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Acanthamoeba species are ubiquitous, free-living organisms found in the environment. They can cause a sight-threatening cornea disease, termed Acanthamoeba keratitis, and are often misdiagnosed, causing delayed administration of the correct treatment. Herein, we report a case of Acanthamoeba keratitis diagnosed without culture. A 12-year-old girl with a history of wearing contact lenses presented with complaints of pain, irritation, and hyperemia in the left eye. Corneal scraping-smeared slide, and liquids with contact lenses were submitted to the clinical microbiology laboratory. Cultures of Acanthamoeba spp. were not available; thus, they were stained with calcofluor white. The isolation of Acanthamoeba from the corneal scraping allowed the detection of trophozoites and cysts based on their morphological characteristics. PCR targeting the 18s rRNA gene and subsequent sequencing revealed 99% identity with the Acanthamoeba spp. Although it is challenging to find real-world evidence of Acanthamoeba in clinical microbiology without using culture methods, this case underscores the need for clinical microbiology laboratories to maintain their inspection capabilities.
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Purpose@#This post-marketing surveillance (PMS) study was conducted to monitor the usage of axitinib (Inlyta) in clinical practice of Korean patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with disease progression during or after a prior systemic therapy in real world. @*Materials and Methods@#In this multicenter, observational study, patients indicated for oral axitinib 5 mg twice daily as second-line therapy for advanced RCC were followed up under routine clinical practices, and their safety and effectiveness outcomes were collected. @*Results@#Between 2012 and 2021, 125 patients were enrolled, and data from 111 patients were analyzed. Median age was 65 years (range, 30 to 84 years), 81% was male, and 110 (99%) had clear cell RCC. The median daily dose of axitinib was 10 mg (range, 4.36 to 15.95 mg) with a median administration period of 5.6 months (range, 15 to 750 days). Eighty-three percentage of patients experienced any grade of adverse events, 71% of which were related to study treatment, including diarrhea (36%), hypertension (21%), stomatitis (17%), decreased appetite (14%), palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome (12%), and asthenia (11%). Most adverse events were generally well tolerated and manageable, with 13% of grade ≥ 3. Axitinib dose reduction was required in 20% of the adverse events and discontinuation in 8%. Median progression-free survival was 12.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.6 to 18.9). Objective responses were observed in 30% of patients (95% CI, 21 to 39) with 4% of complete response and 26% of partial response. @*Conclusion@#No new safety signal was found in the present PMS study of Korean RCC patients. Axitinib showed consistent outcomes in terms of effectiveness and safety confirming that the drug is a valid option for second-line therapy in patients with advanced RCC in a real-world setting.
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Hemangioblastoma (HB) is a rare benign tumor that most commonly occurs in the cerebellum. HB is composed of neoplastic stromal cells and abundant small vessels. However, the exact origin of stromal cells is controversial. Extraneural HBs have been reported in a small series, and peripheral HBs arising in the adrenal gland are extremely rare. Herein, we report a case of sporadic adrenal HB in a 54-year-old woman. The tumor was a well-circumscribed, yellow mass measuring 4.2 cm in diameter. Histologically, the tumor was composed of small blood vessels and vacuolated stromal cells with clear cytoplasm. On immunohistochemical stain, the stromal cells were positive for S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase, and synaptophysin. The tumor did not reveal mutation of VHL alleles. We herein present a case of HB of the adrenal gland and review of the literature.
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Purpose@#To evaluate the clinical outcomes of nanothin Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) in Korean patients with corneal endothelial dysfunction. @*Methods@#We retrospectively reviewed medical records of the patients who underwent nanothin DSAEK (graft thickness ≤50 μm) due to corneal endothelial dysfunction and followed up more than 1 year. We evaluated best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central corneal thickness, and corneal endothelial cell density at preoperative and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. @*Results@#Sixteen eyes of 16 patients with the mean follow-up period of 13.00 ± 0.96 months were included. The mean graft thickness after deswelling was 45.25 ± 4.59 µm (range, 38.0–50.0 µm). The mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution BCVA improved from 1.37 ± 0.53 preoperatively to 0.68 ± 0.46, 0.55 ± 0.35, 0.40 ± 0.25, and 0.39 ± 0.25 at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively (p = 0.005, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001), respectively. The mean central corneal thickness improved from 752.00 ± 129.11 to 555.75 ± 54.66 µm at 12 months postoperatively (p = 0.006). The mean graft endothelial cell density decreased from 2,859.62 ± 228.34 to 1,542.25 ± 627.34 cells/mm2 at 12 months postoperatively (p = 0.012). The postoperative complications included increased intraocular pressure (n = 3, 18.75%) and graft dislocation (n = 1, 6.25%), all of which were successfully managed by anterior chamber paracentesis or rebubbling. No other serious complications were encountered. @*Conclusions@#Nanothin DSAEK produced significant and stable visual improvements without severe postoperative complications in Korean patients with corneal endothelial dysfunction.
