WPI) and pea protein isolate (PPI) at varying mass ratios (100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, 0/100) were investigated. Data indicated that the mass ratios affected the physical, chemical and storage stability of the emulsion by influencing the particle size, zeta-potential, surface hydrophobicity, free sulfhydryl content, and secondary structure of the blends. Particularly, emulsion with a mixing ratio of 75/25 exhibited superior physical stability against salt concentrations (200 and 500 mM), better chemical stability against UV light and heat, and maintained stability over a 30-day storage period. Emulsions stabilized by blends of different ratios exhibited similar digestion behavior, with no significant differences observed in lycopene's transformation stability and bio-accessibility. Data indicated that substitution of whey protein by pea protein is effective in term of emulsifier application and replacement ratio is an important factor need to be considered.

Association of lifestyle with valvular heart disease progression and life expectancy among elderly people from different socioeconomic backgrounds.

BACKGROUND: Current cardiovascular prevention strategies are based on studies that seldom include valvular heart disease (VHD). The role of modifiable lifestyle factors on VHD progression and life expectancy among the elderly with different socioeconomic statuses (SES) remains unknown. METHODS: This cohort study included 164,775 UK Biobank participants aged 60 years and older. Lifestyle was determined using a five-factor scoring system covering smoking status, obesity, physical activity, diet, and sleep patterns. Based on this score, participants were then classified into "poor," "moderate," or "ideal" lifestyle groups. SES was classified as high or low based on the Townsend Deprivation Index. The association of lifestyle with major VHD progression was evaluated using a multistate mode. The life table method was employed to determine life expectancy with VHD and without VHD. RESULTS: The UK Biobank documented 5132 incident VHD cases with a mean follow-up of 12.3 years and 1418 deaths following VHD with a mean follow-up of 6.0 years. Compared to those with a poor lifestyle, women and men followed an ideal lifestyle had lower hazard ratios for incident VHD (0.66 with 95% CI, 0.59-0.73 for women and 0.77 with 95% CI, 0.71-0.83 for men) and for post-VHD mortality (0.58 for women, 95% CI 0.46-0.74 and 0.62 for men, 95% CI 0.54-0.73). When lifestyle and SES were combined, the lower risk of incident VHD and mortality were observed among participants with an ideal lifestyle and high SES compared to participants with an unhealthy lifestyle and low SES. There was no significant interaction between lifestyle and SES in their correlation with the incidence and subsequent mortality of VHD. Among low SES populations, 60-year-old women and men with VHD who followed ideal lifestyles lived 4.2 years (95% CI, 3.8-4.7) and 5.1 years (95% CI, 4.5-5.6) longer, respectively, compared to those with poor lifestyles. In contrast, the life expectancy gain for those without VHD was 4.4 years (95% CI, 4.0-4.8) for women and 5.3 years (95% CI, 4.8-5.7) for men when adhering to an ideal lifestyle versus a poor one. CONCLUSIONS: Adopting a healthier lifestyle can significantly slow down the progression from free of VHD to incident VHD and further to death and increase life expectancy for both individuals with and without VHD within diverse socioeconomic elderly populations.

TpBD/UiO-66-NH2 micro-mesoporous hybrid material as a stationary phase for open tubular capillary electrochromatography.

The excellent stability of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and the diversity of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) make MOF/COF hybrid materials promising candidates for chromatographic stationary phases. In this paper, a TpBD/UiO-66-NH2 hybrid material was synthesized through a Schiff-base reaction between TpBD COFs and UiO-66-NH2 MOFs; characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; and bonded to a capillary to prepare a TpBD/UiO-66-NH2-bonded open tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) column. Results suggested that the hybrid material had the crystal morphology of a single COF and MOF, a micro-mesoporous structure, and good thermal stability. The inner surface of the OT-CEC column was tightly and uniformly distributed with the stationary phase (∼1.5 µm). The baseline separation of 13 amino acids and three families (4 acidic antibiotics, 4 preservatives and 6 sulfonamides) of emerging pollutant mixtures was achieved due to the synergistic effect of TpBD and UiO-66-NH2 in the stationary phase. The OT-CEC column showed good reproducibility and stability with relative standard deviations of migration time and resolutions in the range of 1.17-3.93% and 1.79-4.31%, respectively.

