Parental supporter during pediatric resuscitation: Qualitative exploration of caregivers' and healthcare professionals' experiences and perceptions.

BACKGROUND: Child resuscitation is a critical and stressful time for family caregivers and healthcare professionals. The aim of this study was to explore caregivers' and healthcare professionals' experiences and perceptions of a parental supporter during pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation to provide guidance to healthcare professionals on supporting parents and other family caregivers during resuscitation. METHODS: This study used an exploratory descriptive qualitative approach. The setting was two large referral pediatric governmental hospitals. Participants were 17 caregivers who had experienced their child's resuscitation, and 13 healthcare professionals who served on resuscitation teams in emergency rooms or intensive care wards. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted and data were analyzed using thematic analysis. COREQ guidelines were followed. RESULTS: Participants shared their experiences and perceptions of a parental supporter during pediatric resuscitation in three themes: 1) Requirement for the presence of a parental supporter, 2) Expectations of the parental supporter, and 3) Characteristics of the parental supporter. CONCLUSIONS: Study findings highlight the need for a parental supporter during pediatric resuscitation; however, there is no defined parental supporter role in current guiding policies due to limited research on this role. More research on the parental supporter role is needed so effective policies and protocols can be developed to enhance family-centered care practices in pediatric emergency and acute care settings.

Catalytic asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation of unprotected indoles with nitroalkenes using a novel chiral Yb(OTf)3-pybox complex.

Chiral chloro-indeno pybox has served as a new ligand for the Yb(OTf)3-catalyzed asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction of indoles with nitroalkenes. The tunable nature of pybox ligands enables the rational design of catalysts for optimal performance in terms of both activity and stereoselectivity in a Friedel-Crafts-type reaction. Good to excellent yields and enantioselectivities were obtained for a relatively wide range of substrates, including sterically hindered compounds, under optimized reaction conditions.

Control of selectivity in the preparation of 2-substituted benzoazoles by adjusting the surface hydrophobicity in two solid-based sulfonic acid catalysts.

A series of metal-free tandem reactions for the synthesis of pharmaceutically important 2-substituted benzoazoles from isothiocyanates and 2-aminothiophenol under catalyst-free conditions in the presence of Et-PMO-Me-PrSO3H (1a) and SBA-15-PrSO3H (1b) as solid acids were carried out in a highly selective way under solvent free conditions. A significant selectivity changeover toward either 2-mercaptobenzoxazole or 2-aminobenzoazole derivatives could be achieved by changing the employed catalyst from the relatively hydrophobic material 1a to the more hydrophilic catalyst 1b. This simple experimental procedure with a novel selective approach toward benzoazoles accompanied by green and reusable catalysts could be considered as an alternative to the existing methods for the synthesis of 2-substituted benzoazole derivatives.

Insight into the role of nitrogen in N-doped ordered mesoporous carbons for the spontaneous non-covalent attachment and electrografting of redox-active materials.

