Edodin: A New Type of Toxin from Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinula edodes) That Inactivates Mammalian Ribosomes.

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a group of proteins with rRNA N-glycosylase activity that irreversibly inhibit protein synthesis and consequently cause cell death. Recently, an RIP called ledodin has been found in shiitake; it is cytotoxic, strongly inhibits protein synthesis, and shows rRNA N-glycosylase activity. In this work, we isolated and characterized a 50 kDa cytotoxic protein from shiitake that we named edodin. Edodin inhibits protein synthesis in a mammalian cell-free system, but not in insect-, yeast-, and bacteria-derived systems. It exhibits rRNA N-glycosylase and DNA-nicking activities, which relate it to plant RIPs. It was also shown to be toxic to HeLa and COLO 320 cells. Its structure is not related to other RIPs found in plants, bacteria, or fungi, but, instead, it presents the characteristic structure of the fold type I of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes. Homologous sequences have been found in other fungi of the class Agaricomycetes; thus, edodin could be a new type of toxin present in many fungi, some of them edible, which makes them of great interest in health, both for their involvement in food safety and for their potential biomedical and biotechnological applications.

Antifungal Activity of Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins.

The control of crop diseases caused by fungi remains a major problem and there is a need to find effective fungicides that are environmentally friendly. Plants are an excellent source for this purpose because they have developed defense mechanisms to cope with fungal infections. Among the plant proteins that play a role in defense are ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), enzymes obtained mainly from angiosperms that, in addition to inactivating ribosomes, have been studied as antiviral, fungicidal, and insecticidal proteins. In this review, we summarize and discuss the potential use of RIPs (and other proteins with similar activity) as antifungal agents, with special emphasis on RIP/fungus specificity, possible mechanisms of antifungal action, and the use of RIP genes to obtain fungus-resistant transgenic plants. It also highlights the fact that these proteins also have antiviral and insecticidal activity, which makes them very versatile tools for crop protection.

Nueva mutación en el gen ALDH3A2 en un niño con síndrome de Sjögren-Larsson / A new mutation in the ALDH3A2 gene in a boy with Sjögren-Larsson syndrome

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Asociación de obesidad general y abdominal con hipertensión, dislipemia y presencia de prediabetes en el estudio PREDAPS / Association of general and abdominal obesity with hypertension, dyslipidemia and prediabetes in the PREDAPS study

Introducción y objetivos: Algunas medidas antropométricas muestran mayor capacidad que otras para discriminar la presencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Este trabajo estima la magnitud de la asociación de diversos indicadores antropométricos de obesidad con hipertensión, dislipemia y prediabetes (glucemia basal o glucohemoglobina alteradas). Métodos: Análisis transversal de la información recogida en 2.022 sujetos del estudio PREDAPS (etapa basal). Se definió obesidad general como índice de masa corporal ≥ 30 kg/m2 y obesidad abdominal con 2 criterios: a) perímetro de cintura (PC) ≥ 102 cm en varones/PC ≥ 88 cm en mujeres, y b) índice cintura/estatura (ICE) ≥ 0,55. La magnitud de la asociación se estimó mediante regresión logística. Resultados: La hipertensión arterial mostró la asociación más alta con la obesidad general en mujeres (OR = 3,01; IC95%, 2,24-4,04) y con la obesidad abdominal según el criterio del ICE en varones (OR = 3,65; IC95%, 2,66-5,01). La hipertrigliceridemia y los valores bajos de colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de alta densidad mostraron la asociación más alta con obesidad abdominal según el criterio del ICE en mujeres (OR = 2,49; IC95%, 1,68-3,67 y OR = 2,70; IC95%, 1,89-3,86) y la obesidad general en varones (OR = 2,06; IC95%, 1,56-2,73 y OR = 1,68; IC95%, 1,21-2,33). La prediabetes mostró la asociación más alta con obesidad abdominal según el criterio del ICE en mujeres (OR = 2,48; IC95%, 1,85-3,33) y con obesidad abdominal según el criterio del PC en varones (OR = 2,33; IC95%, 1,75-3,08). Conclusiones: Los indicadores de obesidad abdominal mostraron la mayor asociación con la presencia de prediabetes. La relación de los indicadores antropométricos con hipertensión y con dislipemia mostró resultados heterogéneos (AU)