A patent review of SCF E3 ligases inhibitors for cancer：Structural design, pharmacological activities and structure-activity relationship.

Currently, as the largest family of E3 ubiquitin ligases, Skp1-Cullin 1-F-box (SCF) E3 ligase complexes have attracted extensive attention. Among SCF complexes, Skp2, ß-TrCP, and FBXW7 have undergone extensive research on their structures and functions. Previous studies suggest Skp2, ß-TrCP, and FBXW7 are overexpressed in numerous cancers. Thus, the SCF E3 ligase complex has become a significant target for the development of anti-cancer drugs. Over the past few decades, a variety of anti-tumor inhibitors targeting the SCF E3 ligase complex have been attempted. However, since almost none of the SCF E3 ligase inhibitors passed clinical trials, the design and synthesis of the new inhibitors are needed. Here, we will introduce the structure and function of Skp2, ß-TrCP, and FBXW7, their connections with cancer development, the relevant in vitro and in vivo activities, selectivity, structure-activity relationships, and the therapeutic or preventive application of small molecule inhibitors targeting these three F-box proteins reported in the patent (2010-present). This information will help develop drugs targeting the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase, providing new strategies for future cancer treatments.

Inhibition of TRAF6 alleviates secondary brain injury by reducing neuronal pyroptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage.

Secondary brain injury (SBI) is one of the main causes of high mortality and disability rates following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). TRAF6 plays a crucial role in the process of pyroptosis, and modulating its expression may present a novel therapeutic strategy for mitigating brain injury. This study aims to explore the mechanisms of TRAF6 in pyroptosis after ICH. C57BL/6J mice were used to establish the ICH model. Brain was collected at different time points for q-PCR and western blot to detect the level of TRAF6. After the C25-140 (the TRAF6 inhibitor) was administrated, the mice were divided into four groups. Then, the neurological deficit, brain water content, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) ​​damage were detected. Immunofluorescence and western blot were used to detect the level of pyroptosis proteins, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and q-PCR were used to detect the levels of IL-18 and IL-1ß. TRAF6 expression was upregulated after ICH and was mainly expressed in neurons. Inhibition of TRAF6 expression with C25-140 alleviated neurological deficits and reduced brain edema after ICH. In addition, inhibition of TRAF6 also reduced the expression of pyroptosis inflammasomes such as GSDMD, NLRP3, and ASC, as well as neurological damage caused by IL-18 and IL-1ß after ICH. TRAF6 regulates neuronal pyroptosis in SBI after ICH. Inhibition of TRAF6 may be a potential target for alleviating inflammatory damage after ICH.

A structured biomimetic nanoparticle as inflammatory factor sponge and autophagy-regulatory agent against intervertebral disc degeneration and discogenic pain.

Lower back pain (LBP) is a common condition closely associated with intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), causing a significant socioeconomic burden. Inflammatory activation in degenerated discs involves pro-inflammatory cytokines, dysregulated regulatory cytokines, and increased levels of nerve growth factor (NGF), leading to further intervertebral disc destruction and pain sensitization. Macrophage polarization is closely related to autophagy. Based on these pathological features, a structured biomimetic nanoparticle coated with TrkA-overexpressing macrophage membranes (TMNP@SR) with a rapamycin-loaded mesoporous silica core is developed. TMNP@SR acted like sponges to adsorbe inflammatory cytokines and NGF and delivers the autophagy regulator rapamycin (RAPA) into macrophages through homologous targeting effects of the outer engineered cell membrane. By regulating autophagy activation, TMNP@SR promoted the M1-to-M2 switch of macrophages to avoid continuous activation of inflammation within the degenerated disc, which prevented the apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells. In addition, TMNP@SR relieved mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, reduced calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) expression in the dorsal root ganglion, and downregulated GFAP and c-FOS signaling in the spinal cord in the rat IDD model. In summary, TMNP@SR spontaneously inhibits the aggravation of disc inflammation to alleviate disc degeneration and reduce the ingress of sensory nerves, presenting a promising treatment strategy for LBP induced by disc degeneration.