The role of nitrogen functional groups in nitrogen-doped ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs) toward the spontaneous non-covalent and electrografting was investigated using two home-made ionic liquid-derived ordered mesoporous carbons having different nitrogen concentrations (guanine-rich ionic liquid-derived ordered mesoporous carbon (GIOMC) and ionic liquid-derived ordered mesoporous carbon (IOMC)). The carbonaceous materials were fabricated by the carbonization of a mixture of ionic liquid (1-methyl-3-phenethyl-1H-imidazolium hydrogen sulfate) as a carbon source using SBA-15 as a hard template. Guanine was used during the carbonization of GIOMC as a nitrogen source. The electrode was modified with either GIOMC or IOMC followed by electrochemical surface functionalization with a few electro-active precursors as redox-active molecular models bearing different substituents and electronic properties. The high surface coverage of 5.6(±0.3) × 10-9 mol cm-2 for 4,4-biphenol was obtained for the GIOMC-modified electrode. We seek to explain whether the nitrogen content could indeed exert a dramatic impact on loading electroactive species on the electrode surface. The non-covalent anchoring studies indicated that at higher pH values the loading of electro-active moieties was significantly influenced by the content of nitrogen on the employed OMCs. The adsorption capacity (mg g-1) of the OMCs was studied for catechol as a typical electro-active species in the range of 0.050-0.165 mg ml-1. The adsorption capacity of 0.11 mg g-1 catechol was 42(±4) and 26(±3) mg g-1 for GIOMC and IOMC, respectively. In addition, our observations revealed that electro-grafting efficiency via diazonium ion was restricted by the protonation of nitrogen in the reaction media. Further, the fabricated redox-active/N-doped OMC electrodes showed sensitivity to pH, which was accompanied by either a Nernstian shift of the redox peak potentials (60(±3) mV per pH) in the pH range of 2-13 in the buffer solutions or variations of the redox peak currents (9.7(±0.3) µA per pH) in the pH range of 1-5.5 in the unbuffered situations. The resulting electrodes as voltammetric pH probes showed a simple response to pH in both buffer and unbuffered solutions. In addition, we introduced the fabricated electrode as a zero-gap generator/collector electrode system using a single electrode to recognize proton-dependent electron transfer from the proton-independent electrode process by detecting pH changes quite close to the surface of the electrode. The detailed descriptions are outlined.

Preparation of a Dual-Functionalized Acid-Base Macroporous Polymer via High Internal Phase Emulsion Templating as a Reusable Catalyst for One-Pot Deacetalization-Henry Reaction.

A macroporous dual-functional acid-base covalent organic polymer catalyst poly(St-VBC)-NH2-SO3H was prepared using high internal phase emulsion polymerization using vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC), styrene (St), and divinylbenzene (DVB) as substrates toluene as a porogenic solvent, and subsequent modification with ethylenediamine and 1,3-propane sultone. The role of various amounts of toluene as the porogenic solvent as well as the amount of 1,3-propane sultone (different ratio of acid/base sites) on the structure of the prepared materials have been carefully investigated. The prepared materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), CHNS elemental analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), elemental mapping, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and thermalgravimetric analysis (TGA). The catalytic activity of the poly(St-VBC)-NH2-SO3H series with different acid/base densities was assessed for one-pot cascade C-C bond-forming reactions involving deacetylation-Henry reactions. The poly(St-VBC)-NH2-SO3H(20) sample bearing 1.82 mmol/g of N (base site) and 1.16 mmol/g (acid site) showed the best catalytic activity. The catalyst demonstrated superior activity compared to the homogeneous catalysts, poly(St-DVB)-SO3H+EDA, poly(St-VBC)-NH2+chlorosulfonic acid, and poly(St-DVB)-SO3H+poly(St-VBC)-NH2 as the catalyst system. The optimized catalyst showed excellent catalytic performance with 100% substrate conversion and 100% yield of the final product in the one-pot production of ß-nitrostyrene from benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal under cascade reactions comprising acid-catalyzed deacetalization and base-catalyzed Henry reactions. It was shown that these catalysts were reusable for up to four consecutive runs with a very slight loss of activity. The excellent performance of the catalyst was attributed to the excellent chemical and physical properties of the developed support since it provides an elegant route for preparing site-isolated acid-base dual heterogenized functional groups and preventing their deactivation via chemical neutralization.

Plugged bifunctional periodic mesoporous organosilica as a high-performance solid phase microextraction coating for improving extraction efficiency of chlorophenols in different matrices.

In this study, a sensitive solid phase microextraction (SPME) coating was developed based on two kinds of plugged and non-plugged bifunctional periodic mesoporous organosilicas (BFPMO) with ionic liquid and ethyl units. The extraction efficiency of all plugged and unplugged sorbents was investigated for the extraction of chlorophenols (CPs) in water and honey samples by emphasizing the effect of different physicochemical properties. The separation and determination of the CPs was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extraction results showed that plugged BFPMO coating exhibited outstanding enrichment ability for the extraction of CPs as model analytes with different polarities. This can be attributed to a valuable hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance in the mesochanels of the plugged BFPMO, which is the result of the combination of plug technology and bridged organic groups. Low limits of detection in the range of 5-70 ng L-1, wide linearity, and good reproducibility (RSD = 8.1-10.1 % for n = 6) under the optimized extraction conditions were achieved. Finally, the BFPMOs coated fiber was successfully used for determination of CPs in real water samples. The relative recoveries for the five CPs were in the range of 92.3-104.0 %, which proved the applicability of the method.

