Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards community-acquired pneumonia and COVID-19 among general population: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of the general population to community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and COVID-19. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2022 and February 2023, involving the general population from Ningbo Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine with a self-developed questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 637 valid questionnaires were collected, with the majority of participants being female (62.48%). The mean score for knowledge, attitudes, and practices were 7.60 ± 2.39 (possible range: 0-12), 43.20 ± 4.57 (possible range: 11-55), and 34.57 ± 4.95 (possible range: 10-50), respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that master's degree or above (OR = 6.04, 95% CI: 1.80-20.31, P = 0.004) and occupation in business or service careers (OR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.17-0.48, P < 0.001) were independent associated with knowledge. The knowledge (OR = 1.32, 95%CI: 1.20-1.44, P < 0.001) and female gender (OR = 1.48, 95%CI: 1.03-2.14, P = 0.036) were independently associated with positive attitudes. Attitudes (OR = 1.34, 95%CI: 1.26-1.43, P < 0.001) and a monthly household income greater than 20,000 RMB (OR = 0.31, 95%CI: 0.15-0.64, P = 0.001) were independent associated with practices. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that knowledge positively correlated with attitude scores (r = 0.348, P < 0.001) and practice scores (r = 0.259, P < 0.001), and attitude and practice scores were also positively correlated (r = 0.563, P < 0.001). Structural equation modeling showed that knowledge predicted attitudes (ß = 0.67, P < 0.001) and practices (ß = 0.17, P = 0.017), while attitudes predicted practices (ß = 0.58, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: General population had moderate knowledge, positive attitudes and average practices towards CAP and COVID-19.

Sequential occurrence of T790M mutation and small cell lung cancer transformation in EGFR-positive lung adenocarcinoma: A case report.

BACKGROUND: The emergence of secondary drug resistance when treating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), seriously affects the therapeutic efficacy and survival of patients. Here, we report a case of advanced NSCLC focusing on the application of multiple biopsy modalities to reveal the development of multiple resistance mechanisms during targeted therapies. CASE SUMMARY: A 54-year-old male patient presented with EGFR 19Del-mutated advanced lung adenocarcinoma, and exhibited the development of a T790M mutation during initial TKI treatment. Following 3 mo of Osimertinib treatment, a mixed response was observed. Tissue biopsy of the progressive lesion showed transformation to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) harboring RB1 and TP53 mutations, with loss of the original T790M mutation. A standard chemotherapy regimen with Anlotinib for SCLC was administered. Repeat biopsy revealed adenocarcinoma combined with SCLC after tumor progression. The patient's overall survival was 24 mo. CONCLUSION: Multiple biopsy modalities can reveal the development of multiple resistance mechanisms which help with treatment decision-making. Comprehensive treatment regimens according to the drug resistance mechanism significantly improved the prognosis of such patients.

Expression of ERCC1, MSH2 and PARP1 in non-small cell lung cancer and prognostic value in patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prognostic value of the expression of excision repair cross-complementation group l (ERCC1), MutS protein homolog 2 (MSH2) and poly ADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1) in non-small-cell lung cancer patients receiving platinum-based postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was applied to detect the expression of ERCC1, MSH2 and PARP1 in 111 cases of non-small cell lung cancer paraffin embedded surgical specimens. Through og-rank survival analysis, we evaluated the prognostic value of the ERCC1, MSH2, PARP1 and the related clinicopathological factors. COX regression analysis was used to determine whether ERCC1, MSH2 and PARP1 were independent prognostic factors. RESULTS: In the enrolled 111 non-small cell lung cancer patients, the positive expression rate of ERCC1, MSH2 and RARP1 was 33.3%, 36.9% and 55.9%, respectively. ERCC1 (P<0.001) and PARP1 (P=0.033) were found to be correlated with the survival time while there was no correlation for MSH2 (P=0.298). Patients with both ERCC1 and PARP1 negative cancer had significantly longer survival time than those with ERCC1 (P=0.042) or PARP1 (P=0.027) positive alone. Similalry, the survival time of patients with both ERCC1 and PARP1 positive cancer was shorter than those with ERCC1 (P=0.048) or PARP1 (P=0.01) positive alone. CONCLUSION: Patients with ERCC1 or PARP1 negative non-small cell lung cancer appear to benefit from platinum-based postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy.