Astragali radix (Huangqi): a time-honored nourishing herbal medicine.

Astragali radix (AR, namded Huangqi in Chinese) is the dried root of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao or Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. As a widely used ethnomedicine, the biological activities of AR include immunomodulatory, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-oxidant, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-tumor, cardioprotective, and anti-diabetic effects, with minimum side effects. Currently, it is known that polysaccharides, saponins, and flavonoids are the indispensable components of AR. In this review, we will elaborate the research advancements of AR on ethnobotany, ethnopharmacological practices, phytochemicals, pharmacological activities, clinical uses, quality control, production developments, and toxicology. The information is expected to assist clinicians and scientists in developing useful therapeutic medicines with minimal systemic side effects.

Exosome-shuttled miR-150-5p from LPS-preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells down-regulate PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway via Irs1 to enhance M2 macrophage polarization and confer protection against sepsis.

Rationale: Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction and lack of effective measures in the current. Exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) reported to alleviate inflammation during sepsis, and the preconditioning of MSCs could enhance their paracrine potential. Therefore, this study investigated whether exosomes secreted by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-pretreated MSCs exert superior antiseptic effects, and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: Exosomes were isolated and characterized from the supernatants of MSCs. The therapeutic efficacy of normal exosomes (Exo) and LPS-pretreated exosomes (LPS-Exo) were evaluated in terms of survival rates, inflammatory response, and organ damage in an LPS-induced sepsis model. Macrophages were stimulated with LPS and treated with Exo or LPS-Exo to confirm the results of the in vivo studies, and to explain the potential mechanisms. Results: LPS-Exo were shown to inhibit aberrant pro-inflammatory cytokines, prevent organ damages, and improve survival rates of the septic mice to a greater extent than Exo. In vitro, LPS-Exo significantly promoted the M2 polarization of macrophages exposed to inflammation. miRNA sequencing and qRT-PCR analysis identified the remarkable expression of miR-150-5p in LPS-Exo compared to that in Exo, and exosomal miR-150-5p was transferred into recipient macrophages and mediated macrophage polarization. Further investigation demonstrated that miR-150-5p targets Irs1 in recipient macrophages and subsequently modulates macrophage plasticity by down-regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Conclusion: The current findings highly suggest that exosomes derived from LPS pre-conditioned MSCs represent a promising cell-free therapeutic method and highlight miR-150-5p as a novel molecular target for regulating immune hyperactivation during sepsis.

Smartphone-assisted fluorescent sensor for the visualization and quantitative detection of doxycycline and L-arginine.

A novel smartphone-assisted fluorescent sensor based on europium/zirconium metal-organic framework (Eu0.5/Zr0.5-MOF) was developed for the fast and sensitive determination of doxycycline (DOX) and L-arginine (Arg). After the addition of DOX, the fluorescence of Eu0.5/Zr0.5-MOF was quenched owing to the inner filter effect (IFE). When Arg was introduced into the Eu0.5/Zr0.5-MOF@DOX complex system, the fluorescence was recovered because the interaction between Arg and Eu0.5/Zr0.5-MOF@DOX weakened the IFE. Moreover, the Eu0.5/Zr0.5-MOF produced continuous fluorescence color changes for the visual measurement of DOX and Arg. The fluorescent probe for DOX and Arg offered broad linear ranges of 0.05-80 and 0.1-60 µg/mL, respectively, with detection limits as low as 2.07 and 67.5 ng/mL. The proposed method was successfully applied to monitor DOX in eggs and Arg in human serum. This work provides a powerful platform for the real-time and visual analysis of DOX and Arg in food and biological samples.

Effects of long-term exposure to zinc on performances of anaerobic digesters for swine wastewater treatment under various organic loading rates.