Aerobic oxidation and oxidative esterification of alcohols through cooperative catalysis under metal-free conditions.

The ABNO@PMO-IL-Br material obtained by anchoring 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-3-one N-oxyl (keto-ABNO) within the mesopores of periodic mesoporous organosilica with bridged imidazolium groups is a robust bifunctional catalyst for the metal-free aerobic oxidation of numerous primary and secondary alcohols under oxygen balloon reaction conditions. The catalyst, furthermore, can be successfully employed in the first metal-free self-esterification of primary aliphatic alcohols affording valued esters.

Synergistic catalysis within core-shell Fe3O4@SiO2 functionalized with triethylene glycol (TEG)-imidazolium ionic liquid and tetramethylpiperidine N-oxyl (TEMPO) boosting selective aerobic oxidation of alcohols.

HYPOTHESIS: It is expected that incorporation of 2, 2, 6, 6-tetra-methyl piperidine-N-oxyl radical (TEMPO) and an imidazolium bromide bearing hydrophilic triethylene glycol (TEG) groups on Fe3O4@SiO2 core-shell may not only result in a novel highly water-dispersible/magnetically separable multi-functional catalyst system for metal-free aerobic oxidation of alcohols, which operates through a synergistic relay pathway, but it could potentially provide a strong platform for simultaneous separation and recycling of all components. EXPERIMENTS: The catalyst was prepared by anchoring TEMPO moieties onto a magnetic core-shell Fe3O4@SiO2 functionalized with an ionic liquid bearing TEG groups. The materials was characterized using transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, thermal gravimetric analysis, and elemental analysis. The performance of the catalyst was evaluated and quantitatively measured in the aerobic oxidation of alcohols in water. FINDINGS: The catalyst exhibited excellent and stable colloidal dispersion in water and high performance in the aerobic oxidation of various types of alcohols under metal- and halogen-free reaction conditions. As hypothesized, strong synergistic effect between functionalized components was seen in the described reaction. The catalyst displayed excellent dual-adjustable-selectivity in the oxidation of primary alcohols to either the corresponding aldehydes or carboxylic acids by tuning the reaction solvent and/or reaction time and excellent recycling behavior through a "double-separation-strategy".

Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols Catalyzed by in Situ Generated Gold Nanoparticles inside the Channels of Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica with Ionic Liquid Framework.

In situ generated gold nanoparticles inside the nanospaces of periodic mesoporous organosilica with an imidazolium framework (Au@PMO-IL) were found to be highly active, selective, and reusable catalysts for the aerobic oxidation of activated and nonactivated alcohols under mild reaction conditions. The catalyst was characterized by nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurement, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), elemental analysis (EA), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic activity in the presence of either Cs2CO3 (35 °C) or K2CO3 (60 °C) as reaction bases in toluene as a reaction solvent. Under both reaction conditions, various types of alcohols (up to 35 examples) including activated benzylic, primary and secondary aliphatic, heterocyclic, and challenging cyclic aliphatic alcohols converted to the expected carbonyl compounds in good to excellent yields and selectivity. The catalyst was also recovered and reused for at least seven reaction cycles. Data from three independent leaching tests indicated that amounts of leached gold particles were negligible (<0.2 ppm). It is believed that the combination of bridged imidazolium groups and confined nanospaces of PMO-IL might be a major reason explaining the remarkable stabilization and homogeneous distribution of in situ generated gold nanoparticles, thus resulting in the highly active and recyclable catalyst system.

