Impact of atropine use for myopia control on intraocular pressure in children: A comprehensive review including postpupil dilation intraocular pressure changes.

Topical atropine has been widely used for controlling myopia progression in children, yet its long-term efficacy and safety, including potential intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation, are still being studied. The mydriasis and cyclopegia induced by atropine may reduce traction on the trabecular meshwork, together with pigment released into anterior chamber due to the friction between the iris and lens during pupil dilation, may obstruct and reduce the trabecular outflow. This review first explores postdilation IOP changes across different groups - healthy individuals, glaucoma patients, and children. The response to pupil dilation varies widely, with IOP potentially increasing or decreasing. Glaucoma patients, whether with open or closed-angle glaucoma, may experience more significant IOP rises postdilation. The second section examines IOP effects in children using topical atropine for myopia, where most of the 25 reviewed studies showed nonsignificant IOP changes, although slight increases were observed in a few. In addition, no alterations in the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness were found. However, the research on children's IOP under topical atropine is constrained by small sample sizes, cross-sectional studies, brief follow-ups, and often lacks control groups or pretreatment IOP measurements. Given the extended atropine use for myopia and the significant individual variation in IOP response, we recommend routine IOP monitoring for children receiving topical atropine.

Bilateral vitrectomy in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy-characteristics and surgical outcomes.

PURPOSE: Comparing characteristics and outcomes of patients with bilateral proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) undergoing concurrent and sequential vitrectomy. METHODS: Patients having bilateral vitrectomy were classified into concurrent (requiring bilateral surgery simultaneously) and sequential (indicating vitrectomy in one eye later) groups. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared, and correlation between the first and second-operated eyes was analyzed. RESULTS: One hundred eight and 126 eyes were in the concurrent and sequential groups, respectively. The sequential group was older (50 vs. 45 years, P = 0.017), had less retinal detachment (54 vs. 77%, P < 0.001), and better visual outcomes (0.79 vs. 1.30, P = 0.021), especially the second-operated eyes. The concurrent group had weaker correlations of disease severity (phi coefficient: 0.36 vs. 0.61) and post-operative visual acuity (r: 0.12 vs. 0.34) between the first- and second-operated eyes than the sequential group. Prior intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (odds ratio [OR] 0.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.15-0.86, P = 0.025) predicted better outcomes, while post-operative neovascular glaucoma predicted worse outcomes (OR 6.5, 95% CI 1.7-27.9, P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: PDR patients requiring surgery concurrently were younger and had more severe diseases and worse outcomes. However, poor outcomes in the first eye did not predict similar outcomes in the second eye.

Lamellar macular hole in highly myopic eyes and insights into its development, evolution, and treatment: a mini-review.

Lamellar macular holes (LMHs) are a manifestation of myopic tractional maculopathy (MTM). Owing to the complex and multidirectional traction force in the elongated eyeball, the clinical features, development, evolution, and treatment algorithms of LMH in highly myopic eyes may differ from those of idiopathic LMH or MTM in general. This review aimed to specifically explore the LMHs in highly myopic eyes. Several developmental processes of LMH and their association with macular retinoschisis have been demonstrated, with the tractional component identified in all processes. Epiretinal proliferation was more prevalent and more extensive in LMHs in highly myopic eyes than in idiopathic LMHs. LMHs in highly myopic eyes may remain stable or progress to foveal detachment and full-thickness macular hole with or without retinal detachment. The predictive factors associated with disease progression were summarized to facilitate monitoring and guide surgical intervention. The treatment of LMHs in highly myopic eyes was based on an algorithm for treating myopic tractional maculopathy, including gas tamponade, pars plana vitrectomy, macular buckling, and a combination of vitrectomy and macular buckling. New internal limiting membrane (ILM) manipulation techniques such as fovea-sparing ILM peeling or fovea-sparing ILM peeling combined with ILM flap insertion could reduce the risk of developing iatrogenic full-thickness macular holes postoperatively. Further research should focus on the treatment of LMH in highly myopic eyes.