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Purpose@#We report the clinical characteristics and the primary underlying diseases of patients at high risk for failure of penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) in Korea. @*Methods@#Patients at high risk of PKP failure among those who visited the ophthalmological clinics of tertiary care hospitals in Korea from April 2019 to April 2020 and who were indicated for PKP were retrospectively enrolled. We epidemiologically investigated 119 eyes of 104 patients via medical chart review. @*Results@#Herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis was the most common primary underlying disease (26.1%). The most common primary cause of poor bilateral visual acuity was Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) (41.7%) followed by chemical burns (19.4%). Of the 119 eyes, 40.3% had a history of previous PKP and 20.2% had undergone three or more PKP. The average number of prior PKPs was 1.02 ± 1.46. Corneal neovascularization and corneal opacity were reported in 82.4 and 92.4% of cases, respectively. As the severity of these conditions increased, the eye distributions became larger. Of all patients, 47.9 and 31.9%, respectively, received the highest corneal neovascularization and corneal opacity scores. @*Conclusions@#Our study of patients at high risk of PKP failure improves our understanding of the relevant clinical characteristics and primary underlying diseases. Such patients require careful observation and aggressive treatment. Possible alternatives to PKP should be considered if PKP consistently fails. This study will aid clinicians in deciding whether to proceed to surgery if a poor postoperative prognosis is predictable.
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Purpose@#We investigated the change in the absolute error according to the difference between anterior and total keratometry, to determine the criterion for the difference in keratometry, and to determine the indication for using total keratometry. @*Methods@#Sagittal and total refractive power were measured with 2-, 3-, and 4-mm Pentacam® rings, and the absolute error of each was calculated in patients who underwent cataract surgery in our hospital. The correlation between the difference value the sagittal minus the total refractive power and each absolute error was analyzed by simple regression analysis. The analysis was performed by dividing the patients into two groups based on 0.6, which is the average of the difference between the sagittal and total refractive power for the 3-mm ring. @*Results@#Sagittal power was larger than total refractive power for all rings and the absolute error obtained by applying the total refractive power was larger than the sagittal power for the 2- and 4-mm rings (p < 0.001). The simple regression analysis revealed that the absolute error using sagittal power was positively correlated with the difference between sagittal power and total refractive power. In the group with less than 0.6, the absolute error using the total refractive power of all rings was larger than the sagittal power (p < 0.001). In the group exceeding 0.6, the absolute error using the total refractive power was less than using the sagittal power for the 3 mm ring (p = 0.028). @*Conclusions@#The greater the difference between sagittal and total refractive power, the greater the absolute error using sagittal power. Accuracy was higher in the group exceeding 0.6 after applying total refractive power measured at the 3 mm ring compared to sagittal power.
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Purpose@#The survey was conducted on Korean men to examine information acquisition channel for prostate cancer high risk group as part of the “Blue Ribbon Campaign” of the Korean Urological Oncology Society. @*Materials and Methods@#An online survey of 500 men aged 50 years old or older was completed to query investigation of the status of prostate cancer awareness and information acquisition from February 4 to February 9, 2021. @*Results@#Most men in their 50s and older are well aware that prostate cancer can also occur in young men in their 40s, so the rate of misunderstanding of the timing of prostate cancer screening after their 60s is very low. Two-thirds of all respondents (67.2%) were also confirmed that prostate cancer had no initial symptoms and was not included in the national cancer screening. Seventy-five percent of people look up information on their own in case of suspected prostate cancer, and 51.6% seek out knowledge on their own to prevent prostate cancer. Of the respondents, 27.4% of men contacted prostate cancer-related information within the past year, and the percentage of people contacted through ‘Internet/Phone,’ ‘People Around’ and ‘Television’ was high. The most trusted channel among prostate cancer information channels was ‘medical professionals,’ but the experience rate was not high, and the channel with high experience rate and reliability was shown as ‘television.’ @*Conclusions@#Much effort is still needed to understand the information acquisition behavior of Korean men and to improve awareness of early screening for prostate cancer.
