Qualitative Comparison of Perceptions Regarding Patient Engagement for Patient Safety by Physicians, Nurses, and Patients.

Purpose: Patient engagement in ensuring patient safety is widely acknowledged, there is still a need to explore how perceptions of patient engagement vary among different stakeholders within the healthcare system. We aimed to compare the perceptions regarding patient engagement for patient safety among physicians, nurses, and patients by exploring the perspectives. Patients and Methods: A qualitative study, comprising three focus group discussions (six to eight people each), was conducted in South Korea. Physicians and nurses who worked at the general hospital level or higher, and patients who had been hospitalized for more than 24 hours, were included. Researchers analyzed the transcripts, and a content analysis was performed to describe influencing elements of patient engagement for patient safety. A word cloud was created through keyword analysis of the transcripts. Results: Based on 479 coded data, three categories and eight sub-categories were derived. The first moment of patient engagement was viewed as the choice of medical institutions. Reputation occupied a large part in the hospital selection for all participants, but they did not know about or use the national hospital evaluation data. Participants said that continuous patient engagement, such as the patient's active questioning attitude, guardian's cooperation, sufficient medical personnel, and patient safety education was required during treatment. However, it was said that patient engagement was ignored after patient safety incidents occurred. They mentioned that they were emotional and busy arguing for their own positions, and that it was difficult to use a medical dispute resolution method in practice. In the word cloud by group, fall, explanation, hospital, and patient were common words. Conclusion: All three groups agreed on the importance of patient engagement for patient safety but differed in its influencing factors. Efforts should be made to reduce the difference between the three groups on how to involve patients for patient safety.

To what extent can patient engagement for patient safety be expanded? In this study, we confirmed the diverse perceptions of patients and medical personnel regarding patient engagement for patient safety. Physicians, nurses, and patients all answered that they did not generally know about the objective medical institutions evaluation data provided by the national, and said that when choosing a medical institution, patients depended on information from their reputation, social media, and web site search. During treatment, both patients and medical personnel expressed their hopes for active and independent engagement from patients, but also expressed the difficulty of requesting cooperation in engagement and difficulties in education. After the patient safety incident, both patients and medical personnel were emotional and occupied in asserting their respective positions, and they complained about difficulties in resolving medical disputes that are difficult to use in practice.

Accuracy assessment of patient safety incident (PSI) codes and present-on-admission (POA) indicators: a cross-sectional analysis using the Patient Safety Incidents Inquiry (PSII) in Korea.

BACKGROUND: Among the various methods used, administrative data collected for claims and billing purposes, such as diagnosis codes and present-on-admission (POA) indicators, can easily be employed to assess patient safety status. However, it is crucial that administrative data be accurate to generate valid estimates of adverse event (AE) occurrence. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the accuracy of diagnosis codes and POA indicators in patients with confirmed AEs in the hospital admission setting. METHODS: We analysed the diagnosis codes of 1,032 confirmed AE cases and 6,754 non-AE cases from the 2019 Patient Safety Incidents Inquiry, which was designed as a cross-sectional study, to determine their alignment with the Korean Patient Safety Incidents (PSIs) Code Classification System. The unit of analysis was the individual case rather than the patient, because two or more AEs may occur in one patient. We examined whether the primary and secondary diagnostic codes had PSIs codes matching the AE type and checked each PSI code for whether the POA indicator had an 'N' tag. We reviewed the presence of PSI codes in patients without identified AEs and calculated the correlation between the AE incidence rate and PSI code and POA indicator accuracy across 15 hospitals. RESULTS: Ninety (8.7%) of the AE cases had PSI codes with an 'N' tag on the POA indicator compared to 294 (4.4%) of the non-AE cases. Infection- (20.4%) and surgery/procedure-related AEs (13.6%) had relatively higher instances of correctly tagged PSI codes. We did not identify any PSI codes for diagnosis-related incidents. While we noted significant differences in AE incidence rates, PSI code accuracy, and POA indicator accuracy among the hospitals, the correlations between these variables were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Currently, PSI codes and POA indicators in South Korea appear to have low validity. To use administrative data in medical quality improvement activities such as monitoring patient safety levels, improving the accuracy of administrative data should be a priority. Possible strategies include targeted education on PSI codes and POA indicators and introduction of new evaluation indicators regarding the accuracy of administrative data.