The long-term performance of anaerobic digestion (AD) often decreases substantially when treating swine wastewater contaminated with heavy metals. However, the toxicological characteristics and mechanisms of continuous exposure to heavy metals under different organic loading rates (OLR) are still poorly understood. In these semi-continuous AD experiments, it was found that zinc concentrations of 40 mg/L only deteriorated the reductive environments of AD. In comparison, a concentration of 2.0 mg/L probably facilitated the reproduction of microorganisms in the operating digesters with a constant OLR of 0.51 g COD/(L·d). Nevertheless, when the OLR was increased to 2.30 g COD/(L·d), 2.0 mg/L zinc inhibited various life activities of microorganisms at the molecular level within only 10 days. Hence, even though 2.0 mg/L zinc could promote AD performances from a macroscopic perspective, it had potential inhibitory effects on AD. Therefore, this study deepens the understanding of the inhibitions caused by heavy metals on AD and the metabolic laws of anaerobic microorganisms in swine wastewater treatment. These results could be referred to for enhancing AD in the presence of zinc in practical swine wastewater treatment.

BUB1 potentiates gastric cancer proliferation and metastasis by activating TRAF6/NF-κB/FGF18 through m6A modification.

AIMS: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of the digestive system. High expression of the mitotic kinase BUB1 has been shown to be associated with the development of many cancers, but the role of BUB1 in GC is still unclear. The current study aimed to investigate the role of BUB1 in GC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BUB1 inhibitor, siRNA or BUB1 overexpression plasmid-mediated functional studies were performed in vitro and in vivo to explore the oncogenic role of BUB1 in GC. The expression of BUB1 and FGF18 in GC tumor samples was determined by IHC staining. RNA-seq, Western blot, MeRIP-qPCR and Co-IP assays were used to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which BUB1 regulates GC progression. KEY FINDINGS: Knockdown of BUB1 significantly inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of GC cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, overexpression of BUB1 significantly promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of GC cells. High expression of BUB1 and FGF18 in GC tissues predicted poor prognosis in GC patients. Mechanistically, BUB1 interacted with METTL3 and induced m6A modification of TRAF6 mRNA, further activating the NF-κB/FGF18 axis in GC cells. SIGNIFICANCE: Our results confirmed that BUB1 acts as a positive regulator of GC cell proliferation and metastasis by activating the TRAF6/NF-κB/FGF18 pathway through METTL3-mediated m6A methylation. Targeting the BUB1/METTL3/TRAF6/NF-κB/FGF18 axis might be a novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategy in GC.

Understanding nanoparticle-liver interactions in nanomedicine.

INTRODUCTION: Understanding the interactions between administered nanoparticles and the liver is crucial for developing safe and effective nanomedicines. As the liver can sequester up to 99% of these particles due to its major phagocytic role, understanding these interactions is vital for clinical translation. AREAS COVERED: This review highlights recent studies on nanoparticle-liver interactions, including the influence of nanoparticle physicochemical properties on delivery, strategies to enhance delivery efficiency by modulating liver Kupffer cells, and their potential for treating certain hepatic diseases. Additionally, we discuss how aging impacts the liver's phagocytic functions. EXPERT OPINION: While liver accumulation can hinder nanomedicine safety and effectiveness, it also presents opportunities for treating certain liver diseases. A thorough understanding of nanoparticle-liver interactions is essential for advancing the clinical application of nanomedicines.

Magnoflorine alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis via inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.

Magnoflorine (Mag), a natural alkaloid component originating from the Ranunculaceae Juss. Family, has a various of pharmacological activities. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and potential mechanism of Mag on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) based on comprehensive approaches. Therapeutic effects of Mag on 3% DSS-induced UC mice were analyzed. UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS was performed to investigate the potential metabolites and signaling pathway of Mag on DSS-induced UC. Furthermore, the predicted mRNA and protein levels of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in colon tissue were verified and assessed by qRT-PCR and Western Blotting, respectively. Therapeutic effects of Mag on UC mice were presented in down-regulation serum biochemical indices, alleviating histological damage of colon tissue. Serum untargeted metabolomics analysis showed that the potential mechanism of Mag on UC is mainly associated with the regulation of six biomarkers and 11 pathways, which may be responsible for the therapeutic efficacy of UC. The "component-metabolites-targets" interactive network indicated that Mag exerts its anti-UC effect by regulating PTGS1 and PTGS2, thereby regulating arachidonic acid. Moreover, the results of qRT-PCR showed that Mag could substantially decrease the relative mRNA expression level of Hub genes. In addition, it was found that Mag could inhibit the relative mRNA and protein expression of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. The present results highlighted the role of Mag ameliorated colon injury in DSS-induced UC mice by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. These results suggest that Mag may be an effective agent for the treatment of UC.

