Lipid-associated macrophages reshape BAT cell identity in obesity.

Obesity and type 2 diabetes cause a loss in brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity, but the molecular mechanisms that drive BAT cell remodeling remain largely unexplored. Using a multilayered approach, we comprehensively mapped a reorganization in BAT cells. We uncovered a subset of macrophages as lipid-associated macrophages (LAMs), which were massively increased in genetic and dietary model of BAT expansion. LAMs participate in this scenario by capturing extracellular vesicles carrying damaged lipids and mitochondria released from metabolically stressed brown adipocytes. CD36 scavenger receptor drove LAM phenotype, and CD36-deficient LAMs were able to increase brown fat genes in adipocytes. LAMs released transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1), which promoted the loss of brown adipocyte identity through aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A1 (Aldh1a1) induction. These findings unfold cell dynamic changes in BAT during obesity and identify LAMs as key responders to tissue metabolic stress and drivers of loss of brown adipocyte identity.

Adrenal gland macrophages regulate glucocorticoid production through Trem2 and TGF-ß.

Glucocorticoid synthesis by adrenal glands (AGs) is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to facilitate stress responses when the host is exposed to stimuli. Recent studies implicate macrophages as potential steroidogenic regulators, but the molecular mechanisms by which AG macrophages exert such influence remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of AG macrophages in response to cold challenge or atherosclerotic inflammation as physiologic models of acute or chronic stress. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we observed dynamic AG macrophage polarization toward classical activation and lipid-associated phenotypes following acute or chronic stimulation. Among transcriptional alterations induced in macrophages, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2) was highlighted because of its upregulation following stress. Conditional deletion of macrophage Trem2 revealed a protective role in stress responses. Mechanistically, Trem2 deletion led to increased AG macrophage death, abolished the TGF-ß-producing capacity of AG macrophages, and resulted in enhanced glucocorticoid production. In addition, enhanced glucocorticoid production was replicated by blockade of TGF-ß signaling. Together, these observations suggest that AG macrophages restrict steroidogenesis through Trem2 and TGF-ß, which opens potential avenues for immunotherapeutic interventions to resolve stress-related disorders.

Polyamine metabolism in macrophage-adipose tissue function and homeostasis.

Intracellular metabolism is a crucial regulator of macrophage function. Recent evidence revealed that the polyamine pathway and subsequent hypusination of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) are master regulators of immune cell functions. In brown adipose tissue (BAT), macrophages show an impressive degree of heterogenicity, with specific subsets supporting adaptive thermogenesis during cold exposure. In this review, we discuss the impact of polyamine metabolism on macrophage diversity and function, with a particular focus on their role in adipose tissue homeostasis. Thus, we highlight the exploration of how polyamine metabolism in macrophages contributes to BAT homeostasis as an attractive and exciting new field of research.

Optimizing Subtalar Arthrodesis: A Human Cadaveric Evaluation of a Novel Partially-Threaded Screw Combination in the Delta Configuration.

Background and Objectives: Despite the established role of subtalar joint arthrodesis (SJA) for treatment of subtalar osteoarthritis, achieving bone union remains challenging, with up to 46% non-union rates. Adequate compression and stable fixation are crucial for successful outcomes, with internal screw fixation being the gold standard for SJA. The delta configuration, featuring highly divergent screws, offers stability, however, it can result in hardware irritation in 20-30% of patients. Solutions to solve this complication include cannulated compression screw (CCS) countersinking or cannulated compression headless screw (CCHS) application. The aim of this biomechanical study was to investigate the stability of a delta configuration for SJA utilizing either a combination of a posterior CCHS and an anterior CCS or a standard two-CCS combination. Materials and Methods: Twelve paired human cadaveric lower legs were assigned pairwise to two groups for SJA using either two CCSs (Group 1) or one posterior CCHS and one anterior CCS (Group 2). All specimens were tested under progressively increasing cyclic loading to failure, with monitoring of the talocalcaneal movements via motion tracking. Results: Initial stiffness did not differ significantly between the groups, p = 0.949. Talocalcaneal movements in terms of varus-valgus deformation and internal-external rotation were significantly bigger in Group 1 versus Group 2, p ≤ 0.026. Number of cycles until reaching 5° varus-valgus deformation was significantly higher in Group 2 versus Group 1, p = 0.029. Conclusions: A delta-configuration SJA utilizing a posterior CCHS and an anterior CCS is biomechanically superior versus a standard configuration with two CCSs. Clinically, the use of a posterior CCHS could prevent protrusion of the hardware in the heel, while an anterior CCS could facilitate less surgical time and thus less complication rates.

