Detecting young Japanese adults with undetected low skeletal bone density using panoramic radiographs.

OBJECTIVE: The cortical width below the mental foramen of the mandible determined from panoramic radiographs is a useful screening tool for identifying elderly individuals with a low skeletal bone mineral density (BMD). However, whether the mandible cortical width (MCW) is useful for identifying a low skeletal BMD in men and women of 40 years or younger is not known. METHODS: The BMD of the calcaneus was measured by ultrasonography bone densitometry in 158 men and 76 women aged 18-36 years. A logistic regression analysis adjusted for age was used to calculate the odds ratios and 95% confidence interval (CI) of having a low calcaneal BMD, according to the quartiles of the MCW. The areas under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) for identifying participants with a low calcaneal BMD using the MCW were assessed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the MCW. RESULTS: In men, the adjusted odds ratios of a low calcaneal BMD associated with the second, third and lowest quartiles of MCW were 5.66 (95% CI, 0.61-52.23), 5.43 (95% CI, 0.59-50.18) and 33.22 (95% CI, 3.97-276.94), respectively, compared with the highest quartile, while no significant trend in the adjusted odds ratios was observed in women. The AUC for identifying participants with a low calcaneal BMD based on the MCW was 0.796 (95% CI, 0.702-0.890) in men and 0.593 (95% CI, 0.398-0.788) in women. CONCLUSION: MCW determined from panoramic radiographs can be used to identify undetected low calcaneus BMD in young adult men, but not in young adult women.

Relationship between radiation dose reduction and image quality change in photostimulable phosphor luminescence X-ray imaging systems.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to clarify the change in image quality upon X-ray dose reduction and to re-analyse the possibility of X-ray dose reduction in photostimulable phosphor luminescence (PSPL) X-ray imaging systems. In addition, the study attempted to verify the usefulness of multiobjective frequency processing (MFP) and flexible noise control (FNC) for X-ray dose reduction. METHODS: Three PSPL X-ray imaging systems were used in this study. Modulation transfer function (MTF), noise equivalent number of quanta (NEQ) and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) were evaluated to compare the basic physical performance of each system. Subjective visual evaluation of diagnostic ability for normal anatomical structures was performed. The NEQ, DQE and diagnostic ability were evaluated at base X-ray dose, and 1/3, 1/10 and 1/20 of the base X-ray dose. RESULTS: The MTF of the systems did not differ significantly. The NEQ and DQE did not necessarily depend on the pixel size of the system. The images from all three systems had a higher diagnostic utility compared with conventional film images at the base and 1/3 X-ray doses. The subjective image quality was better at the base X-ray dose than at 1/3 of the base dose in all systems. The MFP and FNC-processed images had a higher diagnostic utility than the images without MFP and FNC. CONCLUSIONS: The use of PSPL imaging systems may allow a reduction in the X-ray dose to one-third of that required for conventional film. It is suggested that MFP and FNC are useful for radiation dose reduction.

Prior treatment with vitamin K(2) significantly improves the efficacy of risedronate.

UNLABELLED: Prior 8-week treatment with menatetrenone, MK-4, followed by 8-week risedronate prevented the shortcomings of individual drugs and significantly increased the strength of ovariectomized ICR mouse femur compared to the ovariectomized (OVX) controls. Neither MK-4 following risedronate nor the concomitant administration may be recommended because they brought the least beneficial effect. INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to determine the best combinatory administration of risedronate at 0.25 mg/kg/day (R) with vitamin K(2) at approximately 100 microg MK-4/kg/day (K) to improve strength of osteoporotic mouse bone. METHODS: Thirteen-week-old ICR mice, ovariectomized at 9-week, were treated for 8 weeks with R, K, or R plus K (R/K), and then, either the treatment was withdrawn (WO) or switched to K or R in the case of R and K. After another 8 weeks, the mice were killed, and mechanical tests and analyses of femur properties by peripheral quantitative computed tomography, microfocus X-ray tube computed tomography, and confocal laser Raman microspectroscopy were carried out. RESULTS: The K to R femur turned out superior in parameters tested such as material properties, bone mineral density, BMC, trabecular structure, and geometry of the cortex. The increased cross-sectional moment of inertia, which occurred after K withdrawal, was prevented by risedronate in K to R. In addition to K to R, some properties of R to WO diaphysis and K to WO epiphysis were significantly better than OVX controls. CONCLUSION: Prior treatment with MK-4 followed by risedronate significantly increased femur strength in comparison to the OVX controls.