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Purpose@#We investigated the change in the absolute error according to the difference between anterior and total keratometry, to determine the criterion for the difference in keratometry, and to determine the indication for using total keratometry. @*Methods@#Sagittal and total refractive power were measured with 2-, 3-, and 4-mm Pentacam® rings, and the absolute error of each was calculated in patients who underwent cataract surgery in our hospital. The correlation between the difference value the sagittal minus the total refractive power and each absolute error was analyzed by simple regression analysis. The analysis was performed by dividing the patients into two groups based on 0.6, which is the average of the difference between the sagittal and total refractive power for the 3-mm ring. @*Results@#Sagittal power was larger than total refractive power for all rings and the absolute error obtained by applying the total refractive power was larger than the sagittal power for the 2- and 4-mm rings (p < 0.001). The simple regression analysis revealed that the absolute error using sagittal power was positively correlated with the difference between sagittal power and total refractive power. In the group with less than 0.6, the absolute error using the total refractive power of all rings was larger than the sagittal power (p < 0.001). In the group exceeding 0.6, the absolute error using the total refractive power was less than using the sagittal power for the 3 mm ring (p = 0.028). @*Conclusions@#The greater the difference between sagittal and total refractive power, the greater the absolute error using sagittal power. Accuracy was higher in the group exceeding 0.6 after applying total refractive power measured at the 3 mm ring compared to sagittal power.
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Purpose@#The survey was conducted on Korean men to examine information acquisition channel for prostate cancer high risk group as part of the “Blue Ribbon Campaign” of the Korean Urological Oncology Society. @*Materials and Methods@#An online survey of 500 men aged 50 years old or older was completed to query investigation of the status of prostate cancer awareness and information acquisition from February 4 to February 9, 2021. @*Results@#Most men in their 50s and older are well aware that prostate cancer can also occur in young men in their 40s, so the rate of misunderstanding of the timing of prostate cancer screening after their 60s is very low. Two-thirds of all respondents (67.2%) were also confirmed that prostate cancer had no initial symptoms and was not included in the national cancer screening. Seventy-five percent of people look up information on their own in case of suspected prostate cancer, and 51.6% seek out knowledge on their own to prevent prostate cancer. Of the respondents, 27.4% of men contacted prostate cancer-related information within the past year, and the percentage of people contacted through ‘Internet/Phone,’ ‘People Around’ and ‘Television’ was high. The most trusted channel among prostate cancer information channels was ‘medical professionals,’ but the experience rate was not high, and the channel with high experience rate and reliability was shown as ‘television.’ @*Conclusions@#Much effort is still needed to understand the information acquisition behavior of Korean men and to improve awareness of early screening for prostate cancer.
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Purpose@#To assess awareness of prostate cancer and prostate cancer screening in high risk Korean men 40 years and older. @*Materials and Methods@#The Korean Urological Oncology Society implemented an online survey of 600 men aged 40 years or older from July 30 to August 6, 2019 to ask questions about prostate cancer and screening. @*Results@#Of the 600 respondents, 96.5% (579 of 600) were aware of prostate cancer and 49.8% (299 of 600) thought they were at risk. Men in their 60s, men with a family history and men with urological conditions were more concerned about prostate cancer. Most respondents (83.3%, 500 of 600) had never received prostate cancer screening. When asked why they had not, (multiple choices: first, second and third priority), the most common responses were: “They had no symptoms of prostate cancer”; “They were in good health”; “Cost burden of screening”; and “They thought screening was included in the National Health Examination Program.” Only 9.7% (58 of 600) were aware of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). After being informed about PSA, 97.7% (586 of 600) wanted it to be included in national cancer screening. @*Conclusions@#In this survey, 96.5% of respondents were aware of prostate cancer, and 44.2% recognized the need for early screening. However, only 16.7% had received screening. Awareness of prostate cancer risks tended to be high in elderly people, people with a family history and people with urological conditions. The results also indicate that there is support for national-level management and early screening programs for prostate cancer. (Korean J Urol Oncol 2020;18:40-46)
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The increase in life expectancy has caused attention to be focused on quality of life in the elderly. Sexual health is an important part of physical health and quality of life, and poor health is associated with both a decline in sexual activity with age and sexual dysfunction. Herein, we review the topics of sexual function, sexual activity, the prevalence rate of sexual dysfunction and its risk factors, changes in sexuality-related attitudes, the relationship between sexual health and physical health, and the effects of sexual health on quality of life in the elderly. Sexual activity is associated with physical health, and is also an important component of enjoying life. Sexual activities include sexual intercourse and physical intimacy, which are indicators of sexual health in the elderly. Good physical health, stable sexual partners, and regular sexual activity are important for maintaining sexual health in old age Therefore, sexual health needs to be considered as part of the management of geriatric patients.
Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Coitus , Life Expectancy , Prevalence , Quality of Life , Reproductive Health , Risk Factors , Sexual Behavior , Sexual PartnersABSTRACT
The increase in life expectancy has caused attention to be focused on quality of life in the elderly. Sexual health is an important part of physical health and quality of life, and poor health is associated with both a decline in sexual activity with age and sexual dysfunction. Herein, we review the topics of sexual function, sexual activity, the prevalence rate of sexual dysfunction and its risk factors, changes in sexuality-related attitudes, the relationship between sexual health and physical health, and the effects of sexual health on quality of life in the elderly. Sexual activity is associated with physical health, and is also an important component of enjoying life. Sexual activities include sexual intercourse and physical intimacy, which are indicators of sexual health in the elderly. Good physical health, stable sexual partners, and regular sexual activity are important for maintaining sexual health in old age Therefore, sexual health needs to be considered as part of the management of geriatric patients.
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BACKGROUND: To evaluate survival outcomes and prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) who received sunitinib (SU) and pazopanib (PZ) as first-line therapy in real-world Korean clinical practice. METHODS: Data of 554 patients with mRCC who received SU or PZ at eight institutions between 2012 and 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Based on the targeted therapy, the patients were divided into SU (n = 293) or PZ (n = 261) groups, and the clinicopathological variables and survival rates of the two groups were compared. A multivariable Cox proportional hazard model was used to determine the prognostic factors for OS. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 16.4 months (interquartile range, 8.3–31.3). Patients in the PZ group were older, and no significant difference was observed in the performance status (PS) between the two groups. In the SU group, the dose reduction rate was higher and the incidence of grade 3 toxicity was more frequent. The objective response rates were comparable between the two groups (SU, 32.1% vs. PZ, 36.4%). OS did not differ significantly between the two groups (SU, 36.5 months vs. PZ, 40.2 months; log-rank, P = 0.955). Body mass index, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group PS > 2, synchronous metastasis, poor Heng risk criteria, and liver and bone metastases were associated with a shorter OS. CONCLUSION: Our real-world data of Korean patients with mRCC suggested that SU and PZ had similar efficacies as first-line therapy for mRCC. However, PZ was better tolerated than SU in Korean patients.
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Humans , Body Mass Index , Carcinoma, Renal Cell , Follow-Up Studies , Incidence , Liver , Neoplasm Metastasis , Proportional Hazards Models , Retrospective Studies , Survival RateABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: To investigate whether addition of amikacin to fluoroquinolone (FQ) antimicrobial prophylaxis reduces infections after transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUSPB). METHODS: A total of 503 patients undergoing rectal swab were divided into three groups. Patients with FQ-sensitive rectal flora (group 1, n = 248) were administered ciprofloxacin before TRUSPB, and patients with FQ-resistant rectal flora were either administered ciprofloxacin (group 2, n = 97) or amikacin and ciprofloxacin (group 3, n = 158) before TRUSPB. RESULTS: Based on the rectal swab, FQ resistance was 54.9%, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) positivity was 17.2%. The incidence of infectious complication in group 1 was 1.6%. Groups 2 and 3, with FQ-resistant rectal flora, tended to have increased infectious complications (5.2% and 4.4%, respectively) but the difference between those results is not statistically significant. The most common pathogens of infectious complications in patients with FQ-resistant rectal flora were FQ-resistant and ESBL-producing Escherichia coli. E. coli pathogens isolated in Group 3 were amikacin-susceptible species. The operation history and ESBL positivity of rectal flora increased the incidence of infectious complications (odds ratio [OR] = 3.68; P = 0.035 and OR = 4.02; P = 0.008, respectively). DM and antibiotics exposure were risk factors for FQ resistance (OR = 2.19; P = 0.002) and ESBL positivity of rectal flora (OR = 2.96; P = 0.005), respectively. CONCLUSION: Addition of amikacin to ciprofloxacin prophylaxis could not reduce infectious complications in patients with FQ-resistant rectal flora. Despite the amikacin sensitivity of infectious complications, single-dose amikacin addition to ciprofloxacin prophylaxis has limitations.