Palladium supported on a novel ordered mesoporous polypyrrole/carbon nanocomposite as a powerful heterogeneous catalyst for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols to carboxylic acids and ketones on water.

Preparation of an ordered mesoporous polypyrrole/carbon (PPy/OMC) composite has been described through a two-step nanocasting process using KIT-6 as a template. Characterization of the PPy/OMC nanocomposite by various analysis methods such as TEM, XRD, TGA, SEM and N2 sorption confirmed the preparation of a material with ordered mesoporous structure, uniform pore size distribution, high surface area and high stability. This nanocomposite was then used for the immobilization of palladium nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were almost uniformly distributed on the support with a narrow particle size of 20-25 nm, confirmed by various analysis methods. Performance of the Pd@PPy/OMC catalyst was evaluated in the aerobic oxidation of various primary and secondary alcohols on water as a green solvent, giving the corresponding carboxylic acids and ketones in high yields and excellent selectivity. The catalyst could also be reused for at least 10 reaction runs without losing its catalytic activity and selectivity. High catalytic efficiency of the catalyst can be attributed to a strong synergism between the PPy/OMC and that of supported Pd nanoparticles.

Robust non-covalent and covalent anchored N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine derivative on electrode surface via spontaneous physical immobilization and in situ generated aryldiazonium ion electro-grafting: implication for on-surface chemistry and electro-catalytic determinations.

The two-electron oxidation of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) results in highly unstable TMPD2+ in aqueous solutions. Despite its low redox potential, TMPD2+/TMPD couple is not considered as a suitable charge transfer functional group to modify the electrode due to instability of TMPD2+ in aqueous solutions. The main focus of the present paper is to fabricate an efficient redox-active electrode by coupling TMPD with 4-nitroaniline to be utilized for on-surface chemistry. The nitro functional group in the coupling product N2,N2,N5,N5-tetramethyl-4'-nitro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,5-diamine (MNPD) was reduced electrochemically to the corresponding amino derivative (MAPD). The oxidized form of MAPD (MAPD2+) exhibited high stability as well as low reduction potential in aqueous solutions. A redox active electrode was designed via the immobilization of the electro-generated MAPD onto a nanofibrillated mesoporous carbon (IFMC) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The redox signal increased several folds with the deposition of IFMC onto glassy carbon electrode compared to bare GCE. Two functionalization routes, electro-grafting and spontaneous physical immobilization, were examined for the attachment of the redox species to the electrode surface. In the first approach, electro-grafting was attained via the electrochemical reduction of MNPD in the presence of sodium nitrite to produce diazonium ions in situ. The redox centers covalently grafted to the surface showed dense deposition and appreciable stability. In the second route, spontaneous adsorption was performed by the same strategy of electro-grafting in the absence of sodium nitrite. In this case, the hydrophobic nanofiber structure of IFMC was capable of robustly trapping MAPD. The anchored MAPD shows high reactivity in Michael addition reactions in ultrafast reaction times. The post-functionalization of the electrodes was easily performed by the oxidation of the redox centers in the presence of species with nucleophilic properties at the electrode/electrolyte interface. In addition, both the constructed electrodes are introduced as suitable mediators in electro-catalytic implications because of their reversibility, stability, and low oxidation potential. The electro-catalytic activity of the electrodes was established for the indirect electrochemical oxidation of homocysteine as a typical substrate.

Imidazolium-based mesoporous organosilicas with bridging organic groups for microextraction by packed sorbent of phenoxy acid herbicides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorophenols.