Influence of prednisolone-induced osteoporosis on bone mass and bone quality of the mandible in rats.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of steroid treatment on the mandible. METHODS: We divided 24 male Fisher rats, aged 10 weeks, into 2 groups: a control group (n = 11) and a prednisolone (Pred) treatment group (n = 13). The dose for the Pred group was 40 mg kg(-1) and was administered orally three times per week for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, we measured bone mass, bone strength and trabecular structure of the mandible and femur. RESULTS: Pred treatment decreased cortical bone mineral content (BMC), cortical thickness, stress/strain index and tissue volume of the mandible. However, there were no marked changes in trabecular structure parameters. A strong correlation was seen between mandibular and femoral cortical BMC (r = 0.71). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that steroid treatment decreases the cortical BMC, bone area and bone strength of the mandible.

Evaluation of lengthened callus by callotasis with analysis of mathematical morphology.

BACKGROUND: Callotasis has become an established option for reconstruction of congenital anomalies and after resection of bone tumors. However, fracture after removal of the lengthener remains one of the most serious complications. Mathematical morphology is an image processing technique that allows the skeletal patterns of trabecular bone to be selectively extracted as binary images from computed radiographic (CR) images. We evaluated the strength of the lengthened callus by analysis using mathematical morphology and examined the utility of this method in a biomechanical study. METHODS: Three Japanese white rabbits per time point were euthanized at the 2-, 3-, 4-, 6-, and 8-week points after completion of the lengthening and were evaluated by CR images and analysis with mathematical morphology. RESULTS: The changes of the number and continuity of trabecular bone were obtained visually and could be evaluated quantitatively. In some cases corticalization appeared to be complete in the CR images, but it was not complete on the morphological images. Such cases were found to be weaker than those in which corticalization appeared to be complete on both CR and morphological images. CONCLUSION: Analysis with mathematical morphology is useful for evaluating the lengthened callus after callotasis.

Early detection of radiation-induced structural changes in rat trabecular bone.

OBJECTIVE: Early detection of bone changes following radiotherapy is very important. The aim of this study is to establish a radiographic image analysis method for early detection of radiation-induced trabecular bone changes. METHODS: Thirty-five Wistar rats were used for the experimental model of trabecular bone changes, which were induced by X-ray irradiation with 30 Gy to develop simulated osteomyelitis. Standardized 2.2 x direct magnification radiography was performed immediately prior to X-ray irradiation and once a week for 4 weeks following irradiation. The latent X-ray images were scanned using a computed radiography (CR) system. Mathematical morphological processing was then applied to the CR image data, which allowed the bone trabecular pattern features to be extracted as skeletal binary images. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting early trabecular bone changes in CR images and in skeletal binary images were evaluated. Quantitative analyses with quantum level value (QL value), skeletal pixel percentage (SKP) and star volume analysis (skeletal volume (Vsk), skeletal space volume (Vsp)) were performed. Histopathological examination was also conducted for confirmation of physical changes in the bone. RESULTS: Visual observation of the skeletal binary images provided a higher sensitivity than the CR images. In the quantitative analysis, SKP, Vsk and Vsp values provided higher sensitivity than QL values. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest that a combined radiographic image analysis method using CR, mathematical morphological processing, SKP, Vsk and Vsp can be useful for the early detection of radiation-induced trabecular bone changes.

Human SMG-1, a novel phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related protein kinase, associates with components of the mRNA surveillance complex and is involved in the regulation of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a conserved surveillance mechanism that eliminates imperfect mRNAs that contain premature translation termination codons (PTCs) and code for nonfunctional or potentially harmful polypeptides. We show that a novel phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related protein kinase, hSMG-1, is a human ortholog of a product of Caenorhabditis elegans smg-1, one of seven smg genes involved in NMD. hSMG-1 phosphorylates hUPF1/SMG-2 in vivo and in vitro at specific serine residues in SQ motifs. hSMG-1 can associate with hUPF1/SMG-2 and other components of the surveillance complex. In particular, overexpression of a kinase-deficient point mutant of hSMG-1, hSMG-1-DA, results in a marked suppression of the PTC-dependent beta-globin mRNA degradation; whereas that of wild-type hSMG-1 enhances it. We also show that inhibitors of hSMG-1 induce the accumulation of truncated p53 proteins in human cancer cell lines with p53 PTC mutation. Taken together, we conclude that hSMG-1 plays a critical role in NMD through the direct phosphorylation of hUPF1/SMG-2 in the evolutionally conserved mRNA surveillance complex.