The Changes in Ocular Biomechanical Response Parameters and Intraocular Pressure After Surgical Treatment for Thyroid Eye Disease.

Purpose: To investigate changes in ocular biomechanical response parameters and intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with thyroid eye disease (TED) undergoing orbital decompression or anterior blepharotomy. Methods: Eighty-three eyes from 46 patients receiving orbital decompression (the orbital decompression group) and 45 eyes from 28 patients receiving anterior blepharotomy (the anterior blepharotomy group) were retrospectively enrolled from a tertiary center. Corvis ST tonometry was used to assess ocular biomechanical response and biomechanically corrected IOP (bIOP) pre- and postoperatively. Non-contact tonometry (IOP-NCT) was also performed. Results: In the anterior blepharotomy group, the margin reflex distance decreased (P < 0001). The highest concavity radius (P = 0.026) and whole eye movement (P = 0.003) increased. Neither IOP-NCT nor bIOP had a significant change. In the orbital decompression group, the extent of exophthalmos decreased (P < 0.001). The A2 length (P = 0.009) decreased. The bIOP did not show a significant change (16.4 ± 2.7 vs. 16.7 ± 4.5; P = 0.415), but the IOP-NCT decreased significantly (17.5 ± 3.3 vs. 16.0 ± 3.3; P < 0.001). Higher baseline IOP-NCT (ß = -0.40, P < 0.001) and greater reduction in stiffness parameter A1 (SP-A1; ß = 0.05, P = 0.002) were associated with more significant IOP-NCT reduction after the orbital decompression. Conclusions: Ocular biomechanical response parameters may change after TED surgery, potentially affecting IOP measurements, particularly in patients receiving orbital decompression.

Evaluation of the safety and potential lipid-lowering effects of oral hydrogen-rich coral calcium (HRCC) capsules in patients with metabolic syndrome: a prospective case series study.

Background: Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a cluster-like occurrence of conditions such as hypertension, hyperglycaemia, elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol or triglycerides (TG) and high visceral fat. Metabolic syndrome is linked to the build-up of plaque within the artery, which leads to disorders of the circulatory, nervous and immune systems. A variety of treatments target the regulation of these conditions; nevertheless, they remain dominant risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), which affect 26.9% of the US population. Management and intervention strategies for improving cholesterol and/or TG are worthwhile, and recent studies on hydrogen treatment are promising, particularly as molecular hydrogen is easily ingested. This study aimed to investigate the lipid-lowering effects and quality of life (QOL) improvement of hydrogen-rich coral calcium (HRCC) in patients with metabolic syndrome. Methods: The patients, all Taiwanese, were randomly assigned to 3 different doses (low, medium, and high) of HRCC capsules. The primary outcome was the adverse effects/symptoms during this 4-week use of HRCC capsules. The secondary outcome was lipid profile changes. Complete blood count, inflammatory biomarkers, and QOL were also measured before and after the course of HRCC. Results: Sixteen patients with metabolic syndrome completed this study (7 males, 9 females; mean age: 62 years; range: 32-80). No obvious adverse effects were recorded. Only changes in blood TG reached significance. The baseline TG value was 193.19 µL (SD = 107.44), which decreased to 151.75 µL (SD = 45.27) after 4 weeks of HRCC (p = 0.04). QOL showed no significant changes. Conclusion: This study is the first human clinical trial evaluating HRCC capsules in patients with metabolic syndrome. Based on the safety and potential TG-lowering effects of short-term HRCC, further long-term investigations of HRCC are warranted. Clinical trial registration: [ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT05196295].

Correlation of Visual Acuity and Outer Retinal Thickness in Myopic Atrophic Maculopathy: A Retrospective Review.