The authors describe the preparation of two kinds of periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs). The first kind is monofunctional and has a bridged alkyl imidazolium framework (PMO-IL). The other is a two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal bifunctional periodic mesoporous organosilica (BFPMO) with bridged IL-phenyl or -ethyl units. The CPMOs were utilized as highly sensitive and stable sorbents for microextraction by packed sorbent. The materials were characterized by SEM, TEM, FT-IR, and N2 adsorption-desorption analysis. The adsorption capacities of the sorbents were investigated by using phenoxy acid herbicides as model analytes. The effects of bifunctionality and type of additional surface groups (phenyl or ethyl) on the efficiency of the extraction is emphasized. Three kinds of environmental contaminants, viz. phenoxy acid herbicides (CPAs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorophenols were then studied with respect to their extraction by the sorbents. The interactions between the CPAs and the sorbents were evaluated by pH-changing processes to explore the interactions that play a major role. The selectivity of the sorbents was investigated by extraction of other types of analytes of with various polarity and charge. The BFPMOs display the typical good chemical stability of silica materials. The extraction properties are much better compared to commercial silicas. This is assumed to be due to the highly ordered mesoporous structures and the different types of probable interactions with analytes. The performance of the method was evaluated by extraction of CPAs as model analytes from aqueous samples, and quantification by GC with FID detection. Under optimized conditions, low limits of detection (0.1-0.5 µg.L-1) and a wide linearity (0.5-200 µg.L-1) were obtained. The method was applied to the trace analysis of CPAs in farm waters and rice samples. Graphical abstract Monofunctional periodic mesoporous organosilica with bridged alkyl imidazolium frameworks and bi-functional periodic mesoporous organosilica containing bridged ionic liquids and phenyl or -ethyl, have been successfully synthesized and utilized in microextractions by packed sorbent sorbents.

A supported manganese complex with amine-bis(phenol) ligand for catalytic benzylic C(sp3)-H bond oxidation.

With regards to the importance of direct and selective activation of C-H bonds in oxidation processes, we develop a supported manganese amine bis(phenol) ligand complex as a novel catalyst with the aim of obtaining valuable products such as carboxylic acids and ketones that have an important role in life, industry and academic laboratories. We further analyzed and characterized the catalyst using the HRTEM, SEM, FTIR, TGA, VSM, XPS, XRD, AAS, and elemental analysis (CHN) techniques. Also, the catalytic evaluation of our system for direct oxidation of benzylic C-H bonds under solvent-free condition demonstrated that the heterogeneous form of our catalyst has high efficiency in comparison with homogeneous ones due to more stability of the supported complex. Furthermore, the structural and morphological stability of our efficient recyclable catalytic system has been investigated and all of the data proved that the complex was firmly anchored to the magnetite nanoparticles.

Determination and analysis of volatile components from Thymus kotschyanus Boiss with a new solid-phase microextraction fibre and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation by periodic mesoporous organosilica based on alkylimidazolium ionic liquid.

INTRODUCTION: Research on the volatile oil composition of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss was conducted by applying mesoporous organosilica based on alkylimidazolium ionic liquid (PMO-IL) as a fibre coating material via a method referred to as microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction (MA-HS-SPME). METHODOLOGY: This technique entails microwave irradiation of the sample and collection of the volatile sample components. These components are further introduced into a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) injection port for further analysis. A simplex method was used for the optimisation of three different parameters affecting the efficiency of the extraction. CONCLUSION: The MA-HS-SPME method proved to be the most suitable technique in oil determination and extraction from Thymus kotschyanus owing to its advantageous aspects of cost effectiveness, simplicity and solvent independence.

Au-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles supported on a high nitrogen-rich ordered mesoporous carbon as an efficient catalyst for room temperature Ullmann coupling of aryl chlorides in aqueous media.

An ionic liquid derived highly nitrogen-rich mesoporous carbon supported Au-Pd alloy was found to be an efficient and recyclable catalyst for the Ullmann coupling reaction of various aryl chlorides at room temperature in aqueous media.

Propylsulfonic acid-anchored isocyanurate-based periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO-ICS-Pr-SO3H): A new and highly efficient recoverable nanoporous catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of bis(indolyl)methane derivatives.

