Exogenous 24-Epibrassinolide alleviates oxidative damage from copper stress in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cuttings.

Copper (Cu) stress is the most common abiotic stress experienced in vineyards owing to the copper-based fungicides application. Plant hormones, including 24-Epibrassinolide (EBR), may alleviate the adverse impacts of heavy metal stress on plants. We investigated the effects of EBR pretreatment on root morphological parameters, active oxygen metabolism, osmolytes contents, antioxidant enzyme activity, endogenous phytohormone contents, and ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle activity of one-year-old grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cuttings under Cu stress. Pretreatment with EBR significantly enhanced root morphological parameters (total root length, root surface area, root diameter, root volume, and tip number), increased soluble protein and proline contents, and significantly decreased the contents of H2O2, O2⋅-, and malondialdehyde (MDA) in roots and leaves. EBR pretreatment increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase oxidase (POD), and the contents of the endogenous phytohormones abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid in the leaves. In addition, EBR regulated the balance of the AsA-GSH cycle by increasing the activities of monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), glutathione peroxidase (GR), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and the contents of the antioxidant ascorbate (AsA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), but the contents of glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) decreased. Among the treatments tested, pretreatment with 0.10 mg/L EBR showed the optimal performance for alleviation of Cu toxicity. The results show that exogenous brassinosteroids reduce oxidative damage and improve the tolerance of Cu stress of grapevine cuttings.

2-[4-tert-Butyl-5-(2-chloro-benz-yl)-1,3-thia-zol-2-yl]isoindoline-1,3-dione.

In the title compound, C(22)H(19)ClN(2)O(2)S, the dihedral angle between the phenyl-ene ring and the phthalimide ring system is 4.4 (1)°. There is no hydrogen bonding or π-π stacking in the crystal structure.