INTRODUCTION: Myopic atrophic maculopathy is prevalent among patients with pathologic myopia and frequently leads to relentless vision loss. Several grading systems were established to facilitate the understanding of myopic atrophic maculopathy. However, the anatomical details in different stages of myopic maculopathy are so far not clearly elucidated. This study aims to investigate the visual acuity and retinal sublayer features in highly myopic eyes with varying severities of myopic atrophic maculopathy (MAM). METHODS: The clinical records of 111 consecutive patients (158 eyes) with high myopia (refractive error ≤ -6.0 D and axial length ≥ 26.0 mm) were reviewed. Fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were measured. MAM was graded according to the META-analysis for Pathologic Myopia (META-PM) classification system. Myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV) and dome-shaped macula (DSM) were also investigated. RESULTS: Among the 158 eyes, 18 (11%), 21(13%), 24 (15%), 25 (16%), 23 (15%), and 24 (15%) had tessellated fundus, diffuse chorioretinal atrophy, diffuse chorioretinal atrophy with DSM, patchy atrophy, patchy atrophy with DSM, and MAM with mCNV, respectively. A total of 23 (15%) eyes had macular atrophy without mCNV. Progressive thinning in the Henle's fiber and outer nuclear layers, myoid and ellipsoid zone (MEZ), outer segment (OS), and interdigitation zone and retinal pigmented epithelium based on the severity of MAM (p-value < 0.001) was found. MEZ and OS were most significantly reduced in thickness (p-value < 0.001). The presence of mCNV demonstrated significant outer retinal layer thinning compared with that of the tessellated fundus (p-value = 0.031). Patchy atrophy with DSM showed statistically poorer BCVA compared with that without (p-value = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Visual acuity and outer retinal sublayer characteristics were correlated with the severity of MAM. Outer retinal sublayer analysis by spectrum-domain OCT shed some light on the mechanisms of MAM progression.

Associations between macular retinal vasculature and severity of idiopathic epiretinal membrane.

BACKGROUND: To demonstrate the associations between the morphology of macular retinal vasculature and disease severity of idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM). METHODS: Macular structures were assessed using optical coherence tomography (OCT), and were classified as "with pseudohole" or "without pseudohole". The 3 × 3 mm macular OCT angiography images were analyzed using the Fiji software to obtain the vessel density, skeleton density, average vessel diameter, vessel tortuosity, fractal dimension, and foveal avascular zone (FAZ)-related parameters. The correlations between these parameters and ERM grading as well as visual acuity were analyzed. RESULTS: For ERM with or without a pseudohole, increased average vessel diameter, decreased skeleton density, and decreased vessel tortuosity were all associated with inner retinal folding and thickened inner nuclear layer, indicating more severe ERM. In 191 eyes without a pseudohole, the average vessel diameter increased, fractal dimension decreased and vessel tortuosity decreased with increasing ERM severity. The FAZ was not associated with ERM severity. Decreased skeleton density (r = -0.37), vessel tortuosity (r = -0.35), and increased average vessel diameter (r = 0.42) were correlated with worse visual acuity (All P < 0.001). In 58 eyes with pseudoholes, a larger FAZ was associated with a smaller average vessel diameter (r = -0.43, P = 0.015), higher skeleton density (r = 0.49, P < 0.001), and vessel tortuosity (r = 0.32, P = 0.015). However, none of the retinal vasculature parameters correlated with visual acuity and central foveal thickness. CONCLUSION: Increased average vessel diameter, decreased skeleton density, decreased fractal dimension and decreased vessel tortuosity were good indicators of ERM severity and associated visual impairment.

Characteristics and response of subretinal hyperreflective material to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor in myopic choroidal neovascularization.