Perception gaps of patient engagement for patient safety between healthcare professionals and the public in Korea.

BACKGROUND: To ensure effective patient engagement, patients' efforts, partnerships with healthcare professionals, and the organisation's role in providing safe healthcare settings must be emphasised. Perception gaps regarding patient engagement between the public and healthcare professionals could prevent healthy partnerships from forming and hinder patient engagement activities. This study examined healthcare professionals' perception of patient engagement and compared the findings with that determined for the public in a previous study. METHODS: An anonymous online survey was conducted in February 2020 among 1,007 healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses). The questionnaire comprised five parts regarding the perception of patient engagement. Descriptive analysis and Chi-squared/Fisher's exact tests determined the frequency and significant differences among the public from previous study and healthcare professionals in this study. RESULTS: The perception of the importance of patient safety was high among healthcare professionals and the public. However, statistically significant differences in perceptions were observed among the public and healthcare professionals in all categories. The perception gaps were substantial between the groups in sub-categories of engagement for patient safety during medical treatment; 86% of physicians and 90% of nurses agreed that patients participate in the decision-making for the treatment process. Conversely, 58% of the public agreed. Only 22% of the public agreed with confirming healthcare professionals' hand washing to prevent infection, versus 57% of physicians and 65% of nurses. More than 89% of healthcare professionals positively perceived medical dispute mediation versus only half of the public. In certain areas such as "medical dispute mediation and arbitration programs", "fall prevention", and "infection prevention", there was a statistically significant difference in the perception of patient involvement among healthcare professionals, with nurses' perception being particularly more positive than that of physicians. CONCLUSIONS: The healthcare professionals' perception of patient engagement was more positive than that of the public. To narrow the perception gaps and enhance the public's perception, strategies involving changes in healthcare systems, promotional efforts, and educational initiatives should be developed. Additionally, strategies should be formulated for healthcare professionals to better engage as partners in patient care.

Importance of Quality of Medical Record: Differences in Patient Safety Incident Inquiry Results According to Assessment for Quality of Medical Record.

BACKGROUND: Medical record review is the gold standard method of identifying adverse events. However, the quality of medical records is a critical factor that can affect the accuracy of adverse event detection. Few studies have examined the impact of medical record quality on the identification of adverse events. OBJECTIVES: In this study, we analyze whether there were differences in screening criteria and characteristics of adverse events according to the quality of medical records evaluated in the patient safety incident inquiry in Korea. METHODS: Patient safety incident inquiry was conducted in 2019 on 7500 patients in Korea to evaluate their screening criteria, adverse events, and preventability. Furthermore, medical records quality judged by reviewers was evaluated on a 4-point scale. The χ 2 test was used to examine differences in patient safety incident inquiry results according to medical record quality. RESULTS: Cases with inadequate medical records had higher rates of identified screening criteria than those with adequate records (88.8% versus 55.7%). Medical records judged inadequate had a higher rate of confirmed adverse events than those judged adequate. "Drugs, fluids, and blood-related events," "diagnosis-related events," and "patient care-related events" were more frequently identified in cases with inadequate medical records. There was no statistically significant difference in the preventability of adverse events according to the medical record quality. CONCLUSIONS: Lower medical record quality was associated with higher rates of identified screening criteria and confirmed adverse events. Patient safety incident inquiry should specify medical record quality evaluation questions more accurately to more clearly estimate the impact of medical record quality.

Is physical restraint unethical and illegal?: a qualitative analysis of Korean written judgments.