Continuous perfusion of pulmonary arteries during total cardiopulmonary bypass favorably affects levels of circulating adhesion molecules and lung function.

OBJECTIVES: Lung injury is a serious complication of cardiopulmonary bypass in infants with congenital heart disease and pulmonary hypertension. Cessation of blood flow in the pulmonary arteries during cardiopulmonary bypass is known to provoke lung dysfunction. We assessed the effect of continuous pulmonary perfusion on circulating adhesion molecules and on lung function. METHODS: Fourteen infants with congenital heart disease and pulmonary hypertension were enrolled in the study. During total cardiopulmonary bypass, 8 patients underwent continuous perfusion of the pulmonary arteries (perfusion group), and the remaining 6 patients did not (control group). Plasma levels of circulating intercellular adhesion molecule 1, soluble granule membrane protein 140, and sialyl Lewis(x) and PaO (2)/fraction of inspired oxygen ratios were measured before commencement and serially for 24 hours after termination of bypass. RESULTS: Plasma levels of circulating intercellular adhesion molecule 1 decreased significantly at the termination of bypass in both groups but returned to prebypass levels immediately in the control group, whereas in the perfusion group the values remained significantly less than those before bypass. Plasma levels of soluble granule membrane protein 140 in the control group were significantly higher at 6 and 12 hours after bypass than levels before bypass, whereas in the perfusion group the values remained at the prebypass level throughout the postbypass period. Trends of plasma levels of sialyl Lewis(x) were alike in both groups. PaO (2)/fraction of inspired oxygen ratios in the control group decreased significantly from 6 hours after bypass, whereas values in the perfusion group remained at the prebypass value throughout the postbypass period. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that in infants having congenital heart disease and pulmonary hypertension, continuous pulmonary perfusion during total cardiopulmonary bypass minimizes ischemic insult and neutrophil-endothelial interaction mediated by adhesion molecules in the pulmonary microvessels.

[Isoproterenol stress test for the evaluation of the residual stenosis of the right ventricular outflow tract].

Hemodynamic changes of the right side of the heart during isoproterenol stress test were assessed and analyzed in 36 patients who underwent definitive repair of tetralogy of Fallot or double outlet right ventricle with pulmonary stenosis. Patients having atresia of the pulmonary artery were excluded from the study. 24 of the patients had previously undergone reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) with preserving the pulmonary valvar annulus (group N), whilst the remaining 12 patients had undergone transannular enlargement of RVOT with a patch (group T). Preservation of the pulmonary valvar annulus was determined when the intra-operative measurement of diameter of the pulmonary valvar annulus showed values greater than 90% of normal. In both groups, the isoproterenol infusion increased the right to left ventricular peak pressure (RVP/LVP) ratio, pressure gradient between the right ventricle and main pulmonary artery (RV-mPAP), and pressure gradient between the main pulmonary artery and peripheral pulmonary artery (m-pPAP). These values were significantly higher than those measured at rest. When comparisons were made between groups, RV-mPAP of group N was significantly higher than that of group T, both at rest and during stress test. By contrast, m-pPAP of group T was significantly higher than that of group N, both at rest and during stress test. Although no significant difference was found between the groups in RVP/LVP at rest and during stress test, RVP/LVP of both groups increased to the level of more than 0.6 after the isoproterenol infusion. These results led us to conclude that preservation of the pulmonary valvar annulus was better to be applied only to the patients who fulfilled our criterions. Additionally, in the setting of patch reconstruction of the pulmonary artery, every effort should be made so as not to leave the residual stenosis of the peripheral pulmonary artery.

Detection and management of concomitant coronary artery disease in patients undergoing thoracic aortic surgery.

OBJECTIVES: No method has been established to detect and manage coronary artery disease in patients undergoing thoracic aortic surgery. METHODS: Subjects were 192 patients scheduled for elective thoracic aortic surgery. Selection criteria for coronary angiography included a history of coronary artery disease or a positive dipyridamole myocardial perfusion imaging test. RESULTS: Four patients were inoperable due to complications associated with coronary angiography or aneurysm rupture following coronary revascularization. A total of 55 patients with coronary angiography (group A) underwent 57 thoracic aortic operations and 133 patients without coronary angiography (group B) underwent 143 similar operations. Of 13 group A patients with significant coronary stenosis, 9 underwent either preoperative percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (n = 3) or concomitant coronary artery bypass (n = 6). Perioperative myocardial infarction occurred in 3 group A patients (5%) and in 4 group B patients (1%, ns). The incidence of cardiac events--perioperative myocardial infarction or cardiac death--in group A (11%, 6/57) was higher than that in group B (3%, 4/143; p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis demonstrated incomplete revascularization of major coronary arteries with significant stenosis as a risk factor for cardiac events (p = 0.0106). CONCLUSIONS: Although dipyridamole myocardial perfusion imaging was useful, additional selection criteria for coronary angiography is needed. Complete revascularization of major coronary arteries with significant stenosis is essential to reduce postoperative cardiac events.