This retrospective study evaluated the characteristics and response of subretinal hyperreflective material (SHRM) to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment in eyes with myopic choroidal neovascularization (CNV). The visual acuity (VA) was assessed at 3, 6, and 12 months after initiating anti-VEGF treatment in 116 patients (119 eyes) with SHRM and myopic CNV. Multimodal imaging, including color fundus photography, fluorescein angiography (FA), and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A), were performed. We compared type 2 neovascularization (NV) (n = 64), subretinal hyperreflective exudation (SHE) (n = 37), NV with hemorrhage (n = 15), and fibrosis (n = 3). The type 2 NV group, and NV with hemorrhage groups showed significant VA improvement after 12 months of treatment (p < 0.05 in both groups); the SHE group failed to show improvement (p = 0.366). All groups showed a significant reduction in central foveal thickness after 12 months of treatment (all p < 0.05). The SHE group had a significantly higher incidence of interrupted ellipsoid zone than the other groups (p < 0.05). Myopic CNV can present as SHRM on OCT-A. Visual prognoses vary in different SHRM types. OCT-A and FA may help predict the outcomes of different subtypes of myopic CNV. SHE is predictive of outer retinal layer atrophy in patients with various SHRM types.

Vitreoretinal Interface Changes After Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Treatment in Highly Myopic Eyes: A Real-World Study.

INTRODUCTION: To investigate changes in the vitreoretinal interface after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment in highly myopic eyes. METHODS: Eyes with myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV) treated with intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF in a single-center were retrospectively reviewed. Fundus abnormalities and features of optical computed tomography were studied. RESULTS: A total of 295 eyes from 254 patients were recruited to the study. Prevalence of myopic macular retinoschisis (MRS) was 25.4%, and the rates of progression and onset of MRS were 75.9% and 16.2%, respectively. Outer retinal schisis (ß = 8.586, p = 0.003) and lamellar macular hole (LMH) (ß = 5.015, p = 0.043) at baseline were identified risk factors for progression and onset of MRS, whereas male sex (ß = 9.000, p = 0.039) and outer retinal schisis at baseline (ß = 5.250, p = 0.010) were risk factors for MRS progression. Progression of MRS was first detected in outer retinal layers in 48.3% of eyes. Thirteen eyes required surgical intervention. Spontaneous improvements of MRS were observed in five eyes (6.3%). CONCLUSION: Changes in the vitreoretinal interface, such as progression, onset, and improvement of MRS, were observed after anti-VEGF treatment. Outer retinal schisis and LMH were risk factors of progression and onset of MRS after anti-VEGF treatment. Intravitreal injection of ranibizumab and retinal hemorrhage were protective factors for surgical intervention for vision-threatening MRS.

Relationship between the Macular Microvasculature and Central Visual Field Sensitivity in Patients with Advanced Glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between central visual field sensitivity (cVFS) and the structural parameters in patients with advanced glaucoma. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: In total, 226 eyes of 226 patients with advanced glaucoma were classified into the "minor central defect" (mean deviation on 10-2 visual field test [MD10] > -10 dB) and "significant central defect" (MD10 ≤ -10 dB) groups. We examined the structural parameters using RTVue OCT and angiography, including the retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell complex, peripapillary vessel density (VD), and superficial and deep macular VD (mVD). The assessment of cVFS included MD10 and the mean deviation of the central 16 points on the 10-2 VF test (MD16). We used Pearson correlation and segmented regression to assess the global and regional relationships between the structural parameters and cVFS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Correlation between structural parameters and cVFS. RESULTS: In the minor central defect group, the best global correlations existed between the superficial macular and parafoveal mVD and MD16 (r = 0.52 and 0.54, P < 0.001). In the significant central defect group, superficial mVD best correlated with MD10 (r = 0.47, P < 0.001). Segmented regression between superficial mVD and cVFS revealed no breakpoint was found as MD10 declined, but a breakpoint was identified at -5.95 dB for MD16, which was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The regional correlations between the grid VD and sectors of the central 16 points were significant (r = 0.20-0.53, P= 0.010 ∼P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The fair global and regional relationships between mVD and cVFS suggest that mVD may be beneficial for monitoring cVFS in patients with advanced glaucoma. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

Prediction of Visual Impairment in Epiretinal Membrane and Feature Analysis: A Deep Learning Approach Using Optical Coherence Tomography.