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PURPOSE: The incidence of multiple primary malignant neoplasms increases with age. An unforeseen finding is the high number of prostate and bladder cancers pairs. Of prostate and bladder cancers pair as first primary and second primary cancers and vice versa, we investigated the differences in clinicopathological features between synchronous and metachronous primary carcinomas of the bladder and prostate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-three patients diagnosed with dual prostate and bladder cancer in a 12-year period (2004–2015) excluding cases with incidental prostate cancer after radical cystectomy were reviewed. Enrolled patients were divided into 3 groups according to cancer development (group I, synchronous cancer; group II, prostate cancer with metachronous bladder cancer; group III, bladder cancer with metachronous prostate cancer). Each group was compared according to clinicopathological features. RESULTS: Median age was 72 years (range, 54–83 years). Groups I, II, and III comprised 29 (54.7%), 8 (15.1%), and 16 patients (30.2%), respectively. Age, prostate-specific antigen, tumor stage, grade, multifocality of bladder tumor, and treatment modality did not show statistical differences between groups. However, group III showed a lower prostate cancer stage (National Comprehensive Cancer Network anatomic stage; p=0.009) and had low-risk of prostate cancers (p=0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Bladder tumor showed no differences in the clinicopathological features between synchronous and metachronous primary carcinomas. However, metachronous prostate cancer showed better clinicopathological features of prostate cancer. It is important for clinicians to counselling and decision making in clinical situations
Subject(s)
Humans , Cystectomy , Decision Making , Incidence , Neoplasms, Second Primary , Prostate , Prostate-Specific Antigen , Prostatic Neoplasms , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms , Urinary BladderABSTRACT
The efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in radical prostatectomy (RP) remains to be established. We retrospectively compared the occurrence of perioperative infections after RP between the 2 different antibiotic protocols. This study involved 428 cases of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP). After excluding patients who had no perioperative urine culture data, 313 consecutive patients who underwent LRP for prostate carcinoma were classified into 2 groups according to the duration of antimicrobial prophylaxis. To group 1 (153 patients), a second-generation cephalosporin was administered for less than 2 days, whilst the remaining 160 patients in group 2 were administered the drug for more than 2 days. The overall incidence of postoperative bacteriuria was 50.8%, being significantly higher in group 1 (56.9%) than in group 2 (45%). The incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) was significantly higher in group 1 (5.2%) than in group 2 (0.6%). Multivariate analysis revealed that old age, duration of antibiotics for more than 2 days, and duration of Foley catheter placement were independently associated with postoperative infectious complications (all, P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that duration of antibiotics for more than 2 days, duration of Foley catheter placement, and duration of surgical drain placement were independently associated with postoperative SSI (all, P < 0.05). The incidence of postoperative bacteriuria and SSI were higher in patients who received antibiotics for a short duration. Based on our results, we demonstrated that the outcome of postoperative infectious complications is dependent on old age, short antibiotic administration duration, and prolonged Foley catheterization. Prolonged drain placement is associated with SSI, whilst a longer duration of antibiotics use and prolonged Foley catheterization are associated with a decrease in the incidence of SSI.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Antibiotic Prophylaxis , Bacteriuria , Catheters , Incidence , Multivariate Analysis , Prostate , Prostatectomy , Retrospective Studies , Surgical Wound Infection , Urinary CatheterizationABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) and preoperative glycemic control on prognosis in Korean patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) who underwent radical nephroureterectomy (RNU). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 566 patients who underwent RNU at six institutions between 2004 and 2014 were reviewed retrospectively. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were performed to assess the association between DM, preoperative glycemic control, and recurrence-free, cancer-specific, and overall survival. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 33.8 months (interquartile range, 41.4 months). A total of 135 patients (23.8%) had DM and 67 patients (11.8%) had poor preoperative glycemic control. Patients with poor preoperative glycemic control had significantly shorter median recurrence-free, cancer-specific, and overall survival than patients with good preoperative glycemic control and non-diabetics (all, p=0.001). In multivariable Cox regression analysis, DM with poor preoperative glycemic control showed association with worse recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio [HR], 2.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.31 to 3.90; p=0.003), cancer-specific survival (HR, 2.96; 95% CI, 1.80 to 4.87; p=0.001), and overall survival (HR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.40 to 3.22; p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Diabetic UTUC patients with poor preoperative glycemic control had significantly worse oncologic outcomes than diabetic UTUC patients with good preoperative glycemic control and non-diabetics. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the exact mechanism underlying the impact of glycemic control on UTUC treatment outcome.