Sex-specific impact of psychosocial stress on hematopoiesis and blood leukocytes.

Stress exposure has been shown to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Indeed, stress favors myelopoiesis and monocyte generation and contributes to cardiovascular disease development. As sex hormones regulate innate and adaptive immune responses, we decided to investigate whether stress exposure leads to a different immune response in female and male mice. Our data demonstrated that psychosocial stressinduced neutrophilia in male, but not female mice. Importantly, we identified that B-cell numbers were reduced in female, but not male mice upon exposure to stress. Thus, our study revealed that the stress-induced immune alterations are sex-dependent, and this is an important feature to consider for future investigations.

Initial experience with Bulgarian Arthroplasty Register.

INTRODUCTION: National arthroplasty registries date back to 1975, when the Swedish Knee Arthroplasty Register was founded. This method of database collecting has since been employed for both patient follow-up and the creation of annual statistical reports. In Bulgaria, there is currently no state-approved software that offers these features.

Treatment of Metaphyseal Defects in Plated Proximal Humerus Fractures with a New Augmentation Technique-A Biomechanical Cadaveric Study.

Background and Objectives: Unstable proximal humerus fractures (PHFs) with metaphyseal defects-weakening the osteosynthesis construct-are challenging to treat. A new augmentation technique of plated complex PHFs with metaphyseal defects was recently introduced in the clinical practice. This biomechanical study aimed to analyze the stability of plated unstable PHFs augmented via implementation of this technique versus no augmentation. Materials and Methods: Three-part AO/OTA 11-B1.1 unstable PHFs with metaphyseal defects were created in sixteen paired human cadaveric humeri (average donor age 76 years, range 66-92 years), pairwise assigned to two groups for locked plate fixation with identical implant configuration. In one of the groups, six-milliliter polymethylmethacrylate bone cement with medium viscosity (seven minutes after mixing) was placed manually through the lateral window in the defect of the humerus head after its anatomical reduction to the shaft and prior to the anatomical reduction of the greater tuberosity fragment. All specimens were tested biomechanically in a 25° adduction, applying progressively increasing cyclic loading at 2 Hz until failure. Interfragmentary movements were monitored by motion tracking and X-ray imaging. Results: Initial stiffness was not significantly different between the groups, p = 0.467. Varus deformation of the humerus head fragment, fracture displacement at the medial humerus head aspect, and proximal screw migration and cut-out were significantly smaller in the augmented group after 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000 and 10,000 cycles, p ≤ 0.019. Cycles to 5° varus deformation of the humerus head fragment-set as a clinically relevant failure criterion-and failure load were significantly higher in the augmented group, p = 0.018. Conclusions: From a biomechanical standpoint, augmentation with polymethylmethacrylate bone cement placed in the metaphyseal humerus head defect of plated unstable PHFs considerably enhances fixation stability and can reduce the risk of postoperative complications.

Cholesterol efflux pathways hinder KRAS-driven lung tumor progenitor cell expansion.

Cholesterol efflux pathways could be exploited in tumor biology to unravel cancer vulnerabilities. A mouse model of lung-tumor-bearing KRASG12D mutation with specific disruption of cholesterol efflux pathways in epithelial progenitor cells promoted tumor growth. Defective cholesterol efflux in epithelial progenitor cells governed their transcriptional landscape to support their expansion and create a pro-tolerogenic tumor microenvironment (TME). Overexpression of the apolipoprotein A-I, to raise HDL levels, protected these mice from tumor development and dire pathologic consequences. Mechanistically, HDL blunted a positive feedback loop between growth factor signaling pathways and cholesterol efflux pathways that cancer cells hijack to expand. Cholesterol removal therapy with cyclodextrin reduced tumor burden in progressing tumor by suppressing the proliferation and expansion of epithelial progenitor cells of tumor origin. Local and systemic perturbations of cholesterol efflux pathways were confirmed in human lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Our results position cholesterol removal therapy as a putative metabolic target in lung cancer progenitor cells.