Introduction and objectives: Some anthropometric measurements show a greater capacity than others to identify the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. This study estimated the magnitude of the association of different anthropometric indicators of obesity with hypertension, dyslipidemia, and prediabetes (altered fasting plasma glucose and/or glycosylated hemoglobin). Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of information collected from 2022 participants in the PREDAPS study (baseline phase). General obesity was defined as body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2 and abdominal obesity was defined with 2 criteria: a) waist circumference (WC) ≥ 102 cm in men/WC ≥ 88 cm in women, and b) waist-height ratio (WHtR) ≥ 0.55. The magnitude of the association was estimated by logistic regression. Results: Hypertension showed the strongest association with general obesity in women (OR, 3.01; 95%CI, 2.24-4.04) and with abdominal obesity based on the WHtR criterion in men (OR, 3.65; 95%CI, 2.66-5.01). Hypertriglyceridemia and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol showed the strongest association with abdominal obesity based on the WHtR criterion in women (OR, 2.49; 95%CI, 1.68-3.67 and OR, 2.70; 95%CI, 1.89-3.86) and with general obesity in men (OR, 2.06; 95%CI, 1.56-2.73 and OR, 1.68; 95%CI, 1.21-2.33). Prediabetes showed the strongest association with abdominal obesity based on the WHtR criterion in women (OR, 2.48; 95%CI, 1.85-3.33) and with abdominal obesity based on the WC criterion in men (OR, 2.33; 95%CI, 1.75-3.08). Conclusions: Abdominal obesity indicators showed the strongest association with the presence of prediabetes. The association of anthropometric indicators with hypertension and dyslipidemia showed heterogeneous results (AU)

Modificación del estado de salud bucal en pacientes con VIH/SIDA de un área de salud / Modification of the oral health state of patients suffering from VHI/AIDS in a health area

Fundamento: el deficiente estado de salud oral afecta la salud general de los pacientes, esta situación tiene mayores influencias negativas en pacientes con VIH/SIDA, incidiendo además en la evolución de su enfermedad.Objetivo: modificar el estado de salud bucal en pacientes con VIH/SIDA pertenecientes al Policlínico Docente Romárico Oro, mediante un estudio de intervención realizado durante dos años.Métodos: se realizó un estudio de intervención desde enero de 2013 a enero de 2015, en una muestra de 11 pacientes diagnosticados con VIH/SIDA, para modificar su estado de salud bucal. Los pacientes fueron examinados para detectar factores de riesgo asociados a enfermedades bucales y clasificarlos epidemiológicamente. Se les dio atención curativa, seguimiento y la evaluación de su estado de salud bucal dos años después de iniciada la intervención.Resultados: los pacientes tenían entre 19 y 59 años de edad, existió un ligero predominio del sexo masculino con el 63,3 por ciento. Antes de la intervención todos los pacientes presentaban placa dentobacteriana, al final, esta persistió en un solo paciente. Las caries y el sarro constituyeron los factores de riesgo asociados de mayor incidencia, con el 90,9 por ciento en ambos casos, después de la intervención fueron eliminados en la totalidad de los pacientes. Las periodontopatías se presentaron en el 63,3 por ciento de los casos y se logró reducir al 9,1 por ciento. El tabaquismo y la disfunción oclusal fueron los menos modificados.Conclusiones: se logró modificar el estado de salud bucal en la totalidad de los pacientes objeto de la intervención, mejorando el estado de salud bucal de la mayoría de ellos, hasta sanos con riesgo (AU)

Background: the poor oral health state affects patients health in general; this situation has greater negative influences in patients suffering from VHI/AIDS, besides having an effect on the evolution of their illness.Objective: to modify the oral health state in patients suffering from VHI/AIDS belonging to Romárico Oro teaching polyclinic, by means of an intervention study carried out during two years.Methods: an intervention study was carried out from January, 2013 to January, 2015 in a sample of 11 patients diagnosed with VHI/AIDS to modify their oral health state. The patients were examined to detect risk factors associated to oral diseases and to classify them epidemiologically. They were given healing attention, follow-up assessment of their oral health state after two years of having initiated the intervention.Results: patients were between 19 and 59 years of age; there was a slight prevalence of males, with 63,3 percent. Before the intervention all the patients showed bacterial plaque; toward the end, it persisted in only one patient. Caries and tartar were the associated risk factors that showed the highest incidence, with 90,9 percent in both cases; after the intervention they were eliminated in all the patients. Peri-odontopathies were present in 63,3 percent of the cases and it was possible to reduce them to 9,1 percent. Smoking and occlusal dysfunction were those less modified (AU)

Efectividad de la homeopatía en el tratamiento de exodoncias traumáticas / Effectiveness of homeopathy in the treatment of traumatic tooth extractions