PURPOSE: The aim was to develop a deep learning model for predicting the extent of visual impairment in epiretinal membrane (ERM) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) images, and to analyze the associated features. METHODS: Six hundred macular OCT images from eyes with ERM and no visually significant media opacity or other retinal diseases were obtained. Those with best-corrected visual acuity ≤20/50 were classified as "profound visual impairment," while those with best-corrected visual acuity >20/50 were classified as "less visual impairment." Ninety percent of images were used as the training data set and 10% were used for testing. Two convolutional neural network models (ResNet-50 and ResNet-18) were adopted for training. The t-distributed stochastic neighbor-embedding approach was used to compare their performances. The Grad-CAM technique was used in the heat map generative phase for feature analysis. RESULTS: During the model development, the training accuracy was 100% in both convolutional neural network models, while the testing accuracy was 70% and 80% for ResNet-18 and ResNet-50, respectively. The t-distributed stochastic neighbor-embedding approach found that the deeper structure (ResNet-50) had better discrimination on OCT characteristics for visual impairment than the shallower structure (ResNet-18). The heat maps indicated that the key features for visual impairment were located mostly in the inner retinal layers of the fovea and parafoveal regions. CONCLUSIONS: Deep learning algorithms could assess the extent of visual impairment from OCT images in patients with ERM. Changes in inner retinal layers were found to have a greater impact on visual acuity than the outer retinal changes.

Comparison of Refractive Outcomes in Patients with Highly Myopic Versus Non-highly Myopic Eyes Undergoing Phacovitrectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Combined phacovitrectomy is gaining popularity due to efficiency and immediate visual improvement. However, concerns regarding erroneous intraocular lens (IOL) calculation in combination surgery are increasing, such as myopic shift owing to a thick macula and consequent underestimation of the axial length. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the refractive outcomes of combined phacovitrectomy in patients with highly myopic and non-highly myopic eyes. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on patients who received combined phacoemulsification, intraocular lens implantation, and small gauge pars plana vitrectomy for cataract and macular pathologies in highly myopic and non-highly myopic eyes. Pre- and postoperative evaluation and ocular parameters were recorded, and analyses were performed using the Student's t test and regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 133 patients with macular pathologies, including myopic tractional maculopathy, macular hole, and epiretinal membrane, were enrolled. SRK II or SRK/T models were used for calculating IOL. The mean absolute error of refraction change was 0.65 D; 83.5% of patients were within 1-D error, 57.9% within 0.5-D error, and 35.3% within 0.25-D error, with SRK/T showing better precision and yielding more myopic shift. Furthermore, the predictive accuracy of SRK II or SRK/T was better in patients with non-highly myopic eyes. Moreover, Barrett's universal II formula was not superior to SRK II or SRK/T in the prediction of postoperative refractive error (p = 0.48). CONCLUSION: Refractive outcomes were satisfactory in the cohort of patients with highly myopic eyes. The combined implementation of SRK II and SRK/T was not inferior to Barrett's universal II formula in predicting satisfactory refractive outcomes. Combination surgery can be an option for patients with both cataract and macular pathologies.

The development and evolution of lamellar macular hole in highly myopic eyes.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: To study the development, evolution, outcomes, and prognostic factors of lamellar macular hole (LMH) in highly myopic (HM) patients. METHODS: Fifty eyes from 47 HM patients with LMHs were retrospectively enrolled. Relevant pre- and post-LMH optical coherence tomography findings and visual acuity were collected. Structural progression was defined as an increase in the height of retinoschisis, and the development of foveal detachment, full-thickness macular hole, or retinal detachment. RESULTS: Four traction-related developmental processes were identified. Type 1 LMHs (8, 16%) developed from foveal avulsion caused by vitreomacular traction. Type 2 (32, 64%) and type 3 LMHs (5, 10%) formed from ruptured parafoveal and central foveal cysts, respectively. Progressive foveal thinning caused by epiretinal membranes (ERMs) without cystic changes led to type 4 LMHs (5, 10%). Retinoschisis developed before (9 eyes), after (10 eyes), or simultaneously with (6 eyes) the LMH formation. Structural progression was noted in 50%, 53%, 0%, 100% of patients with type 1-4 LMHs, respectively. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard model showed that greater residual foveal thickness (P = 0.001, adjusted odds ratio = 0.22, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.08 ~ 0.56), and the absence of retinoschisis were protective against structural progression. Multivariable linear regression showed that poor baseline visual acuity (P < 0.001, ß = 0.74, 95% CI 0.41 ~ 1.07) and type 4 LMH predicted worse visual outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Four traction-related LMH developmental processes were observed in HM eyes and exhibited different evolution and outcomes. LMHs with foveal thinning induced by ERMs had the worst outcomes.