MORC2 regulates RBM39-mediated CDK5RAP2 alternative splicing to promote EMT and metastasis in colon cancer.

Colorectal carcinogenesis and progression are associated with aberrant alternative splicing, yet its molecular mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Here, we find that Microrchidia family CW-type zinc finger 2 (MORC2) binds to RRM1 domain of RNA binding motif protein 39 (RBM39), and RBM39 interacts with site 1 of pre-CDK5RAP2 exon 32 via its UHM domain, resulting in a splicing switch of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit associated protein 2 (CDK5RAP2) L to CDK5RAP2 S. CDK5RAP2 S promotes invasion of colorectal cancer cells in vitro and metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, CDK5RAP2 S specifically recruits the PHD finger protein 8 to promote Slug transcription by removing repressive histone marks at the Slug promoter. Moreover, CDK5RAP2 S, but not CDK5RAP2 L, is essential for the promotion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by MORC2 or RBM39. Importantly, high protein levels of MORC2, RBM39 and Slug are strongly associated with metastasis and poor clinical outcomes of colorectal cancer patients. Taken together, our findings uncover a novel mechanism by which MORC2 promotes colorectal cancer metastasis, through RBM39-mediated pre-CDK5RAP2 alternative splicing and highlight the MORC2/RBM39/CDK5RAP2 axis as a potential therapeutic target for colorectal cancer.

Physicochemical Properties, Stability, and Functionality of Non-Covalent Ternary Complexes Fabricated with Pea Protein, Hyaluronic Acid and Chlorogenic Acid.

The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize stable non-covalent ternary complexes based on pea protein (PP, 0.5%), hyaluronic acid (HA, 0.125%), and chlorogenic acid (CA, 0~0.03%). The ternary complexes were comprehensively evaluated for physicochemical attributes, stability, emulsifying capacities, antioxidant properties, and antimicrobial efficacy. PP-HA binary complexes were first prepared at pH 7, and then CA was bound to the binary complexes, as verified by fluorescence quenching. Molecular docking elucidated that PP interacted with HA and CA through hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. The particle size of ternary complexes initially decreased, then increased with CA concentration, peaking at 0.025%. Ternary complexes demonstrated good stability against UV light and thermal treatment. Emulsifying activity of complexes initially decreased and then increased, with a turning point of 0.025%, while emulsion stability continued to increase. Complexes exhibited potent scavenging ability against free radicals and iron ions, intensifying with higher CA concentrations. Ternary complexes effectively inhibited Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with inhibition up to 0.025%, then decreasing with CA concentration. Our study indicated that the prepared ternary complexes at pH 7 were stable and possessed good functionality, including emulsifying properties, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial properties under certain concentrations of CA. These findings may provide valuable insights for the targeted design and application of protein-polysaccharide-polyphenol complexes in beverages and dairy products.

Long-Term Detection of Glycemic Glucose/Hypoglycemia by Microfluidic Sweat Monitoring Patch.

A microfluidic sweat monitoring patch that collects human sweat for a long time is designed to achieve the effect of detecting the rise and fall of human sweat glucose over a long period of time by increasing the use time of a single patch. Five collection pools, four serpentine channels, and two different valves are provided. Among them, the three-dimensional valve has a large burst pressure as a balance between the internal and external air pressures of the patch. The bursting pressure of the two-dimensional diverter valve is smaller than that of the three-dimensional gas valve, and its role is to control the flow direction of the liquid. Through plasma hydrophilic treatment of different durations, the optimal hydrophilic duration is obtained. The embedded chromogenic disc detects the sweat glucose value at two adjacent time intervals and compares the information of the human body to increase or reduce glucose. The patch has good flexibility and can fit well with human skin, and because polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has good light transmission, it reduces the measurement error caused by the color-taking process and makes the detection results more accurate.

