Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of checkpoint blockade response in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents have transformed the treatment landscape of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To expand our understanding of the molecular features underlying response to checkpoint inhibitors in NSCLC, we describe here the first joint analysis of the Stand Up To Cancer-Mark Foundation cohort, a resource of whole exome and/or RNA sequencing from 393 patients with NSCLC treated with anti-PD-(L)1 therapy, along with matched clinical response annotation. We identify a number of associations between molecular features and outcome, including (1) favorable (for example, ATM altered) and unfavorable (for example, TERT amplified) genomic subgroups, (2) a prominent association between expression of inducible components of the immunoproteasome and response and (3) a dedifferentiated tumor-intrinsic subtype with enhanced response to checkpoint blockade. Taken together, results from this cohort demonstrate the complexity of biological determinants underlying immunotherapy outcomes and reinforce the discovery potential of integrative analysis within large, well-curated, cancer-specific cohorts.

Expediting Comprehensive Molecular Analysis to Optimize Initial Treatment of Lung Cancer Patients With Minimal Smoking History.

INTRODUCTION: Lung cancer patients with tumors harboring actionable alterations can achieve very durable responses to first-line targeted therapy. However, identifying targetable alterations using next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a complex and time-intensive process. As actionable genetic alterations are enriched in lung cancers arising in patients with limited smoking history, we designed a workflow to expedite NGS testing for this group. METHODS: We developed a protocol to allow for next-day extraction of nucleic acids from frozen tissue. Specimens were designated as high priority during sequencing. We determined the interval between biopsy and NGS results to evaluate whether the workflow reduced the pre-analytical period and in-laboratory turnaround time and allowed for rapid initiation of genotype-matched therapy. RESULTS: Between January 2017 and May 2018, 21 patients participated in the expedited sequencing program. The median interval between biopsy and NGS results was 10.7 days. Six patients received results within 1 week of biopsy. Performing molecular analysis on frozen tissue and prioritizing sequencing and analysis of these specimens reduced the pre-analytical period from 3.5 to 1.3 days (p < 0.0001) and shortened in-laboratory turnaround time by 3 days (11.8 versus 8.4 business days, p < 0.0001). Ninety-three percent of patients with an actionable molecular alteration received first-line targeted therapy. The median time-to-initiation of treatment was 19.7 days from biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: Sequencing and analyzing nucleic acids from frozen tissue is a practical strategy for shortening the time to matched therapy. The significant advantage of upfront treatment with targeted therapies in subsets of lung cancer patients provides rationale for developing workflows that accelerate comprehensive molecular analysis.

Beyond Cartilage Repair: The Role of the Osteochondral Unit in Joint Health and Disease.

IMPACT STATEMENT: In this comprehensive review, we are providing a holistic overview of osteochondral tissue development, disease, pain localization, as well as structural evaluation and current repair strategies. This review is intended to serve as a broad introduction to this multidisciplinary research area. It is a thorough examination of the biological aspects of the osteochondral unit from a tissue engineering perspective, highlighting the importance of the subchondral bone in chondral and osteochondral lesion repair and pain relief.

Increased Hepatotoxicity Associated with Sequential Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor and Crizotinib Therapy in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are standard therapies in advanced NSCLC. Although genotype-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitors represent the standard of care for subsets of oncogene-driven NSCLC, patients may receive ICIs during their disease course. The impact of sequential ICI and tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy on the risk of hepatotoxicity has not been described. METHODS: Patients with advanced ALK receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK)-driven, ROS1-driven, or MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (MET)-driven NSCLC treated with crizotinib, with or without preceding ICI therapy, were identified. The cumulative incidences of crizotinib-associated grade 3 or higher increases in transaminase level (per the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0) were compared. RESULTS: We identified 453 patients who had NSCLC with an oncogenic alteration in ALK receptor tyrosine kinase gene (ALK), ROS1, or MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase gene (MET) and were treated with crizotinib (11 with and 442 without prior ICI therapy). Among the 11 patients treated with an ICI followed by crizotinib, five (cumulative incidence 45.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 14.9-72.2]) experienced development of a grade 3 or 4 increase in alanine transaminase level and four (cumulative incidence 36.4% [95% CI: 10.0-64.2]) experienced development of a grade 3 or 4 increase in aspartate transaminase level. In comparison, among the 442 patients who received crizotinib only, a grade 3 or 4 increase in alanine transaminase level occurred in 34 patients (cumulative incidence 8.1% [95% CI: 5.7-11.0, p < 0.0001]) and a grade 3 or 4 increase in aspartate transaminase level occurred in 14 (cumulative incidence 3.4% [95% CI: 1.9-5.5, p < 0.0001]). There were no grade 5 transaminitis events. All cases of hepatotoxicity after sequential ICI and crizotinib use were reversible and nonfatal, and no case met the Hy's law criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Sequential ICI and crizotinib treatment is associated with a significantly increased risk of hepatotoxicity. Careful consideration and monitoring for hepatotoxicity may be warranted in patients treated with crizotinib after ICI therapy.

Progeny of old parents have increased social space in Drosophila melanogaster.

We report the effects of aging and parental age in Drosophila melanogaster on two types of responses to social cues: the choice of preferred social spacing in an undisturbed group and the response to the Drosophila stress odorant (dSO) emitted by stressed flies. The patterns of changes during aging were notably different for these two social responses. Flies were initially closer in space and then became further apart. However, the pattern of change in response to dSO followed a more typical decline in performance, similarly to changes in locomotion. Interestingly, the increased social space of old parents, as well as their reduced performance in avoiding dSO, was passed on to their progeny, such that young adults adopted the behavioural characteristic of their old parents. While the response to social cues was inherited, the changes in locomotion were not. We were able to scale the changes in the social space of parents and their progeny by accelerating or decelerating the physiological process of aging by increasing temperatures and exposure to oxidative stress, or via caloric restriction, respectively. Finally, when we aged only one parent, only the male progeny of old fathers and the progeny of very old mothers were more distant.