Comprehensive analysis of the clinical and biological significances for chemokine CXCL3 in cholangiocarcinoma.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL) is a race malignant cancer arising from bile duct epithelial cells in clinical practice. C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (CXCL3) is a member of chemokines family, which participates in the pathogenesis of various tumors. However, the association between CXCL3 and CHOL is unclear. This present study was to assess the role of CXCL3 expression in the progress of CHOL. TIMER, GEPIA, UALCAN, GSCA, LinkedOmics, Metascape and STRING databases were performed to evaluate the clinical and biological significances for CXCL3 with CHOL patients including expression, clinicopathological factors, immune cell infiltration, GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analyses, as well as PPI network analysis. The immunohistochemistry analysis of tissue microarray was conducted to detect the protein expression level, subcellular localization, clinicopathological factors and prognosis of CXCL3 in CHOL. The mRNA and protein expression levels of CXCL3 were markedly increased in CHOL tissues. The overexpression of CXCL3 was strongly associated with maximum tumor diameter of patients with CHOL. Additionally, there were negative correlations between the expression of CXCL3 and monocyte as well as Th17. Low infiltration of neutrophil indicated significantly shorter cumulative survival in CHOL patients. And CXCL3 was significantly associated with arm-level deletion of CD8+ T cell. Furthermore, functional network analysis suggested that CXCL3 and its associated genes were mainly enriched for chemotaxis, secretory granule membrane, cytokine activity and IL-17 signaling pathway. CXCL3 might potentially participate in the carcinogenesis of CHOL, which provided a direction for future research on the mechanism of CXCL3 in CHOL.

Product Control and Insight into Conversion of C6 Aldose Toward C2, C4 and C6 Alditols in One-Pot Retro-Aldol Condensation and Hydrogenation Processes.

Alcohols have a wide range of applicability, and their functions vary with the carbon numbers. C6 and C4 alditols are alternative of sweetener, as well as significant pharmaceutical and chemical intermediates, which are mainly obtained through the fermentation of microorganism currently. Similarly, as a bulk chemical, C2 alditol plays a decisive role in chemical synthesis. However, among them, few works have been focused on the chemical production of C4 alditol yet due to its difficult accumulation. In this paper, under a static and semi-flowing procedure, we have achieved the product control during the conversion of C6 aldose toward C6 alditol, C4 alditol and C2 alditol, respectively. About C4 alditol yield of 20 % and C4 plus C6 alditols yield of 60 % are acquired in the one-pot conversion via a cascade retro-aldol condensation and hydrogenation process. Furthermore, in the semi-flowing condition, the yield of ethylene glycol is up to 73 % thanks to its low instantaneous concentration.

Direct conversion of C6 sugars to methyl glycerate and glycolate in methanol.

The present work deals with the one-pot conversion of C6 sugars to methyl glycerate and glycolate via a cascade of retro-aldol condensation and oxidation processes catalyzed by using MoO3 as the Lewis acid catalyst and Au/TiO2 as the oxidation catalyst in methanol. Methyl glycerate (MGLY) is the product of C6 ketose (fructose), while methyl glycolate (MG) is produced from C6 aldose (mannose, glucose). It is found that a good one-pot match between two reactive processes is the key to the production of MGLY and MG with high yield (27.6% MGLY and 39.2% MG). A separated retro-aldol condensation and oxidation process greatly decreases their yields, and even no MGLY can be obtained in this separated process. We attribute this to high instability of glyceraldehyde/glycolaldehyde and their different reaction pathways which mainly depend on whether acetalization of retro-aldol products (glyceraldehyde and glycolaldehyde) occurs with methanol or not. This result opens a new prospect on the accumulation of C3 products other than lactate from biomass-derived carbohydrates.