BACKGROUND: Physical restraint (PR) is used to ensure the safety of care recipients. However, this causes an ethical dilemma between the autonomy and dignity of the recipients and the provision of effective treatment by health workers. This study aimed to analyze legal and ethical situations related to the use of PR using written judgments. METHODS: This study uses a qualitative retrospective design. Qualitative content analysis was performed on South Korean written judgments. A total of 38 cases from 2015 to 2021 were categorized. The types of court decisions and ethical dilemma situations were examined according to the four principles of bioethics, and the courts' judgments were compared. RESULTS: Written judgments related to PR were classified into three types according to the appropriateness of PR use, the presence or absence of duty of care, and legal negligence. Ethical dilemmas were categorized into three situations depending on whether the four principles of bioethics were followed. The courts' decisions regarding the ethical dilemmas differed depending on the situational factors before and after the use of PR and the conflicting conditions of the ethical principles. CONCLUSIONS: Health workers should consider legal and ethical requirements when determining whether to use PR to provide the care recipient with the necessary treatment.

Comprehensive Measurement of the Burden of Disease due to Adverse Events: A New Analysis of the Cross-Sectional Patient Safety Incident Inquiry.

BACKGROUND: A methodology for comprehensively and reasonably measuring the burden of disease due to adverse events has yet to be clearly established. In this study, a new and systematic method for measuring the burden of disease due to adverse events was tested by utilizing the results of a medical record review, which is commonly used as a gold standard. METHODS: Using the characteristics of preventable adverse events identified in the 2019 Patient Safety Incidents Inquiry (PSII), conducted to monitor the level of patient safety in Korea accurately, the resulting disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and economic costs were estimated. DALYs were calculated as the sum of the years lived with a disability for patients who suffered permanent disability, or more, due to preventable adverse events, and the years of life lost due to premature mortality was calculated for patients who died due to preventable adverse events. The economic cost was calculated using the main diagnostic codes of patients who suffered preventable adverse events, identified as prolonged hospitalization in PSII, and the average medical cost by disease category and age group. RESULTS: Estimates of DALYs due to preventable adverse events were 1,114.4 DALYs per 100,000 population for the minimum standard and 1,658.5 DALYs per 100,000 population for the maximum standard. Compared to the 2015 Korea Burden of Disease results, the ranking of DALYs due to preventable adverse events was sixth for the minimum standard and third for the maximum standard. The annual medical cost of adverse events in 2016 was estimated to be approximately Korean Republic Won (KRW) 870 billion (700 million US dollars). Medical expenses due to preventable adverse events were calculated to be approximately KRW 150 billion (120 million US dollars) as a minimum standard and approximately KRW 300 billion (240 million US dollars) as a maximum standard. CONCLUSION: If this more standard method of systematically calculating the disease burden due to adverse events is used, it will be possible to compare the size of the patient safety problem with that of other diseases. The results of this study indicate that we still need to pay more attention to the issue of patient safety.

Nurses' adaptations to changes on a COVID-19 ward in South Korea: A qualitative study.

Background: Elucidating nurses' adaptation to changes in the early stage of an infectious disease epidemic is necessary to promote nurses' coping with and adapting to situations in which new infectious diseases are predicted periodically. Aim: To explore nurses' adaptation to changes in COVID-19 wards in South Korea. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 nurses through purposive sampling from May to August 2020. The collected data were transcribed verbatim, and analysis was performed using conventional content analysis. Findings: Three categories emerged from the interviews: (a) Disruption caused by an unforeseen pandemic outbreak, (b) perseverance through the turmoil of changes as a nurse, and (c) transition from feelings of fearfulness to those of accomplishment. While the nurses initially struggled to care for patients with COVID-19, they made conscious efforts to provide emotional nursing and maintain their professionalism. Discussion: Nurses caring for patients with COVID-19 have faced a number of challenges but have adapted to new scenarios by endeavoring to fulfil their professional roles. Conclusion: To overcome a national disaster situation such as COVID-19, the government and healthcare organizations should prepare strategies to support the efforts of nurses to strengthen their own professionalism.

Qualitative Research in Healthcare: Necessity and Characteristics.