Trem2 promotes foamy macrophage lipid uptake and survival in atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis is driven by the expansion of cholesterol-loaded 'foamy' macrophages in the arterial intima. Factors regulating foamy macrophage differentiation and survival in plaque remain poorly understood. Here we show, using trajectory analysis of integrated single-cell RNA sequencing data and a genome-wide CRISPR screen, that triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2) is associated with foamy macrophage specification. Loss of Trem2 led to a reduced ability of foamy macrophages to take up oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Myeloid-specific deletion of Trem2 showed an attenuation of plaque progression, even when targeted in established atherosclerotic lesions, and was independent of changes in circulating cytokines, monocyte recruitment or cholesterol levels. Mechanistically, we link Trem2-deficient macrophages with a failure to upregulate cholesterol efflux molecules, resulting in impaired proliferation and survival. Overall, we identify Trem2 as a regulator of foamy macrophage differentiation and atherosclerotic plaque growth and as a putative therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.

Management of Complex Acetabular Fractures by Using 3D Printed Models.

Background and Objectives: Using 3D printed models in orthopaedics and traumatology contributes to a better understanding of injury patterns regarding surgical approaches, reduction techniques, and fracture fixation methods. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel technique implementing 3D printed models to facilitate the optimal preoperative planning of the surgical treatment of complex acetabular fractures. Materials and Methods: Patients with complex acetabular fractures were assigned to two groups: (1) conventional group (n = 12) and (2) 3D printed group (n = 10). Both groups included participants with either a posterior column plus posterior wall fracture, a transverse plus posterior wall fracture, or a both-column acetabular fracture. Datasets from CT scanning were segmented and converted to STL format, with separated bones and fragments for 3D printing in different colors. Comparison between the two groups was performed in terms of quality of fracture reduction (good: equal to, or less than 2 mm displacement, and fair: larger than 2 mm displacement), functional assessment, operative time, blood loss, and number of intraoperative x-rays. Results: A significant decrease in operative time, blood loss, and number of intraoperative x-rays was registered in the 3D printed group versus the conventional one (p < 0.01), with 80% of the patients in the former having good fracture reduction and 20% having fair reduction. In contrast, 50% of the patients in the conventional group had good reduction and 50% had fair reduction. The functional score at 18-month follow-up was better for patients in the 3D printed group. Conclusions: The 3D printing technique can be considered a highly efficient and patient-specific approach for management of complex acetabular fractures, helping to restore patient's individual anatomy after surgery.

A Novel Technique for Treatment of Metaphyseal Voids in Proximal Humerus Fractures in Elderly Patients.

Background and Objectives: The treatment of proximal humerus fractures in elderly patients is challenging, with reported high complication rates mostly related to implant failure involving screw cut-out and penetration. Metaphyseal defects are common in osteoporotic bone and weaken the osteosynthesis construct. A novel technique for augmentation with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement was developed for the treatment of patients in advanced age with complex proximal humerus fractures and metaphyseal voids, whereby the cement was allowed to partially cure for 5-7 min after mixing to achieve medium viscosity, and then it was manually placed into the defect through the traumatic lateral window with a volume of 4-6 mL per patient. The aim of this retrospective clinical study was to assess this technique versus autologous bone graft augmentation and no augmentation. Materials and Methods: The outcomes of 120 patients with plated Neer three- and four-part fractures, assigned to groups of 63 cases with no augmentation, 28 with bone graft augmentation and 29 with cement augmentation, were assessed in this study. DASH, CS, pain scores and range of motion were analyzed at 3, 6 and 12 months. Statistical analysis was performed with factors for treatment and age groups, Neer fracture types and follow-up periods, and with the consideration of age as a covariate. Results: DASH and CS improved following cement augmentation at three and six months compared to bone grafting, being significant when correcting for age as a covariate (p ≤ 0.007). While the age group had a significant effect on both these scores with worsened values at a higher age for non-augmented and grafted patients (p ≤ 0.044), this was not the case for cement augmented patients (p ≥ 0.128). Cement augmentation demonstrated good clinical results at 12 months with a mean DASH of 10.21 and mean CS percentage of 84.83% versus the contralateral side, not being significantly different among the techniques (p ≥ 0.372), despite the cement augmented group representing the older population with more four-part fractures. There were no concerning adverse events specifically related to the novel technique. Conclusions: This study has detailed a novel technique for the treatment of metaphyseal defects with PMMA cement augmentation in elderly patients with complex proximal humerus fractures and follow-up to one year, whereby the cement was allowed to partially cure to achieve medium viscosity, and then it was manually placed into the defect through the traumatic lateral window. The results demonstrate clinically equivalent short-term results to 6 months compared to augmentation with bone graft or no augmentation-despite the patient group being older and with a higher rate of more severe fracture patterns. The technique appears to be safe with no specifically related adverse events and can be added in the surgeon's armamentarium for the treatment of these difficult to manage fractures.

Unravelling the sex-specific diversity and functions of adrenal gland macrophages.

Despite the ubiquitous function of macrophages across the body, the diversity, origin, and function of adrenal gland macrophages remain largely unknown. We define the heterogeneity of adrenal gland immune cells using single-cell RNA sequencing and use genetic models to explore the developmental mechanisms yielding macrophage diversity. We define populations of monocyte-derived and embryonically seeded adrenal gland macrophages and identify a female-specific subset with low major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression. In adulthood, monocyte recruitment dominates adrenal gland macrophage maintenance in female mice. Adrenal gland macrophage sub-tissular distribution follows a sex-dimorphic pattern, with MHC class IIlow macrophages located at the cortico-medullary junction. Macrophage sex dimorphism depends on the presence of the cortical X-zone. Adrenal gland macrophage depletion results in altered tissue homeostasis, modulated lipid metabolism, and decreased local aldosterone production during stress exposure. Overall, these data reveal the heterogeneity of adrenal gland macrophages and point toward sex-restricted distribution and functions of these cells.

Percutaneous fixation of intraarticular joint-depression calcaneal fractures with different screw configurations - a biomechanical human cadaveric analysis.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the biomechanical performance of different screw configurations for fixation of Sanders type II B joint-depression calcaneal fractures. METHODS: Fifteen human cadaveric lower limbs were amputated and Sanders II B fractures were simulated. The specimens were randomized to three groups for fixation with different screw configurations. The calcanei in Group 1 were treated with two parallel longitudinal screws, entering superiorly the Achilles tendon insertion, and two screws fixing the intraarticular posterior facet fracture line. In Group 2 two screws entered the tuberosity inferiorly to the Achilles tendon insertion and two transverse screws fixed the posterior facet. In Group 3 two screws were inserted along the bone axis, one transverse screw fixed the posterior facet and one oblique screw was inserted from the posteroplantar part of the tuberosity supporting the posterolateral part of the posterior facet. All specimens were biomechanically tested to failure under progressively increasing cyclic loading. RESULTS: Initial stiffness did not differ significantly between the groups, P = 0.152. Cycles to 2 mm plantar movement were significantly higher in both Group 1 (15,847 ± 5250) and Group 3 (13,323 ± 4363) compared with Group 2 (4875 ± 3480), P ≤ 0.048. No intraarticular displacement was observed in any group during testing. CONCLUSIONS: From a biomechanical perspective, posterior facet support by means of buttress or superiorly inserted longitudinal screws results in less plantar movement between the calcaneal tuberosity and the anterior fragments. Inferiorly inserted longitudinal screws are associated with bigger interfragmentary movements.

Immune cell involvement in brown adipose tissue functions.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) contains many immune cells. The presence of macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, and mast cells was documented in BAT. However, in comparison to white adipose tissue, relatively little is known on the impact of immune cells on BAT function. By directly interacting with BAT stromal cells, or by secreting pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, immune cells modulate BAT activation and subsequently influence on adaptative thermogenesis and heat generation. In the current manuscript, we will focus on the diversity and functions of BAT immune cells.

Non-canonical glutamine transamination sustains efferocytosis by coupling redox buffering to oxidative phosphorylation.

Macrophages rely on tightly integrated metabolic rewiring to clear dying neighboring cells by efferocytosis during homeostasis and disease. Here we reveal that glutaminase-1-mediated glutaminolysis is critical to promote apoptotic cell clearance by macrophages during homeostasis in mice. In addition, impaired macrophage glutaminolysis exacerbates atherosclerosis, a condition during which, efficient apoptotic cell debris clearance is critical to limit disease progression. Glutaminase-1 expression strongly correlates with atherosclerotic plaque necrosis in patients with cardiovascular diseases. High-throughput transcriptional and metabolic profiling reveals that macrophage efferocytic capacity relies on a non-canonical transaminase pathway, independent from the traditional requirement of glutamate dehydrogenase to fuel ɑ-ketoglutarate-dependent immunometabolism. This pathway is necessary to meet the unique requirements of efferocytosis for cellular detoxification and high-energy cytoskeletal rearrangements. Thus, we uncover a role for non-canonical glutamine metabolism for efficient clearance of dying cells and maintenance of tissue homeostasis during health and disease in mouse and humans.