Optimal positioning of temporary epicardial atrial pacing leads after cardiac surgery.

OBJECTIVES: Atrial pacing plays an important role in preventing low output syndrome and arrhythmia after cardiac surgery. We studied the optimal positioning for temporary epicardiac atrial pacing. METHODS: The performance of temporary epicardiac atrial pacing leads was examined after 13 cases of elective coronary artery bypass grafting between October 1999 and January 2000. Two bipolar electrode leads were used--1 on the cephalic atrial wall between the left and right atrial appendages, where the Bachmann bundle indwells (site A), and the other on the interatrial groove (site B). To assess pacing performance on postoperative days 1, 2, and 7, we measured 3 pacing patterns--bipolar use of sites A and B leads, and combined use of the 2 with the site A lead acting as the negative electrode and the site B lead as the ground. The pacing threshold was measured at a 0.5 ms pulse width, using the P wave amplitude and slew rate as indicators of sensing performance. RESULTS: Bipolar pacing both at sites A and A-B was superior to that at site B in pacing threshold and sensing parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The negative electrode at site A is mandatory for high atrial pacing and sensing performance.

Optimal position of atrial epicardial leads for temporary pacing in infants after cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: The atrial epicardial wall of pediatric patients was topographically assessed to identify the optimal position for temporary atrial pacing. METHODS: Unipolar electrodes were fixed at the cephalic wall between the right and left atrial appendages, the interatrial groove, and the right atrial appendage of fifteen pediatric patients who underwent definitive surgical repair. The performance of the three electrodes in terms of pacing patterns and six combinations of bipolar pacing were evaluated in terms of the pacing threshold, P-wave amplitude, slew rate, and lead impedance. RESULTS: Unipolar pacing of the right atrial appendage showed a significantly higher threshold than the other groups. A bipolar configuration of the cephalic atrial wall and interatrial groove had a significantly higher P-wave amplitude than groups without the electrode at the cephalic atrial wall, and a significantly higher slew rate than a unipolar configuration of the atrial appendage. CONCLUSIONS: Bipolar pacing with the negative electrode at the cephalic atrial wall and the indifferent electrode at the interatrial groove is the most efficient method for pediatric patients.

Structuring of parameters for assessing vertebral bone strength by star volume analysis using a morphological filter.

Based on the relationship between bone strength, trabecular skeletal structure, and bone mineral density (BMD), structure parameters for assessing vertebral bone strength were studied using 18 cancellous bone blocks from the third lumbar vertebra of elderly persons. The trabecular bone pattern of each bone block was binarized into a trabecular skeletal pattern by computed radiography (CR) using a morphological filter. The binarized trabecular skeletal pattern was quantified into a trabecular skeletal pixel percentage (SKP; volume parameter of the trabecular skeletal signal component) and trabecular skeletal star volume (Vt; connection parameter of the trabecular skeletal structure) by star volume analysis. Then, the BMD and elasticity of each bone block were measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry and mechanical tests to determine the correlation between SKP and Vt. In the present study, no significant correlations were observed between BMD and elasticity. Elasticity differed greatly between some bone blocks even though BMD was essentially the same. Grid-like skeletal patterns consisting of vertical and horizontal continuous lines showed higher elasticity. SKP showed higher correlations with elasticity than BMD in subset (n = 2-7) and sumset images, although the fluctuation range was narrow. Meanwhile, Vt showed higher correlations with elasticity than SKP in subset (n = 1-6) and sumset images. Vt showed stronger correlations with elasticity than SKP. This fact indicates that strong relationships exist between the connectivity of trabecular skeletal structure and bone strength. Because the SKP-BMD and Vt-BMD correlations are weak, the influences exerted by SKP and Vt seem to be independent of the influence of BMD on the bone strength of vertebra obtained from persons with advanced age. These results indicate that SKP and Vt obtained by star volume analysis using a morphological filter are effective as structure parameters for analyzing the bone quality of lumbar vertebra.