Quantitative and qualitative research explore various social phenomena using different methods. However, there has been a tendency to treat quantitative studies using complicated statistical techniques as more scientific and superior, whereas relatively few qualitative studies have been conducted in the medical and healthcare fields. This review aimed to provide a proper understanding of qualitative research. This review examined the characteristics of quantitative and qualitative research to help researchers select the appropriate qualitative research methodology. Qualitative research is applicable in following cases: (1) when an exploratory approach is required on a topic that is not well known, (2) when something cannot be explained fully with quantitative research, (3) when it is necessary to newly present a specific view on a research topic that is difficult to explain with existing views, (4) when it is inappropriate to present the rationale or theoretical proposition for designing hypotheses, as in quantitative research, and (5) when conducting research that requires detailed descriptive writing with literary expressions. Qualitative research is conducted in the following order: (1) selection of a research topic and question, (2) selection of a theoretical framework and methods, (3) literature analysis, (4) selection of the research participants and data collection methods, (5) data analysis and description of findings, and (6) research validation. This review can contribute to the more active use of qualitative research in healthcare, and the findings are expected to instill a proper understanding of qualitative research in researchers who review qualitative research reports and papers.

An Exploration Into Patients' Experiences That Make Them Feel Safe During Hospitalization: A Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: Patient safety is a crucial indicator of health care quality. It is necessary to check the subjective perception of patient safety from the patient's point of view as a consumer of healthcare services. To identify patients' experiences of safety and the themes that constitute the patients' feeling of safety during hospitalization. METHODS: A qualitative study, comprising five focus group discussions (seven people each), was conducted in South Korea between May and July 2018. Patients who were hospitalized for at least three days within one year were included. Researchers analyzed the transcribed script, and a content analysis was performed to describe patients' hospitalized experiences of safety. RESULTS: A total of 35 patients with an average age of 45.4 years participated in the study, and had experience of hospitalization for up to 32 days. The findings revealed four core themes and 14 sub-themes. Patients wanted to take initiative in controlling his/her reception of information and wanted healthcare providers to make the patient feel safe. Patients felt safe when hospitals provided unstinted and generous support. Also, public sentiment about national healthcare and safety made an effect on patient safety sentiment. CONCLUSION: Patients felt safe during hospitalization not only because of the explanation, attitude, and professionalism of the healthcare providers but also because of the support, system, and procedure of the medical institution. Healthcare providers and medical institutions should strive to narrow the gap in patient safety awareness factors through activities with patients. Furthermore, the government and society should make an effort to create a safe medical environment and social atmosphere.

Understanding Physicians' and Nurses' Adaption of National-Leading Patient Safety Culture Policy: A Qualitative Study in Tertiary and General Hospitals in Korea.

BACKGROUND: In Korea, the safety culture is led by national policy. How the policy ensures a patient safety culture needs to be investigated. This study aimed to examine the way in which physicians and nurses regard, understand, or interpret the patient safety-related policy in the hospital setting. METHODS: In this qualitative study, we conducted four focus group interviews (FGIs) with 25 physicians and nurses from tertiary and general hospitals in South Korea. FGIs data were analyzed using thematic analysis, which was conducted in an inductive and interpretative way. RESULTS: Three themes were identified. The healthcare providers recognized its benefits in the forms of knowledge, information and training at least although the policy implemented by the law forcibly and temporarily. The second theme was about the interaction of the policy and the Korean context of healthcare, which makes a "turning point" in the safety culture. The final theme was about some strains and conflicts resulting from patient safety policy. CONCLUSION: To provide a patient safety culture, it is necessary to develop a plan to improve the voluntary participation of healthcare professionals and their commitment to safety. Hospitals should provide more resources and support for healthcare professionals.

Experience of Pediatric Patient Death, Moral Distress, and Turnover Intention among Pediatric Nurses at a Tertiary Hospital in South Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Pediatric nurses are particularly vulnerable to moral distress and turnover due to frequent experiences with patient death combined with limited pediatric palliative resources and related support. Objective: This study examined pediatric nurses' experiences of pediatric patient death, moral distress, and turnover intention and identified the correlations between them as well as the mediating role of moral distress. Methods: This cross-sectional study conducted an online survey with 161 pediatric nurses working in a tertiary hospital in Seoul, South Korea. The survey comprised questions to assess nurses' experience of pediatric patient death and turnover intention and a validated instrument to measure their moral distress. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationships between study variables, and structural equation modeling was performed to determine the mediating effect of moral distress. Results: Pediatric nurses (N = 161) reported high levels of moral distress with a mean score of 101.06 (standard deviation = 70.528) on the pediatric version of the Moral Distress Scale. Turnover intention increased 1.01 times for every 1 U increase in moral distress. Moral distress fully mediated the relationship between the experience of pediatric patient death and turnover intention. Conclusion: Pediatric patient death had an indirect effect on turnover intention through moral distress among pediatric nurses. Reducing pediatric nurses' moral distress caused from experiencing patient death may help minimize their turnover intention.