A new propylsulfonic acid-anchored isocyanurate bridging periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO-ICS-Pr-SO3H) was prepared and shown to be a highly efficient recyclable nanoporous catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of bis(indolyl)methane derivatives in good to excellent yields from indole and different aldehydes in EtOH under mild reaction conditions in short reaction times. Moreover, the nanoporous catalyst was recovered and reused at least four times without significant decrease in its catalytic activity. The PMO-ICS-Pr-SO3H catalyst was characterizred by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms techniques as well as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Compared to the classical methodologies, this method illustrated significant advantages including low loading of the catalyst, high to excellent yields, short reaction times, avoiding the use of toxic transition metals or reactive reagents for modification of the catalytic activity, easy separation and purification of the products, and reusability of the catalyst.

Highly ordered mesoporous organosilica-titania with ionic liquid framework as very efficient nanocatalyst for green oxidation of alcohols.

Preparation, characterization and catalytic application of a novel ordered mesoporous organosilica-titania with ionic liquid framework (ILNOS-Ti) is developed. The ILNOS-Ti was prepared by surfactant directed simultaneous hydrolysis and condensation of alkyl-imidazolium ionic liquid and tetramethoxysilane followed by treatment with tetra-tert-butylorthotitanate (TBOT) under moderate conditions. The chemical and physical properties of the material were investigated using TG, EDX, DRIFT, TEM, SEM, small angle XRD and nitrogen adsorption-desorption analyses. The ILNOS-Ti was applied as efficient nanocatalyst for the green oxidation of alcohols in the presence of hydrogen peroxide under mild conditions. The corresponding carbonyl products were obtained in high yield. The stability, recoverability and reusability of the designed nanocatalyst were also studied under applied reaction conditions.

Electrochemical Alcohol Oxidation Mediated by TEMPO-like Nitroxyl Radicals.

The electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohols mediated by TEMPO-like nitroxyl radicals is an economically and industrially viable method that will shortly find commercial application in the synthesis of valued substances including active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), valued natural product derivatives, fine chemicals, and valued nanomaterials.

Novel Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Based Sulfonic Acid as an Efficient Catalyst in the Selective Dehydration of Fructose into 5-HMF: the Role of Solvent and Surface Chemistry.

Novel ionic liquid derived ordered mesoporous carbons functionalized with sulfonic acid groups IOMC-ArSO3H and GIOMC-ArSO3H were prepared, characterized, and examined in the dehydration reaction of fructose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) both in aqueous and nonaqueous systems. To study and correlate the surface properties of these carbocatalysts and some other SBA-15 typed solid acids with 5-HMF yield, hydrophilicity index (H-index) were employed in the fructose dehydration. Our study systematically declared that almost a criterion may be expected for application of solid acids in which by increasing H-index value up to 0.8 the HMF yield enhances accordingly. More increase in H-index up to 1.3 did not change the HMF yield profoundly. Although, it has been shown that the catalyst with larger H-index (∼1.3) resulted in higher activity both in aqueous and 2-propanol systems, during the recycling process deactivation occurs because of more water uptake and the catalysts with optimum amount of H-index (∼0.8) is more robust in the dehydration of fructose.

Fabrication of a nonenzymatic glucose sensor using Pd-nanoparticles decorated ionic liquid derived fibrillated mesoporous carbon.

A novel nonenzymatic sensor was developed for glucose detection by the use of ionic liquid derived fibrillated mesoporous carbon (IFMC) decorated with palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs). PdNPs were uniformly decorated on IFMC and then the prepared nano-hybrid material (Pd@IFMC) was drop cast on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode to fabricate a glucose sensor. The prepared Pd@IFMC showed excellent electrocatalytic activity towards glucose oxidation. An oxidation peak at about +0.40 V vs. Ag|AgCl|KClsat was observed for glucose on the fabricated sensor in alkaline solution. The oxidation peak current intensity was linear towards glucose in the concentration range between 1 and 55 mM (R(2) = 0.9958) with a detection limit of 0.2 mM. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for repetitive measurements (n = 6) of 5 mM of glucose was of 5.3%. The fabricated sensor showed a number of great features such as ease of fabrication, wide linear range, excellent reproducibility, satisfactory operational stability and outstanding resistance towards interfering species such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, dopamine, fructose and chloride.