Left atrial appendage insertion for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: The left atrial appendage (LAA) may serve as an alternative to the pulmonary arterial wall for right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) reconstruction without an extracardiac conduit. METHODS: Five consecutive patients with pulmonary atresia or severe stenosis underwent corrective (n = 4) or palliative (n = 1) RVOT reconstruction using an LAA insertion. Surgery was performed to treat tetralogy of Fallot, double-outlet right ventricle, or transposition of the great arteries. By inserting the LAA into the obstructed portion, the width of the posterior wall of the RVOT was 20 mm or more. The anterior half of the RVOT was then augmented with pericardial patch. RESULTS: There were no early or late postoperative deaths, and no major complications (arrhythmias, thrombo-embolic episodes, infective endocarditis, need for reoperation). The postrepair systolic right ventricular-to-systemic arterial pressure ratio was 0.61 +/- 0.26. Color Doppler flow mapping revealed that the reconstructed RVOT was nonobstructive and had nonturbulent flow. No thrombus or pseudoneointimal formation was observed in the RVOT. CONCLUSIONS: LAA insertion in the RVOT is an effective alternative to, or adjunct of, direct anastomosis. It offers several advantages, including fewer early and midterm complications and avoiding the use of an extracardiac conduit.

Surgical treatment for a ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm.

OBJECTIVE: The treatment for a ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm remains controversial. This study was undertaken to assess the outcome from surgery. METHODS: Between 1993 and 1998, we have performed 19 operations for a ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm. Patients with an impending rupture or a chronic false aneurysm were excluded. There were 11 men and 8 women, with a mean age of 70.5 +/- 6.7 years. The aneurysm was caused by dissection in 8 patients. Of these, 7 were acute (Stanford type A, 6; type B, 1), and the other one was chronic (type B). Aortic rupture occurred into the pericardial cavity (n = 7), into the left lung (n = 6), the mediastinum (n = 3), the pleural cavity (n = 2), or into the esophagus (n = 1). Severely unstable hemodynamics were noted in 12 patients with a rupture into the pericardium, mediastinum, or pleural cavity (Group A). Inotropic support was required in each of these patients. Metabolic acidosis developed all but 1 patient. The 7 patients with a rupture into the lung or esophagus coughed or vomited blood (Group B). The operative approach was anterior (n = 17) or lateral (n = 2). Grafts were placed in the ascending aorta (n = 4), ascending and transverse arch aorta (n = 7), transverse arch aorta (n = 3), or in the descending thoracic aorta (n = 5). Selective cerebral perfusion was used in 13 patients. RESULTS: There were 5 hospital deaths (26.3%). The postoperative complications included central nervous system dysfunction (n = 3), low cardiac output syndrome or cardiac arrhythmias (n = 3), respiratory failure (n = 4), acute renal failure (n = 1), and local or systemic infections (n = 4). The perioperative event-free rate was 36.8% overall, 25% in Group A, and 57.1% in Group B. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with unstable hemodynamics require prompt operative intervention. Rupture into the esophagus is associated with a high mortality rate. Rupture in a thoracic aortic aneurysm can be successfully treated with emergency surgery.

Japanese red-bellied newts in Space--AstroNewt experiment on Space Shuttle IML-2 and Space Flyer Unit.

Biological effects of gravity was examined in embryonic development of Japanese red bellied newt. Two space newt missions were conducted in 1994 and 1995. The Second International Microgravity Laboratory was flown in 1994 as one of the SpaceLab missions. Space Flyer Unit, a Japanese space platform, was delivered to the earth orbit by the third launch of the H-II rocket and retrieved by Space Shuttle in 1996. Female newts were induced to lay eggs in orbit at these two space missions. Eggs were successfully obtained on both missions, and exposed to space environment from its early developmental stages. Morphology of the embryos was found not deviated from those developed on ground, as long as in the images taken in orbit or the examined specimen retrieved to ground. On the other hand, pathological changes were discovered in several organs of the adult newts that returned alive from their space flight.