Working Experience of Managers Who Are Responsible for Promoting and Monitoring Patient Safety in South Korea: Focusing on Small- and Medium-Sized Hospitals.

OBJECTIVES: This study explored the working experience of patient safety managers (PSMs) in small- and medium-sized hospitals (SMHs). METHODS: A qualitative study comprising 3 focus group discussions (6 people each) was conducted. Patient safety managers working in SMHs-hospitals with 100 to 300 beds-were included. Researchers analyzed the transcribed script, and a conventional content analysis was performed to describe PSMs' working experience. RESULTS: All the PSMs were nurses and with an average (SD) work experience of 1.51 (1.02) years. Five core themes and 17 subthemes were derived. The PSMs reported that it was difficult to perform patient safety tasks alone and cooperate with other departments. Because of members who did not acknowledge PSMs' authority as experts, PSMs experienced identity confusion. Lack of an established patient safety culture in SMHs hindered the PSMs from performing patient safety-related duties. The government continues to train PSMs and provide materials; however, they are not suitable for SMHs and thus cannot be used. The PSMs hoped to overcome the system's initial phase and become professionals. CONCLUSIONS: Patient safety managers faced difficulties because of the lack of guidelines, training, and systems. Nevertheless, they have attempted to overcome these problems themselves, so they can be recognized as professionals. This study's findings can be used as basic data to provide differentiated support for PSMs, based on hospital size.

A Network Analysis of Research Topics and Trends in End-of-Life Care and Nursing.

This study identified the trends in end-of-life care and nursing through text network analysis. About 18,935 articles published until September 2019 were selected through searches on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. For topic modeling, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (K = 8) was applied. Most of the top ranked topic words for the degree and betweenness centralities were consistent with the top 1% through the semantic network diagram. Among the important keywords examined every five years, "care" was unrivaled. When analyzing the two- and three-word combinations, there were many themes representing places, roles, and actions. As a result of performing topic modeling, eight topics were derived as ethical issues of decision-making for treatment withdrawal, symptom management to improve the quality of life, development of end-of-life knowledge education programs, life-sustaining care plan for elderly patients, home-based hospice, communication experience, patient symptom investigation, and an analysis of considering patient preferences. This study is meaningful as it analyzed a large amount of existing literature and considered the main trends of end-of-life care and nursing research based on the core subject control and semantic structure.

Assessment of Public Perception Regarding Patient Engagement for Patient Safety in Korea.

OBJECTIVES: This study conducted a survey to examine how the general public in Korea perceives patient engagement for patient safety and to identify vulnerable groups and contents priorities of patient engagement education for the general public. METHODS: We developed a questionnaire based on previous studies and conducted one-on-one interviews with 600 individuals from the public. Then, we conducted descriptive statistical analyses (i.e., frequency, percentage, and averages) on the questionnaire items. Furthermore, we examined the individual differences of participants' sociodemographic characteristics in their responses to the questionnaire. RESULTS: The general public's awareness regarding accreditation programs for healthcare organizations was still low (47.4%). Nearly 60% of participants said that they did not agree with the practice of telling their own names and dates of birth before treatment. Approximately 80% of the participants would not ask medical staff to confirm washing their hands. Only half of the participants were aware of medical dispute mediation and arbitration programs. Nearly 90% of the participants agreed that patient safety is important. However, on participants' confidence in making the correct choice and safety in their treatment, the average score was 68.7 of 100 points. Participants tended to be less confident about engaging in patient safety activities if they were older, less educated, or had poor health status. CONCLUSIONS: Participants in this study believed that patient safety is an important issue, but they were not confident about choosing the correct medical institution or about receiving safe treatment.