Evaluation of anthropometric indices for metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults aged 40 years and over.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing worldwide with a marked impact in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes risk. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the anthropometric indices for metabolic syndrome (MetS) and determine the optimal cut-off values of waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), and waist height ratio (WHtR) for MetS in Chinese adults aged 40 years and over. METHODS: A sample of Chinese adults aged 40 years and over including 430 men and 638 women was investigated. Blood pressure, weight, height, and WC were measured; HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), Triglyceride (TG), and plasma glucose were examined. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analyses were used to evaluate the optimal cut-off point of WC, BMI, and WHtR for MetS. RESULTS: According to the ROC curve analysis, the optimal cut-off point for WC was found to be 84.0 cm in men and 80.0 cm in women; for BMI, it was 26.0 in men and 25.0 in women; and for WHtR, it was 0.5 in both men and women. WHtR has the highest predictive value for fast plasma glucose in women, while BMI has the better prediction of dyslipidemia in men. CONCLUSIONS: Anthropometric indices (WC, BMI, and WHtR) are useful screening tools for obesity, MetS, and CVD risk factors. BMI may be a better indicator than the others for screening obesity, dyslipidemia, and other risk components in Chinese men aged 40 years and over, while WHtR may be better for Chinese women, especially among those aged 70 years and over.

Prevalence estimates for primary brain tumors in China: a multi-center cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Although the first leading cause of death in China was malignant neoplasms (mortality, 374.1 per 100,000 person-years), the full impact of primary brain tumors (PBT) on the healthcare system is not completely described because there are a few well documented reports about the epidemiologic features of brain tumors. This study aimed to report a comprehensive assessment on the prevalence of PBT. METHODS: A multicenter cross-sectional study on brain tumor (MCSBT) in China was initiated in five regional centers: Daqing (northeast), Puyang (north of China), Shiyan (center of China), Ma'anshan (center of China) and Shanghai (southeast). Prevalence rate was calculated by counting the number of people living with a PBT between October 1, 2005 and September 30, 2006 and dividing by the total population of the five communities at January 1, 2006. Estimates of prevalence were expressed as percentages and grouped according to gender and to age in fifteen-year categories. Within these strata, the rates were estimated with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using the accurate calculation of CI for Poisson distribution. A chi-square test was used to compare the various frequencies with α < 0.05. Age-standardized prevalence with the direct method was calculated with the ten-year age-specific prevalence and the age distribution of the Chinese population in 2010, obtained from World population prospects: the 2008 revision. RESULTS: We estimated that the overall prevalence of PBT was 24.56 per 100,000 (95%CI, 14.85 to 34.27), and the overall prevalence of PBT in female population (30.57 per 100,000 and its 95%CI ranged from 19.73 to 41.41) was higher than that in male population (18.84 per 100,000 and its 95%CI ranged from 10.33 to 27.35). However, the discrepancy between genders was not statistically significant because the 95%CI overlapped. Of 272 cases of newly diagnosed PBT, the proportion of histological subtypes by age groups, gender was statistically different (χ(2) = 52.6510, P < 0.0001). More than half of all reported tumors (52.57%) were either gliomas or meningiomas. For the youngest (aged from 0 - 19) strata of the population, glioma appeared to occur more than other subtypes, accounting for 55.56% of all of cases. The majority of brain tumors presented in those aged from 20 to 59 years was pituitary adenomas (45.12%) and gliomas (31.10%). Opposed to brain tumors in adults and teenage, gliomas only accounted for 22.22%. Meanwhile, the median ages at diagnosis of the patients with PBT were similar between males and females except for pituitary adenomas (male: 59 years old; female: 45 years old). CONCLUSIONS: Age standardized prevalence of PBT is 22.52 per 100,000 (95%CI, 13.22 to 31.82) for all populations, 17.64 per 100,000 (95%CI, 9.41 to 25.87) for men, and 27.94 per 100,000 (95%CI, 17.58 to 38.30) for women. Age standardization to China's 2010 population yielded an estimated population of 304 954 cases with PBT. Our prevalence estimates provide a conservative basis on which to plan health care services and to develop programmatic strategies for surviving. In the future, it would be helpful to have long-term observed survival rates that would make the assumptions and the resulting imprecision in the current estimates unnecessary.

Prevalence estimates for primary brain tumors in China: a multi-center cross-sectional study / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Although the first leading cause of death in China was malignant neoplasms (mortality, 374.1 per 100,000 person-years), the full impact of primary brain tumors (PBT) on the healthcare system is not completely described because there are a few well documented reports about the epidemiologic features of brain tumors. This study aimed to report a comprehensive assessment on the prevalence of PBT.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A multicenter cross-sectional study on brain tumor (MCSBT) in China was initiated in five regional centers: Daqing (northeast), Puyang (north of China), Shiyan (center of China), Ma'anshan (center of China) and Shanghai (southeast). Prevalence rate was calculated by counting the number of people living with a PBT between October 1, 2005 and September 30, 2006 and dividing by the total population of the five communities at January 1, 2006. Estimates of prevalence were expressed as percentages and grouped according to gender and to age in fifteen-year categories. Within these strata, the rates were estimated with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using the accurate calculation of CI for Poisson distribution. A chi-square test was used to compare the various frequencies with α < 0.05. Age-standardized prevalence with the direct method was calculated with the ten-year age-specific prevalence and the age distribution of the Chinese population in 2010, obtained from World population prospects: the 2008 revision.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>We estimated that the overall prevalence of PBT was 24.56 per 100,000 (95%CI, 14.85 to 34.27), and the overall prevalence of PBT in female population (30.57 per 100,000 and its 95%CI ranged from 19.73 to 41.41) was higher than that in male population (18.84 per 100,000 and its 95%CI ranged from 10.33 to 27.35). However, the discrepancy between genders was not statistically significant because the 95%CI overlapped. Of 272 cases of newly diagnosed PBT, the proportion of histological subtypes by age groups, gender was statistically different (χ(2) = 52.6510, P < 0.0001). More than half of all reported tumors (52.57%) were either gliomas or meningiomas. For the youngest (aged from 0 - 19) strata of the population, glioma appeared to occur more than other subtypes, accounting for 55.56% of all of cases. The majority of brain tumors presented in those aged from 20 to 59 years was pituitary adenomas (45.12%) and gliomas (31.10%). Opposed to brain tumors in adults and teenage, gliomas only accounted for 22.22%. Meanwhile, the median ages at diagnosis of the patients with PBT were similar between males and females except for pituitary adenomas (male: 59 years old; female: 45 years old).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Age standardized prevalence of PBT is 22.52 per 100,000 (95%CI, 13.22 to 31.82) for all populations, 17.64 per 100,000 (95%CI, 9.41 to 25.87) for men, and 27.94 per 100,000 (95%CI, 17.58 to 38.30) for women. Age standardization to China's 2010 population yielded an estimated population of 304 954 cases with PBT. Our prevalence estimates provide a conservative basis on which to plan health care services and to develop programmatic strategies for surviving. In the future, it would be helpful to have long-term observed survival rates that would make the assumptions and the resulting imprecision in the current estimates unnecessary.</p>

Assessing the combination effects of environmental estrogens in fish.

The method on combined effects of environmental estrogens and mixture environmental risk assessment was discussed. Batch tests were conducted to assess the in vivo potency of mixtures of estrogens using plasma vitellogenin concentrations in male crucian carp (Carassius carassius) as the endpoint. A nonlinear regression was determined on the concentration response relationship for the single chemical of 17ß-estradiol (E(2)), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE(2)), 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), bisphenol A (BPA), and that of the mixed compounds at equipotent concentrations (E(2)-EE(2), E(2)-EE(2)-OP-BPA), the mixture was tested using a fixed-ratio design. On the basis of statistical selection criteria, the best-fit model is chosen individually for each set of data. Furthermore, the bootstrap methodology is applied for constructing confidence intervals for the estimated effect concentrations. The combined effects of the mixture can be predicted using biomathematical models based on the concentration and potency of the individual mixture components. The finding of non-monotonic dose-response relationship and the combined effects can be accurately predicted in whole range of exposure concentration by the reference models, whereas the outcome of simple effect summation with a great deal of indetermination. Results suggested that there can be a risk of mixture effects. The potential impact of components on mixture would depend predominantly on its concentration, the mixture ratio, and its relative potency. Existing environmental risk assessment procedures are limited in their ability to evaluate the combined effects of chemical mixtures, therefore further improvement is needed.

Obesity and its associations with hypertension and type 2 diabetes among Chinese adults age 40 years and over.

AIM: To investigate the prevalence of obesity in a Chinese community according to the World Health Organization recommended criteria for Asians in 2000 based on body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), and to examine the associations between obesity and the risk of hypertension and type 2 diabetes among adults age 40 years and over in Shanghai, China. METHODS: A population-based survey was conducted in Youyi Community in Shanghai. Five thousand seventy-one subjects (1917 men and 3154 women) were included in this study. Standard questionnaires were used to collect baseline data of participants. Body weight, height, WC, blood pressure, and glucose in the blood were measured. RESULTS: The prevalence of general obesity was 44.6% (46.4% for men and 43.6% for women) according to BMI and 36.1% (25.5% for men and 42.6% for women) for central obesity according to WC. The prevalence of obesity I was higher in men (41.6%) than in women (36.2%; chi(2) =14.8, P<0.05), although the rate was higher in women than in men for obesity II (7.4% versus 4.8%, chi(2) =13.6, P<0.01) or central obesity (42.6% versus 25.5%, chi(2) =152.1, P<0.01). Odds ratios of hypertension and type 2 diabetes were significantly higher in the obesity group compared with either the group with BMI 18.5-<23.0kg/m(2) or the group with WC<90cm for men or <80cm for women. CONCLUSIONS: According to the criteria of obesity for Asians, the prevalence of obesity among Chinese adults age 40 years and over in Shanghai is high. Subjects with obesity have a significantly higher risk of hypertension and type 2 diabetes.

Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and microalbuminuria in relation to fasting and 2-h postload plasma glucose in a Chinese population.

OBJECTIVE: Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and microalbuminuria are predictors of cardiovascular disease. The association of these factors of cardiovascular risk with fasting and 2-h postload plasma glucose in a group of Chinese subjects was investigated. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional cohort study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In 1776 subjects randomly selected from the permanent residents of a community in the city of Shanghai, China, a simplified 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (fasting and 2-h postload blood sampling only) was performed, and serum CRP concentrations and urinary albumin : creatinine ratio were measured. RESULTS: Serum CRP concentration significantly increased from 1.62 mg/l in normoglycaemic subjects to 2.63 mg/l in subjects with impaired glucose regulation, and to 3.09 mg/l in newly diagnosed diabetic patients (P < 0.0001). The corresponding prevalence of microalbuminuria also increased from 4.3% to 6.6% and to 11.4% (P < 0.0001). Both before and after adjustment for confounders, fasting and 2-h postload plasma glucose levels were significantly associated with serum CRP concentration and the risk of microalbuminuria (P < 0.003). However, the association for CRP tended to be more prominent with 2-h postload plasma glucose than with fasting plasma glucose. Indeed, with adjustments applied, for 1 SD change in fasting and 2-h postload plasma glucose concentration, serum CRP concentration increased by 14% and 18% (between the two regression coefficients, P = 0.01), respectively. With similar adjustments, for 1 SD change in fasting and 2-h postload plasma glucose concentration, the odds of microalbuminuria increased by 28% and 32% (P = 0.28 for the difference between 28% and 32%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our finding suggests that in Chinese plasma glucose, especially 2-h postload, is associated with biological markers of cardiovascular disease, such as serum CRP concentration and microalbuminuria.