Cerebral complications associated with selective perfusion of the arch vessels.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have determined risk factors for postoperative cerebral complications associated with surgery of the aortic arch using selective cerebral perfusion. METHODS: Between November 1992 and December 1998, 113 patients underwent aortic arch repair combined with selective cerebral perfusion. For each patient, three arch vessels were perfused using a single roller pump at a rectal temperature of 23 degrees C. RESULTS: Among the 108 patients who underwent postoperative neurologic assessment, 25 patients (23%) suffered from cerebral complications. Five patients (5%) suffered from transient neurologic disturbance and 17 patients (16%) suffered from stroke, and 7 patients (7%) of the preceding 17 patients had residual neurologic disturbance upon discharge. Three patients (3%) with either preoperative coma (n = 1) or post bypass cardiac arrest (n = 2) sustained severe global cerebral dysfunction. The occurrence of cerebral complications was not related to cerebral perfusion time. Independent risk factors for cerebral complications included a history of cerebrovascular disease, perioperative shock, distal anastomosis below the left pulmonary artery, malperfusion of extremities, and older age (> 60 years). CONCLUSIONS: Although high-level brain function was well preserved in most patients, the incidence of stroke when using current selective cerebral perfusion techniques is still high.

Placement of interatrial patch suture lines in atrioventricular canal defect repair.

BACKGROUND: The placement of the suture line for interatrial patches in complete and incomplete atrioventricular canal defect repairs varies from surgeon to surgeon despite established anatomic knowledge of the atrioventricular conduction system. This study describes our technique for it and reviews early and long-term outcomes. METHODS: Between 1980 and 1999, 64 infants and children underwent repair of either complete (n=39) or incomplete (n=25) atrioventricular canal defects. Thirty-four of the children (53.1%) had Down's syndrome. The suture line for the interatrial patch originated on either the artificial or native ventricular septal crest and continued leftward above the annulus of the left inferior leaflet of the atrioventricular valve at the posteroinferior corner. All stitches were placed in a horizontal mattress or U-shaped fashion. RESULTS: The operative survival rate was 94% (4 early deaths) and the overall survival rate was 85% (6 late deaths). Atrioventricular heart blocks occurred in none of the patients. Although left-sided atrioventricular function significantly improved with repair, two patients (3.1%) required reoperation for valve replacement because of residual or recurrent insufficiency. CONCLUSIONS: This suture technique for interatrial patches is straightforward and results in a low incidence of heart block and a low re-operation rate for left atrioventricular valve insufficiency.

[Effect of Down's syndrome on perioperative and long-term prognosis after ventricular septal defect repair].

In this study, we investigated perioperative and long-term prognosis and the risk of major complications after repair of ventricular septal defect in 48 patients with Down's syndrome who underwent ventricular septal defect repair between May 1980 to August 1999 were compared with those in 48 patients with normal chromosomes matched for age and time period. Pp/Ps were significantly lower after the operation in both groups; however perioperative and postoperative Pp/Ps of Down's syndrome group were significantly higher than that those of control group. The duration of intubation was significantly longer in the Down's syndrome group and the case-control study revealed that the risk of long intubation (> or = 7 days) was significantly higher in the Down's syndrome group, but the incidence of PH crisis did not differ between the 2 groups. The main reasons of prolonged intubation period were respiratory complications such as pneumonia or atelectasis. In Down's syndrome group, a 5 months old boy died of heart failure on the 5th postoperative day. All other patients were survived through a mean follow-up period of 122.4 months (the follow-up rate was 95.8%). In conclusion, the perioperative and long-term prognosis after ventricular septal defect repair in patients with Down's syndrome were similar to those in patients with normal chromosome.

Complications associated with clamping the aorta between the left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery.

BACKGROUND: Hypothermic circulatory arrest using a left thoracotomy has recently been recommended for repair of distal arch lesions to prevent the atheroembolism that often results from clamp injury. The recommendation holds even for cases in which aortic cross-clamping between the left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery is possible. METHODS: Over the last 16 years, 69 patients underwent repair of the distal arch or descending thoracic aorta using distal perfusion with the proximal aortic clamp placed between the left common carotid and left subclavian artery. The average age of the patients was 61+/-12 years; 18 of them (26%) were older than 70 years. Forty-four patients (64%) had atherosclerotic true aneurysms. RESULTS: The surgical procedures used included patch closure of saccular aneurysms in 20 patients (29%) and graft replacement in 47 (71%). The left subclavian artery was reattached in 7 patients (10%). Although there were 3 hospital deaths (4%), no cerebral complications occurred aside from temporary neurologic dysfunction in 4 patients (6%). CONCLUSIONS: An acceptably low incidence of cerebral complications is associated with cross-clamping the aorta between the left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery.