How do Mutations of Mycobacterium Genes Cause Drug Resistance in Tuberculosis?

A steady increase in the prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) has already been reported in Pakistan. In addition, DR-TB is gradually changing from one-drug resistance to multi-drug resistance, which is a serious challenge for tuberculosis treatment. This review provides an overview of the anti-tuberculosis drugs and focuses on the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with the hope that it will contribute to the study of drug resistance in response to the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

What and How Can Physical Activity Prevention Function on Parkinson's Disease?

AIM: This study was aimed at investigating the effects and molecular mechanisms of physical activity intervention on Parkinson's disease (PD) and providing theoretical guidance for the prevention and treatment of PD. METHODS: Four electronic databases up to December 2019 were searched (PubMed, Springer, Elsevier, and Wiley database), 176 articles were selected. Literature data were analyzed by the logic analysis method. RESULTS: (1) Risk factors of PD include dairy products, pesticides, traumatic brain injury, and obesity. Protective factors include alcohol, tobacco, coffee, black tea, and physical activity. (2) Physical activity can reduce the risk and improve symptoms of PD and the beneficial forms of physical activity, including running, dancing, traditional Chinese martial arts, yoga, and weight training. (3) Different forms of physical activity alleviate the symptoms of PD through different mechanisms, including reducing the accumulation of α-syn protein, inflammation, and oxidative stress, while enhancing BDNF activity, nerve regeneration, and mitochondrial function. CONCLUSION: Physical activity has a positive impact on the prevention and treatment of PD. Illustrating the molecular mechanism of physical activity-induced protective effect on PD is an urgent need for improving the efficacy of PD therapy regimens in the future.

Identification of thyroid cancer risk factors incidence in urban and rural areas, Pakistan.

As like the other countries, the risk of thyroid carcinoma is significantly increasing over the last few decades in Pakistan. This study aspires to know the cause and effect of this disease in urban and rural areas by investigation of different risk factors. For this purpose, incidence data was collected from Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Oncology Lahore and Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore. This study consists of 88 rural and 232 urban patients and the possible risk factors of thyroid cancer investigated via questionnaire. The logistic regression is used as a statistical tool and the results are computed on the behalf of odd ratios. The result shows that 48 rural and 112 urban cases are suffered from thyroid cancer. In rural areas two factors use of iodine diet and oxidative stress are seen to be significant with odd ratios 1.642 and 1.796 while in the urban areas seven factors residential Area, oxidative Stress, too much consumption of meat & fast food, too much use of crucifer vegetables, excess use of fats and sea food are seen to be significant with odd ratios 0.760, 2.121, 1.294, 1.187, 1.618, 1.632 and 0.892, respectively. It is observed that the oxidative stress is the common factor in urban and rural areas.

Induction of beta-glucosidase activity in maize coleoptiles by blue light illumination.

The role of beta-glucosidase during the phototropic response in maize (Zea mays) coleoptiles was investigated. Unilateral blue light illumination abruptly up-regulated the activity of beta-glucosidase in the illuminated halves, 10 min after the onset of illumination, peaking after 30 min and decreasing thereafter. The level of 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), which is released from DIMBOA glucoside (DIMBOA-Glc) by beta-glucosidase, and its degradation compound 6-methoxy-benzoxazolinone (MBOA) were elevated within 30 min in the illuminated halves as compare to the shaded halves, prior to the phototropic curvature. Furthermore, beta-glucosidase inhibitor treatment significantly decreased the phototropic curvature and decreased growth suppression in the illuminated sides. These results suggest that blue light induces the activity of beta-glucosidase in the illuminated halves of coleoptiles causing an increase in DIMBOA biosynthesis and the growth inhibition that leads to a phototropic curvature.