Perception Gaps of Disclosure of Patient Safety Incidents Between Nurses and the General Public in Korea.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore nurses' perceptions regarding disclosure of patient safety incidents. METHODS: An anonymous online survey was conducted, and results were compared with those of the general public using the same questionnaire in a previous study. RESULTS: Among 689 nurses, 96.8% of nurses felt major errors should be disclosed to patients or their caregivers, but only 67.5% felt disclosure of medical errors should be mandatory. In addition, 58.5% of nurses were concerned that disclose will increase the incidence of medical lawsuits. More than two-thirds of nurses felt such discloses will reduce feelings of guilt associated with a patient safety incident. Only 51.1% of nurses, but 93.3% of the public, felt near misses should be disclosed to patients. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses generally had a positive attitude toward disclosure of patient safety incidents, but they preferred it less than the general public. To reduce this gap, legal and nonlegal measures will need to be implemented. Furthermore, it is necessary to continue monitoring the gap by regularly assessing perceptions of disclosure of patient safety incidents among health care professionals and the general public.

Impact of Patient Safety Incidents Reported by the General Public in Korea.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to investigate the impacts of patient safety incident (PSI) experienced by the general public. METHODS: We conducted a self-administered online survey, in which we examined the following experiences of the patients and the caregivers: the level of harm induced by PSIs, difficulties due to PSIs, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and posttraumatic embitterment disorder, etc. A χ2 test was performed to identify differences in difficulties because of the direct and indirect experience of PSIs. A 1-way analysis of variance was performed to identify the differences in the total PTSD and posttraumatic embitterment disorder scores according to the characteristics of PSIs. RESULTS: Of the survey participants who indirectly experienced PSIs, 27.2% and 29.3% reported that they experienced sleep disorder and eating disorder, respectively. However, of the participants who directly experienced PSIs, 40.7% and 42.6% reported experiencing sleep disorder and eating disorder, respectively. The average PTSD scores of the participants who experienced permanent disability and death were 83.8 points for less than 6 months of elapsed time since the incident, 80.8 points for 6 months to less than 5 years, and 94.7 points for 5 years or more; they did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference (P = 0.217). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that the general public who experienced PSIs have numerous difficulties at the time of the incident and the trauma or the resentment of the general public does not quickly regress even if time passes.

A Study on the Status and Contributory Factors of Adverse Events Due to Negligence in Nursing Care.

BACKGROUND: Patient safety issues in medical institutions have received worldwide attention. Nurses play a pivotal role in providing health care at the bedside and the interception of adverse events (AEs). A knowledge of contributory factors for these AEs is vital to individuals, institutional procedures, and also national policy. The goals of this study are to analyze medical litigation related to nursing practice and to determine the most common contributory factors of AEs due to negligence in nursing care. METHODS: A qualitative content analysis was conducted for AEs related to nursing care to determine the general characteristics and contributory factors. The contributory factors for each case were examined using a modified version of the Yorkshire Contributory Factors Framework. RESULTS: The most common types of AEs in nursing involved surgeries, procedures/interventions, and medications. The analysis also revealed that situational factors and communication and culture factors contributed most to AEs. Individual staff factors and staff training and education were the most frequent subfactors contributing to AEs. CONCLUSIONS: Adverse events were associated with various contributory factors that varied according to AE type. Thus, strategies need to be developed based on the understanding of these contributory factors related to the different AE types so that comprehensive approaches to improving patient safety and quality of nursing care can be implemented.

Nurses' experiences of patient safety incidents in Korea: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the scope and severity of the second victim problem among nurses by examining the experiences and effects of patient safety incidents (PSIs) on them. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: 492 nurses who had experienced PSIs and provide direct care in South Korean medical institutions. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study with anonymous online self-report questionnaires was conducted to nurses in order to examine the experiences and effects of PSIs. Scales measuring post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and post-traumatic embitterment disorder (PTED) were used for a more quantitative examination of the effects of PSIs. A χ2 test was administered to find any difference in responses to difficulties due to PSIs between the direct and indirect experience of PSIs. Furthermore, linear regression analysis was conducted to investigate the factors related to scores on the PTSD and PTED scales. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was observed for participants who reported having experienced sleeping disorders, with those with direct experience showing 42.4% sleeping disorders and indirect experience at 21.0%. Also, there was a statistically significant difference between the 34.3% with direct experience and the 22.1% with indirect experience regarding having considered duty or job changes (resignation). Regression analysis showed total PTSD scores for indirect experience at 11.97 points (95% CI: -17.31 to -6.63), lower than direct experience. Moreover, those who thought the medical error was not involved in PSI had a total PTED score 4.39 points (95% CI: -7.23 to -1.55) lower than those who thought it was involved. CONCLUSIONS: A considerable number of nurses experienced psychological difficulties due to PSIs at levels that could interfere with their work. The effect of PSIs on nurses with direct experience of PSIs was greater compared with those with indirect experience. There need to be psychological support programmes for nurses to alleviate the negative effects of PSIs.

Korean physicians' perceptions regarding disclosure of patient safety incidents: A cross-sectional study.

The present study investigated physicians' perceptions regarding the need for, effects of, and barriers to disclosure of patient safety incidents (DPSI). An anonymous online questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate physicians' perception regarding DPSI, in particular of when DPSI was needed in various situations and of methods for facilitating DPSI. Physicians' perceptions were then compared to the general public's perceptions regarding DPSI identified in a previous study. A total of 910 physicians participated. Most participants (94.9%) agreed that any serious medical error should be disclosed to patients and their caregivers, whereas only 39.8% agreed that even near-miss errors, which did not cause harm to patients, should be disclosed. Among the six known effects of DPSI presented, participating physicians showed the highest level of agreement (89.6%) that "DPSI will lead physicians to pay more attention to patient safety in the future." Among six barriers to DPSI, participants showed the most agreement (75.9%) that "It is unreasonable to demand DPSI in only the medical field, and disclosure is not actively conducted in other fields." With respect to methods for facilitating DPSI, participants agreed that "A guideline for DPSI is needed" (91.2%) and "Manpower to support DPSI in hospitals is required" (89.1%). Meanwhile, 79.3% agreed that "If an apology law is enacted, physicians will perform more DPSI" and 72.4% that "I support the introduction of an apology law." Korean physicians generally have a positive perception of DPSI, but less than the general public.

Physicians' Difficulties Due to Patient Safety Incidents in Korea: a Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Medical professionals who experience patient safety incidents (PSIs) are vulnerable to emotional pain and other difficulties; such individuals are referred to as "second victims." This study quantitatively examines the characteristics of physicians' experiences of PSIs, along with the consequent difficulties and levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and post-traumatic embitterment disorder (PTED) regarding the events. METHODS: An anonymous, self-report online survey was administered to physicians. This collected information regarding PSI characteristics (e.g., type, severity of harm) and impact (e.g., sleep disorder, consideration of career change), as well as participants' socio-demographic characteristics. Meanwhile, to quantitatively assess PSI impacts, PTSD and PTED scales were also administered. PSI characteristics and impacts were analyzed using frequency analysis, and the differing effects of indirect and direct PSI experience regarding consequent difficulties were analyzed using chi-square tests. Factors associated with PTSD and PTED scores were identified using linear regression. RESULTS: Of 895 physicians, 24.6% and 24.0% experienced PSI-induced sleep disorder and eating disorder, respectively. Moreover, 38.9% reported being overly cautious in subsequent similar situations, and 12.6% had considered changing jobs or career. Sleep disorder was significantly more common among participants who directly experienced a PSI (32.8%) than among those with indirect experience (15.3%; P < 0.001). Linear regression showed that indirectly involved physicians had a lower mean PTSD score (by 8.44; 95% confidence interval, -12.28 to -4.60) than directly involved physicians. CONCLUSION: This study found that many physicians experience PSI-induced physical symptoms and behavioral responses, and that the severity of these symptoms varies depending on the type of incident and degree of harm involved. Our findings can provoke more active discussion regarding programs for supporting second victims, and can also encourage the establishing of a system for addressing PSIs that have already occurred, such as through disclosure of PSIs.