Se realizó un estudio de intervención en el período de enero hasta agosto del 2014, en el área de salud del Policlínico Docente 28 de Septiembre de Vázquez, Puerto Padre, Las Tunas, para evaluar la efectividad de la homeopatía en el tratamiento de las exodoncias traumáticas. La muestra estuvo constituida por 48 pacientes, que en el proceso de la extracción dentaria presentaron complicaciones a causa de fractura del tabique interdentario, de las corticales, de las raíces, de la tuberosidad, comunicación bucosinusal y desgarro. Los pacientes fueron seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio simple y distribuidos en dos grupos: grupo I (estudio) con 24 pacientes con complicaciones en el proceso de la exodoncia, a los que se les aplicó el remedio homeopático AlivioHo-trauma; y grupo II (control) con 24 pacientes con complicaciones en el proceso de la exodoncia, a los que se les aplicó el tratamiento convencional. En ambos grupos se atendió previamente el área afectada, de acuerdo con la complicación. Se obtuvo que el tratamiento con el remedio homeopático AliviHo-trauma fue efectivo sobre los síntomas dolor e inflamación, al igual con referencia a la ausencia de alveolitis, de manera similar al grupo control. No se reportó ninguna reacción adversa (AU)

An intervention study was carried out in the health area of 28 de septiembre Teaching Polyclinic in Vázquez, Puerto Padre, Las Tunas province, from January to August, 2014, in order to assess the effectiveness of homeopathy for the treatment of traumatic tooth extractions. The sample was made up of 48 patients who suffered complications during the process of extraction, such as fractures of the interdental septum, the cortices, the roots, and the tuberosity, as well as bucco-sinusal communication and tear. The patients were selected by simple random sampling and divided into two groups: group I (study): 24 patients with complications during the process of extraction, to whom AlivioHo-trauma homeopathic remedy was applied; and group II (control): 24 patients with complications during the process of extraction, to whom the conventional treatment was applied. Both groups of patients had their affected area previously assisted, according to the complication. The treatment with AlivioHo-trauma homeopathic remedy was effective on the symptoms of pain and inflammation, as in reference to the lack of alveolitis, similarly to the control group. No adverse reaction was reported (AU)

Problemas de salud relacionados con los medicamentos en un servicio de urgencias hospitalario / Health related problems as cause of visits to hospital emergency departments

FUNDAMENTO Y OBJETIVO: Los problemas relacionados con los medicamentos (PRM) son problemas de salud que se producen como consecuencia de fallos de la farmacoterapia del paciente y que interfieren con los resultados esperados de salud. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer los problemas de salud más frecuentes que constituyen PRM. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: La entrevista con el paciente junto con la evaluación de la historia clínica son las principales fuentes de información para evaluar e identificar PRM. Se utilizó un cuestionario validado como instrumento para la entrevista y la CIE-9 para la clasificación de los problemas de salud encontrados. RESULTADOS: Se entrevistó a un total de 2.556 pacientes durante 1 año en el servicio de urgencias hospitalario, de los que se estudiaron 2.261 tras las exclusiones. Las enfermedades osteoarticulares, los signos y síntomas mal definidos y las lesiones y envenenamientos son los problemas más relacionados con la aparición de PRM. Los PRM de necesidad y efectividad mantienen un perfil similar. Los PRM de seguridad se asociaron más a signos y síntomas mal definidos y lesiones y envenenamientos así como a alteraciones nerviosas, digestivas y sanguíneas. CONCLUSIONES: Los PRM más frecuentes que son causa de consulta en un servicio de urgencias hospitalario son los osteoarticulares, seguidos de los signos y síntomas mal definidos. Se observan diferencias en los diagnósticos entre las distintas dimensiones de PRM y sus tipos

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Medication-related problems (MRPs) are health problems resulting-from patient pharmacotherapy failure that interfere with the expected outcome in the patient’s health status. The aim of this study was to discover the health problems associated with the appearance of MRPs. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Patient interviews, together with the assessment of medical records were the sources of information used in the assessment and identification of MRPs. A validated questionnaire was used for the interviews; in order to classify the health problems found, the ICD-9 was used. RESULTS: 2,556 patients were interviewed over a period of one year at a hospital emergency department.2,261 of these cases were valid. Osteoarticular diseases, poorly defined signs and symptoms of illness, injuries and intoxications were the disorders most commonly associated with the appearance of MRPs. MRPs of necessity and effectiveness had a similar profile. MRP sof safety were more commonly associated with poorly defined signs and symptoms of illness, injuries and intoxications, as well as nervous, digestive and blood problems. CONCLUSIONS: Most frequent medication related health problems causing visits to hospital emergency departments were osteoarticular disorders, followed by poorly defined signs and symptoms of illness. Differences were observed in the diagnoses between the different dimensions and types of MRP