Characteristics and treatment response of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in highly myopic eyes.

BACKGROUND: To compare the characteristics and treatment responses of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) between highly myopic and non-highly myopic eyes. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included patients diagnosed with PCV at the clinic of National Taiwan University Hospital between 2013 and 2019. The diseased eyes were grouped per refractive error and axial length at diagnosis. Imaging data were used to retrieve the PCV characteristics, and electronic medical records were used to retrieve the treatment responses. RESULTS: Among 116 eyes with PCV, 11 eyes of 10 patients were highly myopic; seven of these patients were women. All highly myopic eyes showed a thin subfoveal choroid, while three eyes had a pachychoroid phenotype with significant focal choroidal thickening. After treatment with either intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections, photodynamic therapy (PDT), or both, best-corrected visual acuity was better in the high-myopia group at 1 year. Visual acuity at presentation and the presence of feeder vessels were found to be predictors of the visual outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In this study we reported, to the best of our knowledge, the largest cohort of PCV in highly myopic eyes to date. Female predominance, lower incidence of subretinal haemorrhage, and a thin choroid with a focal pachychoroid phenotype were found to characterise PCV in highly myopic eyes. Visual acuity transiently improved after either anti-VEGF monotherapy or combination therapy with PDT.

Formation and evolution of idiopathic lamellar macular hole-a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: The developmental pathways and subsequent evolutional processes of idiopathic lamellar macular hole (LMH) were studied with spectrum domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS: Twenty-seven eyes of 26 patients of idiopathic LMH with pre-LMH SD-OCT available were retrospectively reviewed. Relevant OCT parameters and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Four types of developmental pathways of idiopathic LMH were noted. Type 1 (5 cases), involved disruption of a foveal cyst from vitreomacular traction. Type 2 (10 cases), demonstrated rupture of parafoveal cysts or schisis mainly from epiretinal membrane (ERM). In type 3 pathway (5 cases), a central intraretinal cyst formed under tight ERM with subsequent cyst roof dehiscence. Type 4 (7 cases), showed gradual loss of foveal tissue without cystic lesions from ERM traction. There was no statistically significant change in BCVA during LMH formations or subsequent evolutional processes in any types of the developmental pathways. Three cases developed epiretinal proliferation (EP) during evolution, which showed tendency of decrease in BCVA. Among the three cases, one later developed the degenerative configuration. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, four types of tractional developmental pathways of idiopathic LMH were identified. BCVA was relatively stable during LMH formation and follow-up. Deterioration of visual acuity were found in cases that developed EP during evolution. Transformation into degenerative configuration might be possible after LMH formation.

Secondary Full-thickness Macular Holes after Diabetic Vitrectomy: Clinical Manifestations and Rational Approaches to the Treatment.