Brown adipose tissue monocytes support tissue expansion.

Monocytes are part of the mononuclear phagocytic system. Monocytes play a central role during inflammatory conditions and a better understanding of their dynamics might open therapeutic opportunities. In the present study, we focused on the characterization and impact of monocytes on brown adipose tissue (BAT) functions during tissue remodeling. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of BAT immune cells uncovered a large diversity in monocyte and macrophage populations. Fate-mapping experiments demonstrated that the BAT macrophage pool requires constant replenishment from monocytes. Using a genetic model of BAT expansion, we found that brown fat monocyte numbers were selectively increased in this scenario. This observation was confirmed using a CCR2-binding radiotracer and positron emission tomography. Importantly, in line with their tissue recruitment, blood monocyte counts were decreased while bone marrow hematopoiesis was not affected. Monocyte depletion prevented brown adipose tissue expansion and altered its architecture. Podoplanin engagement is strictly required for BAT expansion. Together, these data redefine the diversity of immune cells in the BAT and emphasize the role of monocyte recruitment for tissue remodeling.

Macrophage metabolic regulation in atherosclerotic plaque.

Metabolism plays a key role in controlling immune cell functions. In this review, we will discuss the diversity of plaque resident myeloid cells and will focus on their metabolic demands that could reflect on their particular intraplaque localization. Defining the metabolic configuration of plaque resident myeloid cells according to their topologic distribution could provide answers to key questions regarding their functions and contribution to disease development.

Visceral obesity and insulin resistance associate with CD36 deletion in lymphatic endothelial cells.

Disruption of lymphatic lipid transport is linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), but regulation of lymphatic vessel function and its link to disease remain unclear. Here we show that intestinal lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) have an increasing CD36 expression from lymphatic capillaries (lacteals) to collecting vessels, and that LEC CD36 regulates lymphatic integrity and optimizes lipid transport. Inducible deletion of CD36 in LECs in adult mice (Cd36ΔLEC) increases discontinuity of LEC VE-cadherin junctions in lacteals and collecting vessels. Cd36ΔLEC mice display slower transport of absorbed lipid, more permeable mesenteric lymphatics, accumulation of inflamed visceral fat and impaired glucose disposal. CD36 silencing in cultured LECs suppresses cell respiration, reduces VEGF-C-mediated VEGFR2/AKT phosphorylation and destabilizes VE-cadherin junctions. Thus, LEC CD36 optimizes lymphatic junctions and integrity of lymphatic lipid transport, and its loss in mice causes lymph leakage, visceral adiposity and glucose intolerance, phenotypes that increase risk of T2D.

Influenza Virus Infection Impairs the Gut's Barrier Properties and Favors Secondary Enteric Bacterial Infection through Reduced Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids.

Along with respiratory tract disease per se, viral respiratory infections can also cause extrapulmonary complications with a potentially critical impact on health. In the present study, we used an experimental model of influenza A virus (IAV) infection to investigate the nature and outcome of the associated gut disorders. In IAV-infected mice, the signs of intestinal injury and inflammation, altered gene expression, and compromised intestinal barrier functions peaked on day 7 postinfection. As a likely result of bacterial component translocation, gene expression of inflammatory markers was upregulated in the liver. These changes occurred concomitantly with an alteration of the composition of the gut microbiota and with a decreased production of the fermentative, gut microbiota-derived products short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Gut inflammation and barrier dysfunction during influenza were not attributed to reduced food consumption, which caused in part gut dysbiosis. Treatment of IAV-infected mice with SCFAs was associated with an enhancement of intestinal barrier properties, as assessed by a reduction in the translocation of dextran and a decrease in inflammatory gene expression in the liver. Lastly, SCFA supplementation during influenza tended to reduce the translocation of the enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and to enhance the survival of doubly infected animals. Collectively, influenza virus infection can remotely impair the gut's barrier properties and trigger secondary enteric infections. The latter phenomenon can be partially countered by SCFA supplementation.