Physicochemical characterization and anti-angiogenesis activity of polysaccharides from Amauroderma rugosum, a medicinal and edible mushroom.

Amauroderma rugosum (AR) is commonly recognized as a medicinal fungus, often used as an alternative to Ganoderma lucidum. There is a scarcity of comprehensive and in-depth research on its bioactive polysaccharides and their associated biological activities. Herein, we isolated the polysaccharide fractions extracted from AR (ARPs) and investigated their primary structure and anti-angiogenic activities, given that various diseases are associated with excessive angiogenesis. Four polysaccharide fractions including ARP-0, ARP-1, ARP-2, and ARP-5 were heteropolysaccharides with different molecular weights, monosaccharide compositions, and micromorphologies, highlighting their varying bioactive profiles. Treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells with these polysaccharide fractions showed that only ARP-5 inhibited cell proliferation after vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulation. Similarly, ARP-5 inhibited human umbilical vein endothelial cells migration, invasion, and tube formation upon VEGF (50 ng/mL) treatment. Moreover, compared with the insignificant effects of ARP-0, ARP-1, and ARP-2, ARP-5 impeded angiogenesis in zebrafish embryos. Additionally, ARP-5 downregulated the VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling pathway in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that ARP-5 exerts its anti-angiogenic activities by blocking the VEGF/VEGFR2-mediated angiogenesis signaling pathway. Taken together, the study findings shed light on the primary structure and bioactivity of ARPs.

Exploring and Analyzing the Systemic Delivery Barriers for Nanoparticles.

Most nanomedicines require efficient in vivo delivery to elicit diagnostic and therapeutic effects. However, en route to their intended tissues, systemically administered nanoparticles often encounter delivery barriers. To describe these barriers, we propose the term "nanoparticle blood removal pathways" (NBRP), which summarizes the interactions between nanoparticles and the body's various cell-dependent and cell-independent blood clearance mechanisms. We reviewed nanoparticle design and biological modulation strategies to mitigate nanoparticle-NBRP interactions. As these interactions affect nanoparticle delivery, we studied the preclinical literature from 2011-2021 and analyzed nanoparticle blood circulation and organ biodistribution data. Our findings revealed that nanoparticle surface chemistry affected the in vivo behavior more than other nanoparticle design parameters. Combinatory biological-PEG surface modification improved the blood area under the curve by ~418%, with a decrease in liver accumulation of up to 47%. A greater understanding of nanoparticle-NBRP interactions and associated delivery trends will provide new nanoparticle design and biological modulation strategies for safer, more effective, and more efficient nanomedicines.

The influence of sleep disorders on perioperative neurocognitive disorders among the elderly: A narrative review.

This review comprehensively assesses the epidemiology, interaction, and impact on patient outcomes of perioperative sleep disorders (SD) and perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) in the elderly. The incidence of SD and PND during the perioperative period in older adults is alarmingly high, with SD significantly contributing to the occurrence of postoperative delirium. However, the clinical evidence linking SD to PND remains insufficient, despite substantial preclinical data. Therefore, this study focuses on the underlying mechanisms between SD and PND, underscoring that potential mechanisms driving SD-induced PND include uncontrolled central nervous inflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, circadian rhythm disturbances, glial cell dysfunction, neuronal and synaptic abnormalities, impaired central metabolic waste clearance, gut microbiome dysbiosis, hippocampal oxidative stress, and altered brain network connectivity. Additionally, the review also evaluates the effectiveness of various sleep interventions, both pharmacological and nonpharmacological, in mitigating PND. Strategies such as earplugs, eye masks, restoring circadian rhythms, physical exercise, noninvasive brain stimulation, dexmedetomidine, and melatonin receptor agonists have shown efficacy in reducing PND incidence. The impact of other sleep-improvement drugs (e.g., orexin receptor antagonists) and methods (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia) on PND is still unclear. However, certain drugs used for treating SD (e.g., antidepressants and first-generation antihistamines) may potentially aggravate PND. By providing valuable insights and references, this review aimed to enhance the understanding and management of PND in older adults based on SD.