Purpose: The aim of the study is to present the clinical characteristics and surgical treatment of secondary full-thickness macular hole (MH) after diabetic vitrectomy (DV) in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Methods: In this retrospective, observational, and longitudinal study, we enrolled consecutive patients with PDR who developed MH after DV. The macular structure was evaluated using optical coherence tomography. The clinical characteristics, surgical techniques, and outcomes were also recorded. Results: Three patients developed MH within 6 weeks, which was associated with foveal thinning, residual fibrovascular proliferation, or anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Six patients developed MH originating from the epiretinal membrane (ERM) with lamellar MH (LMH) after a median interval of 16.5 months. Three of them were complicated with retinal detachment (RD). Various surgical procedures were performed according to the clinical scenarios, including internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling, inverted ILM flap insertion, temporal inverted ILM flap, lens posterior capsular flap insertion, and neurosensory retinal free flap insertion. All patients achieved MH closure after surgery, and 5 patients exhibited improved visual acuity. Conclusions: MH may develop after successful DV, with a high rate of associated RD. Rapid MH formation was attributed to unreleased tractional force and weakened foveal structure. The development of ERM and LMH also led to MH. Various surgical techniques could be used for MH closure.

The Changes in Optic Nerve after Orbital Decompression Surgery for Thyroid Eye Disease and Case Reports of Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.

Purpose: To demonstrate the changes in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) after orbital decompression for thyroid eye disease (TED). Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 52 surgical TED patients, 30 nonsurgical TED patients, and 30 control subjects. Five surgical TED eyes with disc edema were excluded. The surgical TED patients were classified into the "dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON)" group (16 eyes) and the "non-DON" group (83 eyes). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual field (VF) examinations were performed preoperatively and 6 months later. The control subjects and nonsurgical TED patients received two OCT examinations at 6-month intervals. The postoperative changes in the RNFL thickness were compared between groups. Three cases with severe postoperative vision loss were presented additionally. Results: The changes in the RNFL thickness of the controls (0.5 ± 3.4 µm) and the nonsurgical TED patients (0.3 ± 2.8 µm) were significantly smaller than the surgical TED patients (P < 0.001). The DON group (-9.2 ± 9.2 µm) had greater RNFL thickness reduction than the non-DON group (-3.9 ± 5.4 µm) (P = 0.002). Bone removal decompression was associated with decreased RNFL in the non-DON (P = 0.025; ß = -2.49) and DON (P = 0.042; ß = -9.43) groups. Three cases who were hard to operate due to extensive fibrosis experienced severe vision loss postoperatively due to anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, posterior ischemic optic neuropathy, and posterior ciliary artery occlusion, respectively. Conclusions: TED patients experienced subclinical optic nerve injury and significant RNFL loss after the orbital decompression surgery. Aggressive manipulation during decompression surgery may lead to dreadful vision loss. Tailored surgical plans and delicate manipulation are warranted.

Evaluation of the association between macular damage and disability glare in patients with advanced glaucoma.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with disability glare in patients with advanced glaucoma and evaluate the impact of disability glare on the vision-related quality of life. METHODS: We prospectively studied 225 eyes (225 patients) with advanced glaucoma. The visual function was evaluated using the 10-2 and 24-2 Humphrey visual field (VF) (Dublin, California) and contrast sensitivity test. Structural parameters were obtained using RTVue optical coherence tomography and angiography (Fremont, California). Significant loss of macular vessel density (mVD) was defined as VD < 30%. Each participant completed the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire 25 (NEI-VFQ-25) and questions regarding subjective symptoms of glare. RESULTS: Fifty-six patients (24.9%) experienced glare and had a lower NEI-VFQ-25 composite score (P = 0.017). The average retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell complex thickness and mean deviation (MD) in the 24-2 VF test were not associated with glare. Significant superior or inferior mVD loss (P < 0.001; odds ratio [OR], 3.45; and 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.83-6.55), lower logarithmic contrast sensitivity at 0.75 cycles/degree (P < 0.001; OR, 0.27; and 95% CI, 0.13-0.56), and worse MD in the 10-2 VF test (P < 0.001; OR, 0.93; and 95% CI, 0.89-0.97) showed an association with glare. CONCLUSION: In advanced glaucoma, central VF defect and mVD loss are associated with disability glare, which negatively impacts vision-related quality of life.