[Appraisal of occupational stressor in petrochemical industry workers].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the origin of occupational stress among petrochemical industry workers and to access the main occupational stressors that impact job satisfaction and mental health of petrochemical industry workers. METHODS: A survey on occupational stressor was carried out by Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI) in 532 petrochemical industry workers (345 chemical and 187 logistic workers). RESULTS: The environment in workplace of chemical group was worse than that of contrast. The chemical workers had less control over job and they experienced more hazards, monotonous as well as role stressors than the logistic group. The scores of job satisfaction and mental health of chemical group (36.867 +/- 0.656, 43.734 +/- 0.542, respectively) were higher than that of contrast (40.321 +/- 0.901, 46.714 +/- 0.745, respectively) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The occupational stressors exist in chemical workers which affect chemical workers' job satisfaction and mental health with different levels.

Appraisal of occupational stressor in petrochemical industry workers / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To discuss the origin of occupational stress among petrochemical industry workers and to access the main occupational stressors that impact job satisfaction and mental health of petrochemical industry workers.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A survey on occupational stressor was carried out by Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI) in 532 petrochemical industry workers (345 chemical and 187 logistic workers).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The environment in workplace of chemical group was worse than that of contrast. The chemical workers had less control over job and they experienced more hazards, monotonous as well as role stressors than the logistic group. The scores of job satisfaction and mental health of chemical group (36.867 +/- 0.656, 43.734 +/- 0.542, respectively) were higher than that of contrast (40.321 +/- 0.901, 46.714 +/- 0.745, respectively) (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The occupational stressors exist in chemical workers which affect chemical workers' job satisfaction and mental health with different levels.</p>

Association of WBC count and glucose metabolism among Chinese population aged 40 years and over.

Chronic subclinical inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes. We examined whether elevated WBC count, a marker of inflammation, was associated with worsening of glucose tolerance among Chinese population aged 40 years and over. Based on the 75g OGTT, 1016 subjects aged from 40 to 88 years were classified into four groups: NFG/NGT (n=299), isolated IFG (n=213), IGT (n=213) and Type 2 diabetes (n=291). We compared the WBC count among the four groups and investigated relevant variables associated significantly with the WBC count. The IGT and Type 2 diabetes groups had a significantly higher WBC count than the NFG/NGT and isolated IFG groups. By stepwise regression analyses, we found that waist circumference, DBP, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and 2-h PG showed an independent association with the WBC count. In the analysis stratified by sex and smoking status, WBC count was independently associated with age and triglycerides in males, whereas it was associated with BMI, SBP, triglycerides and 2-h PG in females. BMI, SBP, triglycerides and 2-h PG showed an independent association with WBC count in subjects who never smoked. We concluded that an increase in WBC count was associated with the deterioration of glucose tolerance. WBC count was associated with lipid metabolism in males and with various components of the metabolic syndrome in females and subjects who never smoked.

[Prevalence and predictors of microalbuminuria in persons with various glucose tolerance levels].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of microalbuminuria in persons with various glucose tolerance levels and the risk factors for the development of microalbuminuria. METHODS: Early morning urine samples were collected from 1,779 subjects with all the data necessary for this survey from a population screened in Baoshan Community, Shanghai by cluster sampling, including 752 with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 505 impaired glucose tolerance (IGR), and 522 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diagnosed according to a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) was measured by rate-nephelometry method. RESULTS: (1) The incidence rate of MAU of the T2DM group was 11.3%, significantly higher than those of the NGT and IGR groups (4.7% and 6.1% respectively, both P < 0.01). (2) Logistic regression showed that MAU was significantly correlated with 2 h PG, systolic blood pressure, and triglyceride. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of MAU is significantly higher in the diabetic patients. 2 h PG, systolic blood pressure, and triglyceride and independent risk factors of MAU.