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Humans , Carcinoma, Transitional Cell , Diabetes Mellitus , Follow-Up Studies , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
A leukemoid reaction is usually associated with malignancies of the lung, stomach, and thyroid. In contrast, urothelial cell carcinoma is rarely associated with leukemoid reactions, with few cases reported over the past 30 years. Here, we describe a patient with urothelial cell carcinoma who exhibited a leukemoid reaction. The patient had an elevated white blood cell count and experienced a rapid and aggressive clinical course, terminating in death. For urothelial cell carcinoma patients exhibiting a leukemoid reaction, removal of the inciting tumor is the definitive treatment. However, considering the aggressive nature of these tumors, if the patient is unsuitable for radical surgical management, palliative chemotherapy should be considered.
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Humans , Drug Therapy , Leukemoid Reaction , Leukocyte Count , Lung , Paraneoplastic Syndromes , Prognosis , Stomach , Thyroid GlandABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate the characteristics and relationship between peripapillary choroidal thickness (pCT), lamina cribrosa thickness (LCT), and peripapillary outer retinal layer thickness (pORT) as determined using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) enhanced depth imaging (EDI). METHODS: In total, 255 participants were included (87 healthy subjects, 87 glaucoma suspects (GS), and 81 glaucoma cases). The pORT, defined as the thickness between the posterior outer plexiform layer and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) interface, and the pCT, between the outer margin of the RPE and the choroidal-scleral interface, were manually measured using EDI scanning of the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). LCT was determined by EDI scanning of the optic nerve head (ONH). Baseline characteristics, including axial length (AXL) and the SD-OCT measurements of the participants, were compared among the three groups. The correlation between putative factors and pCT was determined using univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses. RESULTS: In all three groups, both pORT and pCT were thinnest in the inferior area among the four quadrants. In the healthy group, the mean peripapillary RNFL, pORT, and LCT were significantly greater in comparison with those of the GS and glaucoma groups (p < 0.001, p < 0.038, and p < 0.001, respectively). The pCT demonstrated no significant differences among the three groups (p = 0.083). Only age and AXL were associated with pCT by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The pCT is substantially thinner in the inferior area of the ONH. In addition, the pCT demonstrates the strongest correlation with age and AXL, but was not associated with glaucoma or LCT.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Choroid/pathology , Follow-Up Studies , Glaucoma, Open-Angle/diagnosis , Prospective Studies , Reproducibility of Results , Retina/pathology , Severity of Illness Index , Tomography, Optical Coherence/methodsABSTRACT
This study was designed to determine the effect of electrical field stimulation (EFS) and adrenergic agonist on the contractility of vasectomized prostatic and epididymal segments at postvasectomized 2, 5 and 10 weeks, and to observe innervation changes of the vas deferens after vasectomy. The contractile response was recorded on a polygraph via force transducer and expressed as the g tension per 100 mg tissue. And we reviewed histopathologic sections stained with S-100 protein by light microscopy. The results were as follows: 1. In control groups, contractile responses of prostatic and epididymal segments to EFS (4, 8, 16, 32 &64 Hz) were gradually increased by increasing frequencies. But contractile responses of vasectomized epididymal segments to all frequencies of EFS declined. Contractile responses of vasectomized prostatic segments were significantly greater than that of vasectomized epididymal segments (p<0.05). 2. Contractile responses of epididymal segments to phenylephrine hydrochloride 0.00001M were significantly greater than that of prostatic segments (p<0.05). Contractile responses of prostatic segments were tend to decline. In epididymal segments, contractile response of post-vasectomized 5 weeks group was significantly greater than that of control and post-vasectomized 2 weeks groups (p<0.05). 3. In control and vasectomized prostatic segment, nerve bundles were strongly positive and intact histopathologically for the S-100 protein immunohistochemical stain. In epididymal segment, nerve bundles were intact in control group. However, vacuolar degeneration tend to be gradually increased and stained weakly by increasing duration in vasectomized epididymal segment. These results suggest that the progression of degenerative change of adrenergic innervation after vasectomy may play an important role in progressively decreasing contractility of the vas deferens after vasectomy.