Prevalence of hypertension and associated risk factors in Songnan community / 上海第二医科大学学报

Objective To investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of hypertension in Songnan community so as to provide evidence for the early prevention of hypertension.Methods Cluster sampling was employed,and questionnaire survey was performed in 10 185 residents aged above 40 years in Songnan community of Baoshan District.The questionnaires involved with hypertension and associated risk factors.Results The prevalence of hypertension was 49.9% in Songnan community of Baoshan District,and that of men was significantly higher than that of women(53.7% vs 47.3%)(P

Effects of Eu3+ on the metabolism of amino acid and protein in xerophytic Lathyrus sativus L.

The contents of amino acids and proteins and the activity of Na+,K+-ATPase were determined in roots, stems, and leaves of Eu3+-treated Lathyrus sativus L. The results showed that the treatment of Eu3+ made the contents of amino acid and protein and the activity of Na+,K+-ATPase change. The first possible mechanism was that Eu3+ directly made the electric potential of -NH2 or -COOH of amino acid change. The second possible mechanism was that Eu3+ played a role in metallic-activated factors of certain enzymes, which catalyze the catabolism and anabolism of protein. Then, the contents of amino acids and proteins were relatively changed. The third possible mechanism was that Eu3+ regulated the activity of ATPase through changing the Na+/K+ ratio. The energy released by ATPase was the driving force for the translocation of amino acids and proteins in the plant cell. Because of the changeability of its valence, Eu3+ played an important role in regulating certain physiological reactions to increase the adaptability of L. sativus in arid environment.

Effects of europium ions (Eu3+) on the distribution and related biological activities of elements in Lathyrus sativus L roots.

Scanning electron microscopic and energy-dispersive X-ray analyses were used to study the distributions of different types of elements in the epidermis, exodermis, endodermis, and vascular cylinder of the fracture face in the Lathyrus sativus L. roots in the presence or absence of Eu3+. Some index of the biological activity related to the elements binding with protein were determined also. The results showed that the tissular distributions of elements in the fracture face are different in the presence and absence of Eu3+. The atomic percentages of P, S, Ca, and Mn were influenced more than those of other elements. Eu3+ promoted the biological activities of various kinds of element. The one possible mechanism changing the biological activities was that the reaction of Eu3+ +e--> Eu2+ would influence the electron capture or transport in elements of binding protein. Another mechanism was that CaM-Ca2+ becoming CaM-Eu3+ through Eu3+ instead of Ca2+ would affect the biological activity of elements by regulating the Ca2+ level in the plant cell.

Effect of rare earth element europium on amaranthin synthesis in Amarathus caudatus seedlings.

Considering the resemblances between Eu3+ and Ca2+ in their atomic radius and structures of the valence electron, the effects of Eu3+ on amaramthin synthesis in Amarathus caudatus seedling were studied. Eu3+ had both promoting and inhibiting effects on amaramthin synthesis. The optimum promoting concentration and half inhibiting concentration of Eu3+ to synthesis of amaranthin were 0.4 mmol/L and 2.5 mmol/L, respectively. In the dark, A23187 (ions carrier) could carry Eu3+ into cells through the Ca2+ channel. When Ca2+ was chelated with EGTA, the synthesis of amaranthin could be partly retrieved by Eu3+. Eu3+ treatment could also activate Ca2+- ATPase on plasma membrane. Moreover, the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of total proteins from the plants treated by Eu3+ and Ca2+ were similar but slightly different in the contents. It suggested that the effects of Eu3+ and Ca2+ on amaranthin synthesis were similar. After being treated by Eu3+ or Ca2+, the outside Ca2+ could enter into cells to promote synthesis of amaranthin. The results above indicated that Eu3+ might replace Ca2+ in the calcium/calmidulindependent phytochrome signal transduction system and play important roles in plant development by promoting calcium transportation across plasma membrane.